Fishing in the largest perene hypersaline lagoon in South america, with notes on current regulations / A pesca na maior lagoa hipersalina perene da América do sul, com notas sobre a regulamentação vigente

Araruama Lagoon (Rio de Janeiro) is the largest hypersaline lagoon in South America. The aim of this study was to survey fishing landings, capture areas and production at this lagoon, in addition to analyzing data from the Pescarte Census. Fishing landings were monitored daily by community agents from March to August/2009, through the Petrobras Mosaico Program. Thirteen landing points were identified in five municipalities, totaling 8,096 recorded landings, and accumulating 469.1 tonnes. São Pedro da Aldeia (39.6%), Arraial do Cabo (27.7%) and areas in the central region (37.6%) and the south coast (29.1%) of the lagoon presented the highest landings and catch volumes. Twelve species were identified, mainly Pogonias courbina (48.9%) and Penaeus spp. (33.8%), and gillnets were the most important fishing gear. Very few studies have addressed fishing at Araruama Lagoon, leading to current planning measures supported by little data. We advocate a participatory review of current regulations, to better address gillnet fishing and the capture of different fish species. This study is the result of research financed by the Pescarte Environmental Education Project, a mitigation measure required by the Federal Environmental Licensing, conducted by IBAMA.(AU)

A Lagoa de Araruama (Rio de Janeiro) é a maior lagoa hipersalina da América do Sul. O objetivo do estudo foi levantar os pontos de desembarque pesqueiro, áreas de captura e a produção da lagoa, além de analisar dados do Censo Pescarte. Por meio do Programa Petrobras Mosaico foi acompanhado o desembarque pesqueiro de março a agosto/2009, por agentes comunitários, com monitoramento diário da pesca. Foram identificados 13 pontos de desembarque, em cinco municípios, sendo registrados 8.096 desembarques, com 469,1 toneladas. São Pedro da Aldeia (39,6%), Arraial do Cabo (27,7%) e áreas da região central (37,6%) e litoral sul (29,1%) da lagoa apresentaram os maiores desembarques e capturas. Foram identificadas 12 espécies, sendo Pogonias courbina (48,9%) e Penaeus spp. (33,8%) as principais, com a rede de emalhar sendo o petrecho mais importante. Pouquíssimos estudos abordaram à pesca na Lagoa de Araruama; logo, as medidas de ordenamento vigentes estão respaldadas em poucos dados. Defendemos uma revisão participativa da regulamentação, de forma a abordar melhor a pesca de emalhe e a captura de peixes diversos. Este estudo é resultado de pesquisa financiada pelo Projeto de Educação Ambiental Pescarte, que é uma medida de mitigação exigida pelo Licenciamento Ambiental Federal, conduzido pelo IBAMA.(AU)

Fishing in the largest perene hypersaline lagoon in South america, with notes on current regulations / A pesca na maior lagoa hipersalina perene da América do sul, com notas sobre a regulamentação vigente

Araruama Lagoon (Rio de Janeiro) is the largest hypersaline lagoon in South America. The aim of this study was to survey fishing landings, capture areas and production at this lagoon, in addition to analyzing data from the Pescarte Census. Fishing landings were monitored daily by community agents from March to August/2009, through the Petrobras Mosaico Program. Thirteen landing points were identified in five municipalities, totaling 8,096 recorded landings, and accumulating 469.1 tonnes. São Pedro da Aldeia (39.6%), Arraial do Cabo (27.7%) and areas in the central region (37.6%) and the south coast (29.1%) of the lagoon presented the highest landings and catch volumes. Twelve species were identified, mainly Pogonias courbina (48.9%) and Penaeus spp. (33.8%), and gillnets were the most important fishing gear. Very few studies have addressed fishing at Araruama Lagoon, leading to current planning measures supported by little data. We advocate a participatory review of current regulations, to better address gillnet fishing and the capture of different fish species. This study is the result of research financed by the Pescarte Environmental Education Project, a mitigation measure required by the Federal Environmental Licensing, conducted by IBAMA.

A Lagoa de Araruama (Rio de Janeiro) é a maior lagoa hipersalina da América do Sul. O objetivo do estudo foi levantar os pontos de desembarque pesqueiro, áreas de captura e a produção da lagoa, além de analisar dados do Censo Pescarte. Por meio do Programa Petrobras Mosaico foi acompanhado o desembarque pesqueiro de março a agosto/2009, por agentes comunitários, com monitoramento diário da pesca. Foram identificados 13 pontos de desembarque, em cinco municípios, sendo registrados 8.096 desembarques, com 469,1 toneladas. São Pedro da Aldeia (39,6%), Arraial do Cabo (27,7%) e áreas da região central (37,6%) e litoral sul (29,1%) da lagoa apresentaram os maiores desembarques e capturas. Foram identificadas 12 espécies, sendo Pogonias courbina (48,9%) e Penaeus spp. (33,8%) as principais, com a rede de emalhar sendo o petrecho mais importante. Pouquíssimos estudos abordaram à pesca na Lagoa de Araruama; logo, as medidas de ordenamento vigentes estão respaldadas em poucos dados. Defendemos uma revisão participativa da regulamentação, de forma a abordar melhor a pesca de emalhe e a captura de peixes diversos. Este estudo é resultado de pesquisa financiada pelo Projeto de Educação Ambiental Pescarte, que é uma medida de mitigação exigida pelo Licenciamento Ambiental Federal, conduzido pelo IBAMA.

A multigene and morphological analysis expands the diversity of the seabod shrimp Xiphopenaeus Smith, 1869 (Decapoda: Penaeidae), with descriptions of two new species.

After being stable for nearly a century, the taxonomic history of the genus Xiphopenaeus has been marked by many changes in the last three decades. The taxonomic status of the Atlantic species has a low resolution, and many species are still undefined and grouped as cryptic species. Here we employed an integrative approach to define the species of Xiphopenaeus and the morphological characters needed to differentiate them. We combined the analyses of two molecular markers (COI and 16 S rDNA), scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Based on specimens from 17 localities from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, we detected five divergent genetic groups, three in the Atlantic (A1, A2, A3) and two in the Pacific (P1, P2). Male secondary sexual characters were able to differentiate four out of the five genetic groups. Group A1 corresponds to X. kroyeri, and A2 and A3 correspond to new species. We redescribed the genus and two new species are described and illustrated: Xiphopenaeus dincao nov. sp. (A2) and Xiphopenaeus baueri nov. sp. (A3). Since the holotype of X. riveti was missing and the specimen analysed from group P2 was a female, the status of the species of Xiphopenaeus from the Pacific remains unresolved.

Morphometric variation in pink shrimp populations at Rio de Janeiro coast (SE Brazil): are they really similar in closer areas?

Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and F. paulensis are the most exploited shrimps of SE-S Brazilian coast. Our aim was to verify if adjacent nursery areas with different environmental condition (Sepetiba and Guanabara bays, SE Brazil) influence on shrimp populations (eg, CPUE) and body shapes. Samplings were carried out during 12 months in those bays ca. 85 Km far from each other. Carapace length (CL), total body length (TL), wet weight, abdomen size and TL/CL ratio were used to analyze variations in shape through regressions. In general, F. brasiliensis was 4 to 6 times more abundant than F. paulensis. The sex ratio differed from 1:1 in F. brasiliensis in both bays, with dominance of females, largest catches occur in autumn. However, differences in size and morphology were found between bays, mainly regarding the TL/CL ratio. Shrimps in Sepetiba Bay have higher TL/CL showing a more "elongated shape" (larger abdomen) when compared to those from Guanabara Bay. Results suggest the existence of an estuary vs shrimp morphology relationship which results in differences in body shape even in spatially close areas. TL/CL ratio has proven useful for assessing shrimp populations differences and might be tested for tracking the origin of adult shrimps stocks at the coast.

Composition and abundance of decapod crustaceans in mixed seagrass meadows in the Paraguaná Peninsula, Venezuela / Composición y abundancia de crustáceos decápodos en praderas mixtas de hierbas marinas en la península de Paraguaná, Venezuela

Thalassia testudinum y Halodule wrigthii son las hierbas marinas dominantes en el Caribe, siendo comunes en costas someras, tanto en monocultivos como en cultivos mixtos. Entre la macrofauna asociada a estas comunidades, los crustáceos son considerados esenciales para el funcionamiento del ecosistema. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre la comunidad de crustáceos decápodos asociada a praderas mixtas de T. testudinum y H. wrigthii es escaso, en particular fuera de zonas protegidas. En este trabajo presentamos ocho nuevas especies de decápodos para la Península de Paraguaná (estado Falcón, Venezuela) asociados a praderas mixtas de hierbas marinas: Achelous tumidulus Stimpson, 1871, Alpheus floridanus Kingsley, 1878, Chorinus heros (Herbst, 1790), Clibanarius antillensis (Stimpson, 1859), Clibanarius sclopetarius (Herbst, 1796), Latreutes parvulus (Stimpson, 1866), Panopeus occidentalis Saussure, 1857, y Processa fimbriata Manning & Chace, 1971. Estos registros representan extensiones de hábitat y completan brechas en la distribución geográfica de las especies a lo largo de la costa septentrional de Sudamérica. Diferencias estadísticas en la abundancia y composición de las especies de decápodos fueron posiblemente causadas por la acción conjunta de cobertura y heterogeneidad de las praderas. Las especies más influyentes en la comunidad son típicas para el Caribe; no obstante, la abundancia de Penaeus schmitti Burkenroad, 1936 juveniles fue notable, puesto que raramente han sido encontrados en estos hábitats. Este hallazgo resalta el rol de áreas no protegidas como hábitats de cría para especies de importancia comercial. Nuestros resultados muestran que las praderas de hierbas marinas en la Península de Paraguaná reflejan un buen estado en comparación con otras zonas del Caribe, y representan un hábitat importante para el mantenimiento de las poblaciones de crustáceos.

Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrigthii are the dominant seagrasses in the Caribbean, being common across shallow shorelines, either as monospecific or as intermixed meadows. Among the macrofauna associated with these beds, crustaceans are considered essential for the whole ecosystem functioning. However, knowledge about the associated community of decapod crustaceans in assemblages of T. testudinum and H. wrigthii is still scarce, particularly outside of protected areas. Here we report eight new decapod species for the Paraguaná Peninsula (Falcón State, Venezuela) in association with intermixed seagrass beds: Achelous tumidulus Stimpson, 1871, Alpheus aff. floridanus Kingsley, 1878, Chorinus heros (Herbst, 1790), Clibanarius antillensis (Stimpson, 1859), Clibanarius sclopetarius (Herbst, 1796), Latreutes parvulus (Stimpson, 1866), Panopeus occidentalis Saussure, 1857, and Processa fimbriata Manning & Chace, 1971. These records represent habitat extensions and fill gaps in the geographical distribution of the species along the northern coast of South America. Furthermore, we found that statistical differences in decapod species abundance and composition are likely to be caused by the joint action of coverage and heterogeneity of the beds. Our results indicate that typical Caribbean species were the most influential in the community; nevertheless, the abundance of juvenile Penaeus schmitti Burkenroad, 1936 was notable, since they have rarely been found in these habitats. This finding highlights the role of non-protected areas as nursery habitats for economically important species. Our results show that seagrass meadows in the Paraguaná Peninsula reflect overall good health when compared to other Caribbean zones, representing an important habitat for the maintenance of crustacean populations.

Composition and abundance of decapod crustaceans in mixed seagrass meadows in the Paraguaná Peninsula, Venezuela / Composición y abundancia de crustáceos decápodos en praderas mixtas de hierbas marinas en la península de Paraguaná, Venezuela

Thalassia testudinum y Halodule wrigthii son las hierbas marinas dominantes en el Caribe, siendo comunes en costas someras, tanto en monocultivos como en cultivos mixtos. Entre la macrofauna asociada a estas comunidades, los crustáceos son considerados esenciales para el funcionamiento del ecosistema. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre la comunidad de crustáceos decápodos asociada a praderas mixtas de T. testudinum y H. wrigthii es escaso, en particular fuera de zonas protegidas. En este trabajo presentamos ocho nuevas especies de decápodos para la Península de Paraguaná (estado Falcón, Venezuela) asociados a praderas mixtas de hierbas marinas: Achelous tumidulus Stimpson, 1871, Alpheus floridanus Kingsley, 1878, Chorinus heros (Herbst, 1790), Clibanarius antillensis (Stimpson, 1859), Clibanarius sclopetarius (Herbst, 1796), Latreutes parvulus (Stimpson, 1866), Panopeus occidentalis Saussure, 1857, y Processa fimbriata Manning & Chace, 1971. Estos registros representan extensiones de hábitat y completan brechas en la distribución geográfica de las especies a lo largo de la costa septentrional de Sudamérica. Diferencias estadísticas en la abundancia y composición de las especies de decápodos fueron posiblemente causadas por la acción conjunta de cobertura y heterogeneidad de las praderas. Las especies más influyentes en la comunidad son típicas para el Caribe; no obstante, la abundancia de Penaeus schmitti Burkenroad, 1936 juveniles fue notable, puesto que raramente han sido encontrados en estos hábitats. Este hallazgo resalta el rol de áreas no protegidas como hábitats de cría para especies de importancia comercial. Nuestros resultados muestran que las praderas de hierbas marinas en la Península de Paraguaná reflejan un buen estado en comparación con otras zonas del Caribe, y representan un hábitat importante para el mantenimiento de las poblaciones de crustáceos.(AU)

Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrigthii are the dominant seagrasses in the Caribbean, being common across shallow shorelines, either as monospecific or as intermixed meadows. Among the macrofauna associated with these beds, crustaceans are considered essential for the whole ecosystem functioning. However, knowledge about the associated community of decapod crustaceans in assemblages of T. testudinum and H. wrigthii is still scarce, particularly outside of protected areas. Here we report eight new decapod species for the Paraguaná Peninsula (Falcón State, Venezuela) in association with intermixed seagrass beds: Achelous tumidulus Stimpson, 1871, Alpheus aff. floridanus Kingsley, 1878, Chorinus heros (Herbst, 1790), Clibanarius antillensis (Stimpson, 1859), Clibanarius sclopetarius (Herbst, 1796), Latreutes parvulus (Stimpson, 1866), Panopeus occidentalis Saussure, 1857, and Processa fimbriata Manning & Chace, 1971. These records represent habitat extensions and fill gaps in the geographical distribution of the species along the northern coast of South America. Furthermore, we found that statistical differences in decapod species abundance and composition are likely to be caused by the joint action of coverage and heterogeneity of the beds. Our results indicate that typical Caribbean species were the most influential in the community; nevertheless, the abundance of juvenile Penaeus schmitti Burkenroad, 1936 was notable, since they have rarely been found in these habitats. This finding highlights the role of non-protected areas as nursery habitats for economically important species. Our results show that seagrass meadows in the Paraguaná Peninsula reflect overall good health when compared to other Caribbean zones, representing an important habitat for the maintenance of crustacean populations.(AU)

Genetic diversity and population structure of Fenneropenaeus penicillatus determined by mitochondrial DNA analyses.

Fenneropenaeus penicillatus is a widely distributed economically and ecologically important shrimp species, which is endangered in China. Sequence analysis of 16s rRNA and control region (CR) fragments from mitochondrial DNA was conducted to obtain information on genetic diversity and population structure. Individuals from 12 wild F. penicillatus populations located along the southeast coast of China were used. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments of the CR gene revealed high genetic diversity among the 12 populations; however, PCR fragments of the 16s rRNA gene revealed very low genetic diversity in the Hainan (HN) and Ningde (ND) populations and high genetic diversity in the DS, BH, PT, XM, and SZ populations. Data obtained from the CR and 16s rRNA genes suggested that high genetic differentiation exists among the 12 populations, which is mainly due to the high genetic differentiation between HN and all other 11 populations. These results may be useful for further sustainable management and utilization of this species.

Abundance and spatial-temporal distribution of the shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Decapoda: Penaeidae): an exploited species in southeast Brazil / Abundância e distribuição espaço-temporal do camarão Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Decapoda: Penaeidae): uma espécie em explotação no sudeste do Brasil

This study evaluated the abundance and spatial-temporal distribution of the shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri in the coastal region of Macaé, state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Monthly samples were obtained from March 2008 to February 2010 in six stations located in Inner (5, 10 and 15m depth) and Outer (25, 35 and 45m depth) areas. It was used a commercial fishery boat equipped with an otter-trawl net (3.5 m mouth width, mesh size 20mm and 15mm in the cod end). Water samples were taken for determination of temperature and salinity, and sediment samples for determination of texture and organic matter content. A total of 7146 shrimps were sampled. About 95% of all shrimps were caught in the shallow area, i.e., depths 20m. Greatest abundances were recorded in winter and spring. No significant correlation was observed between sediment (phi) and abundance. The distribution of X. kroyeri in the studied area was closely related to seasonal cold waterfront of the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) and temperature was the main factor affecting the species abundance.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou a abundância e a distribuição espaçotemporal do camarão Xiphopenaeus kroyeri na área costeira da região de Macaé, estado do Rio de Janeiro no sudeste do Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente de março de 2008 a fevereiro de 2010 em seis transectos localizados na área interna (5, 10 e 15m profundidade) e na área externa (25,35 e 45m profundidade). Foi utilizado um barco de pesca comercial equipado com uma rede de arrasto tipo otter-trawl (3,5m abertura de boca, 20mm de malha e 15mm de ensacador). Foram obtidas amostras de água para determinação da temperatura e da salinidade e amostras de sedimento para determinação da granulometria e teor de matéria orgânica. Um total estimado de 7146 camarões foi amostrado. Aproximadamente, 95% de todos os camarões foram capturados Inner Area, ou seja, profundidades 20m. As maiores abundâncias foram registradas no inverno e na primavera. Não houve correlação significativa entre o sedimento (phi) e abundância. De acordo com os resultados deste estudo, a distribuição do X. kroyeri na área de estudo está intimamente ligada à sazonalidade da frente térmica da ACAS e a temperatura é o principal fator que afetou a abundância da espécie.(AU)

A hemocyte-expressed fibrinogen-related protein gene (LvFrep) from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: Expression analysis after microbial infection and during larval development.

Fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) comprise a large family of microbial recognition proteins involved in many biological functions in both vertebrate and invertebrate animals. By taking advantage of publicly accessible databases, we have identified a FREP-like homolog in the most cultivated penaeid shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (LvFrep). The obtained sequence showed a conserved fibrinogen-related domain (FReD) and displayed significant similarities to FREP-like proteins from other invertebrates and to ficolins from crustaceans. The expression of LvFrep appeared to be limited to circulating hemocytes. Interestingly, LvFrep gene expression was induced in shrimp hemocytes only in response to a Vibrio infection but not to the White spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Moreover, LvFrep transcript levels were detected early in fertilized eggs, suggesting the participation of this immune-related gene in the antimicrobial defenses during shrimp development.

Distribution of trace elements in tissues of shrimp species Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) from Bahia, Brazil / Distribuição de elementos traço em tecidos do camarão Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) da Bahia, Brasil

Abstract In this study, concentrations of trace elements in tissues of shrimp species (Litopenaeus vannamei) from farming and zone natural coastal located in the northeastern Brazil were investigated. The elements determination was performed by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES). The following ranges of concentrations in the tissues were obtained in µg g1 dry weight: Al: 13.4-886.5, Cd: 0.93-1.80; Cu: 24.8-152; Fe: 3.2-410.9; Mn: 0.36-24.4; Se: 0.094-9.81 and Zn: 20.3-109.4. The shrimp muscle can be a good iron source (about 88.9 mg1g dry weight). The distribution of Se concentration in tissues showed much variation between locations, and the concentration levels found in shrimp muscles of wild samples were high, where its levels in 67% of muscle and 50% of others tissues samples exceeded the ANVISA limit, indicating evidence of selenium bioaccumulation. Significant correlation was observed between the following pairs of elements: Fe-Zn (r= 0.70), Mn-Cu (r= 0.74), Se-Cu (r= 0.68), Se-Mn (r= 0.82) in the muscles; Fe-Al (r= 0.99), Mn-Al (r= 0.62), Mn-Fe (r= 0.62), Se-Al (r = 0.88), Se-Fe (r= 0.87), Se-Mn (r= 0.58) in the exoskeleton and Cu-Zn (r = 0.68), Al-Cu (r= 0.88), Fe-Cu (r= 0.95) and Fe-Al (r= 0.97) in the viscera.(AU)

Resumo Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as concentrações de elementos traço em tecidos da espécie de camarão Litopenaeus vannamei coletadas da zona costeira e de carciniculturas localizadas no nordeste do Brasil. Os elementos químicos foram determinados por espectrômetro de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES). Foram encontradas as seguintes faixas de concentrações desses elementos nos tecidos (em mg g1 peso seco): Al: 13,4-886,5; Cd: 0,93-1,80; Cu: 24,8-152; Fe: 3,2-4109; Mn: 0,36-24,4; Se: 0,094-9,81 and Zn: 20,3-109,4. O músculo do camarão investigado pode ser uma boa fonte de ferro (cerca de 88.9 mg-1g peso seco). A distribuição da concentração de Se nos tecidos apresentou muita variação entre as localidades, com níveis acima do estabelecido pela ANVISA para 67% dos musculos e 50% dos outros tecidos investigados, indicando evidências de bioacumulação do selênio. Houve correlações significativas entre os seguintes pares de elementos:: Fe-Zn (r= 0,70), Mn-Cu (r= 0,74), Se-Cu (r= 0,68), Se-Mn (r= 0,82) nos músculos, Fe-Al (r= 0,99), Mn-Al e Mn-Fe (r= 0,62), Se-Al (r = 0,88), Se-Fe (r= 0,87), Se-Mn (r= 0,58) no exoesqueleto e Cu-Zn (r = 068), Al-Cu (r= 0,88), Fe-Cu (r= 0,95) and Fe-Al (r= 0,97) nas vísceras.(AU)

Lifespan and population dynamics of the endemic South American shrimp Artemesia longinaris (Crustacea: Penaeidae) in southeastern Brazil.

The present study investigated the growth, longevity and reproductive dynamics of Artemesia longinaris in the southeastern coast of Brazil over a two-year period. Monthly collections were conducted in Ubatuba and Caraguatatuba using a shrimp fishing boat equipped with "double-rig" nets. Each region was divided into 7 sampling stations up to 35 m deep. Size frequency distributions, growth, longevity, sex ratio, and abundance of individuals in each demographic class, were compared. The relationship between abiotic factors and abundance of each demographic class was assessed using a Canonical Correlation Analysis. A total of 64,641 individuals were collected (6,928 measured) with an estimated longevity of 1.30 (Ubatuba) and 1.14 (Caraguatatuba) years for females and 1.03 years for males in both regions. There was a statistically significant bias in sex ratio toward females (Chi-squared test, p < 0.05) in both regions. The Canonical Correlation Analysis resulted in a canonical correlation coefficient of 0.31 (p = 0.00002). Salinity and temperature showed high correlation mainly with the presence of reproductive females. In general, this demographic class was most common in conditions of low temperature and high salinity. These findings, as well as other studies carried out in colder regions with the same species, are consistent with classical latitudinal paradigm.

Analysis of ITS1 sequences and genetic relationships between populations of ridgetail white prawn, Exopalaemon carinicauda, in the East China Sea.

Internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences from wild-type Exopalaemon carinicauda (N = 124) from the East China Sea were amplified and sequenced. Sequences were polymorphic and ranged from 388 to 583 bp in length. The average content of GC in sequences was significantly higher than that of AT. Altogether, 604 mutant sites with 123 haplotypes were detected; 46.7% were polymorphic sites. The genetic diversity index of population Y was highest, and the lowest was population X. Eight microsatellite sequences were detected; the most-repeated sequences were (GA)n, (AG)n, (GT)n, (TG)n, (TC)n, and (CT)n. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that genetic differentiation among the four populations were very weak, or modest. A molecular evolutionary tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method and MEGA 6.0, and the phyletic evolutionary relationships among several Palaemonidae species examined. The phylogenetic tree showed that individuals of the same species, as well as the species of the same genus, clustered together, consistent with morphological classifications.

Population biology of the commercially exploited shrimp Artemesia longinaris (Decapoda: Penaeidae) in an upwelling region in the Western Atlantic: comparisons at different latitudes.

This study characterized the population biology of the dendrobranchiate penaeid shrimp Artemesia longinaris Spence Bate, 1888, focusing on population structure, sexual maturity, reproductive period and recruitment, and comparing reproductive parameters of a different populations along western South Atlantic. Samples were collected monthly from March, 2008 to February, 2010 in Macaé, northern coast of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, a region influenced by the Cabo Frio upwelling. There was a significantly higher percentage of females and with larger sizes than males. Both carapace length and sexual maturity in Macaé were similar to the dimensions found in populations in the South of the continent (Argentina). Reproductive females were present in all months, with main peaks during winter and summer. Recruitment was also continuous, with peaks, usually one to two months after the appearance of reproductive females, after the reduction of the bottom temperature values of water. These data suggest that November to January would be the appropriate months for legal off-season, due to the higher intensity of spawning females and juveniles during this period. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the biology of A. longinaris, and could also be a reference to monitor this important fishery resource and consequent legal off-season. Furthermore, this population located at the northern limit of the species distribution is a source of highly relevant comparison for population studies in other areas.

Population biology of the commercially exploited shrimp Artemesia longinaris (Decapoda: Penaeidae) in an upwelling region in the Western Atlantic: comparisons at different latitudes / Biologia populacional do camarão explorado comercialmente Artemesia longinaris (Decapoda: Penaeidae) em uma região de ressurgência do Atlântico Ocidental: comparação em diferentes latitudes

This study characterized the population biology of the dendrobranchiate penaeid shrimp Artemesia longinaris Spence Bate, 1888, focusing on population structure, sexual maturity, reproductive period and recruitment, and comparing reproductive parameters of a different populations along western South Atlantic..Samples were collected monthly from March, 2008 to February, 2010 in Macaé, northern coast of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, a region influenced by the Cabo Frio upwelling. There was a significantly higher percentage of females and with larger sizes than males. Both carapace length and sexual maturity in Macaé were similar to the dimensions found in populations in the South of the continent (Argentina). Reproductive females were present in all months, with main peaks during winter and summer. Recruitment was also continuous, with peaks, usually one to two months after the appearance of reproductive females, after the reduction of the bottom temperature values of water. These data suggest that November to January would be the appropriate months for legal off-season, due to the higher intensity of spawning females and juveniles during this period. A comparação latitudinal dos parâmetros reprodutivos, não confirma o paradigma de que tamanho do corpo e a maturidade sexual das fêmeas são menores em regiões tropicais e aumentam em direção às maiores latitudes, reforçando a hipótese da influência e importância da ACAS na dinâmica reprodutiva de A. longinaris na região The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the biology of A. longinaris, and could also be a reference to monitor this important fishery resource and consequent legal off-season. Furthermore, this population located at the northern limit of the species distribution is a source of highly relevant comparison for population studies in other areas.

Este estudo caracterizou a biologia populacional do camarão Artemesia longinaris Spence Bate, 1888, com foco na estrutura populacional, a maturidade sexual, período reprodutivo e de recrutamento, e comparação dos parâmetros reprodutivos de diferentes populações ao longo do Atlântico Sul ocidental. As amostras foram coletadas mensalmente de março de 2008 a fevereiro de 2010, em Macaé, litoral norte do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, região influenciada pela ressurgência de Cabo Frio. Houve uma porcentagem significativamente maior de fêmeas e com tamanhos maiores do que os machos. Ambos, comprimento da carapaça e maturidade sexual, em Macaé foram similares às dimensões encontradas em populações do sul do continente (Argentina). Fêmeas reprodutivas estiveram presentes em todos os meses com os principais picos no inverno e verão. O recrutamento também foi contínuo, normalmente um a dois meses após o aparecimento de fêmeas reprodutivas, após a redução da temperartura da água de fundo. Estes dados sugerem que o período de novembro a janeiro seriam os meses apropriados para o defeso, devido à maior intensidade de fêmeas reprodutoras e juvenis durante este período. A comparação latitudinal dos parâmetros reprodutivos, não confirma o paradigma de que tamanho do corpo e a maturidade sexual das fêmeas são menores em regiões tropicais e aumentam em direção às maiores latitudes, reforçando a hipótese da influência e importância da ACAS na dinâmica reprodutiva de A. longinaris na região. Os resultados deste estudo contribuem para o entendimento da biologia de A. longinaris, e também pode ser uma referência para monitorar esse importante recurso pesqueiro e, consequente período de defeso. Além disso, esta população situada no limite do norte da distribuição das espécies é uma fonte de comparação altamente relevante para estudos populacionais em outras áreas.

[Reproduction of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus notialis (Decapoda: Penaeidae) in the Colombian Caribbean]. / Reproducción del camarón rosado Farfantepenaeus notialis (Decapoda: Penaeidae) en el Caribe colombiano.

The shallow water pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus notialis) is among the socioeconomically most important resources of the Caribbean. The lack of biological and fishery information is of great concern for the fisheries management authorities. The presented study therefore aimed at the investigation of the reproductive cycle, the size composition and the size at first maturity of this species as a basis for the ordination and management of this resource. The study was conducted from June 2012 to May 2013 off the coast of the Caribbean Sea of Colombia. A total of 5 356 individuals were collected, identified, classified and preserved for their subsequent analysis in the laboratory. Size, weight, sex and gonad stage were recorded for each specimen. Significant differences were found in sex ratio in all months sampled with a clear predominance of females. Mature females were found year-around, but two reproductive peaks were identified during the periods October-December and April-June. The mean catch total length size (MCS) for females and males was 148.00mm and 122.54mm, respectively. The mean size at maturity (LT50%) was 129.34mm for females and 97.77mm for males. MCS was always above LT50% for both sexes. Considering the large reduction in fishing effort in the Colombian Caribbean Sea over the last years, we could expect that the shrimp population is in a rebuilding process or perhaps it may be already restored.

Annual, seasonal and spatial abundance of the seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Decapoda, Penaeidae) off the Southeastern coast of Brazil.

We investigated the influence of environmental factors in spatial and temporal distribution of the seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri in Santos Bay and São Vicente Estuary, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Monthly samples were obtained, from May 2008 through April 2010, from four locations in the estuary and four in the bay. No individual was collected in the estuary and this was attributed to the low salinity means recorded in this environment. We collected 109,153 individuals in the bay and there was no difference in abundance between the two years comprised by the study period. The similarity in spatial distribution can be related to sediment grain size that in all sampling locations showed great amount of very fine sand. The largest amount of reproductive females was obtained in early 2010, when temperature was high, and this could have increased the juvenile recruitment in April 2010. According to our results, the distribution of X. kroyeri in the study area is influenced by temperature, which is related to reproduction, and salinity, limiting the entrance of individuals in the estuarine region.

Reproducción del camarón rosado Farfantepenaeus notialis (Decapoda: Penaeidae) en el Caribe colombiano / Reproduction of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus notialis (Decapoda: Penaeidae) in the Colombian Caribbean

The shallow water pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus notialis) is among the socioeconomically most important resources of the Caribbean. The lack of biological and fishery information is of great concern for the fisheries management authorities. The presented study therefore aimed at the investigation of the reproductive cycle, the size composition and the size at first maturity of this species as a basis for the ordination and management of this resource. The study was conducted from June 2012 to May 2013 off the coast of the Caribbean Sea of Colombia. A total of 5 356 individuals were collected, identified, classified and preserved for their subsequent analysis in the laboratory. Size, weight, sex and gonad stage were recorded for each specimen. Significant differences were found in sex ratio in all months sampled with a clear predominance of females. Mature females were found year-around, but two reproductive peaks were identified during the periods October-December and April-June. The mean catch total length size (MCS) for females and males was 148.00mm and 122.54mm, respectively. The mean size at maturity (LT50%) was 129.34mm for females and 97.77mm for males. MCS was always above LT50% for both sexes. Considering the large reduction in fishing effort in the Colombian Caribbean Sea over the last years, we could expect that the shrimp population is in a rebuilding process or perhaps it may be already restored.

El camarón de aguas someras, es uno de los recursos de mayor importancia socioeconómica en la región Caribe. La falta de información biológica pesquera, es una preocupación de los administradores pesqueros. Por tanto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo conocer la época reproductiva, la estructura de tallas y la talla media de madurez del camarón de aguas someras (Farfantepenaeus notialis) como insumo para la ordenación y manejo pesquero en el Caribe colombiano. El estudio se llevó a cabo desde junio del 2012 hasta mayo del 2013 en el Caribe colombiano. Se recolectaron 5 356 individuos, los cuales fueron identificados, clasificados y conservados para su análisis en el laboratorio, donde se analizaron las muestras tomando datos de talla, peso, sexo y estadio gonadal. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la razón de sexo durante todos los meses muestreados, con una mayor proporción de hembras. Se presentaron hembras maduras durante todo el año, pero con dos picos reproductivos de máximo desove, uno entre octubre y diciembre y el otro entre abril y junio. La talla media de captura (TMC) durante todo el muestreo para las hembras fue de 148.0mm de longitud total (LT) y para los machos fue de 122.5mm LT. La talla media de madurez (LT50%) para las hembras y machos fue de 129.34mm LT y 97.77mm LT, respectivamente. La TMC siempre fue mayor que la LT50% para ambos sexos. Debido a la gran disminución del esfuerzo pesquero en el Caribe colombiano durante los últimos 10 años, se espera que este recurso se encuentre en una fase de recuperación o ya esté recuperado.

"Vibrio parahaemolyticus" in marine shrimp farming / "Vibrio parahaemolyticus" em carcinicultura marinha

Vibrio parahaemolyticus can cause vibriosis in shrimp, and also can cause gastroenteritis in consumers. Study the sanitary and hygienic conditions of shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) and water from ponds of shrimp farms of the coast of Piauí were evaluated for V. parahaemolyticus. 148 samples of water and 72 samples of shrimp were collected in three different farming stages (postlarvae, juvenile and growout) from four shrimp farms. 25 g of each sample was transferred to a flask containing 225mL of peptone water with 3% of salt for the preparation of the 10-1 dilution, from which the 10-2 and 10-3 dilutions were prepared. For the presumptive test aliquotes of 1,0mL of these dilutions were streaked in three Horie arabinose ethyl violet broth tubes (37ºC/24 hours). They were restreaked TCBS agar (37ºC/24 hours). The typical colonies were streaked: motility salt agar, nutrient salt agar, salt peptone broth and TSI salt agar (37ºC/24 hours) and then biochemical tests were performed: halofilic (0; 3; 6; 8 and 10%), growth at 42ºC, Kanagawa test, Hugh-Leifson test, lysine and arginine decarboxylation and fermentation of mannitol and sucrose. The presence of V. parahaemolyticus was statistically similar in samples of water and of postlarvae and grow out stages in all shrimp farms both in estuary and pond. In samples of shrimp there was no statistical difference among shrimp farms and far

V. parahaemolyticus é um patógeno que podem causar problemas no cultivo do camarão, levando os animais ate a morte, e também causar problemas ao consumidor pela ingestão do pescado contaminado. Portanto, este trabalho objetivou quantificar Vibrio parahaemolyticus nos camarões e na água de viveiros de carcinicultura no litoral piauiense. Para tanto, foram coletadas um total de 98 amostras de água e 41 de camarão das três fases de cultivo . Para a contagem de V parahaemolyticus foi retirado 25 g da amostra para frasco com 225mL de água peptonada sal 3% (10-1) e incubadas a 37º C/24 h. Da diluição 10-1 foram preparadas mais duas até 10-3, que foram transferidas alíquotas com 1,0 mL para três tubos de com HAEB incubados a 37ºC/24 horas para o teste presuntivo. Os tubos com HAEB que apresentaram turvação foram repicados para o agar TCBS e incubados a 35,0 ºC por 24 horas. Em seguida, as colônias típicas foram testadas em agar motilidade sal, agar nutritivo sal, caldo peptonado sal e ágar TSI sal todos incubados a 35ºC/24 horas. Após a confirmação foram efetuados os testes bioquímicos, os resultados confirmados para V. parahaemolyticus foram expressos em NMP/g. Os valores médios encontrados nos camarões oscilaram entre 1,3 x 10 a 8,4 x 10 NMP/mL. Não houve diferença entre as águas do sistema produtivo nem os camarões cultivados nas diferentes fases e entre as propriedades pesquisadas

"Vibrio parahaemolyticus" in marine shrimp farming / "Vibrio parahaemolyticus" em carcinicultura marinha

Vibrio parahaemolyticus can cause vibriosis in shrimp, and also can cause gastroenteritis in consumers. Study the sanitary and hygienic conditions of shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) and water from ponds of shrimp farms of the coast of Piauí were evaluated for V. parahaemolyticus. 148 samples of water and 72 samples of shrimp were collected in three different farming stages (postlarvae, juvenile and growout) from four shrimp farms. 25 g of each sample was transferred to a flask containing 225mL of peptone water with 3% of salt for the preparation of the 10-1 dilution, from which the 10-2 and 10-3 dilutions were prepared. For the presumptive test aliquotes of 1,0mL of these dilutions were streaked in three Horie arabinose ethyl violet broth tubes (37ºC/24 hours). They were restreaked TCBS agar (37ºC/24 hours). The typical colonies were streaked: motility salt agar, nutrient salt agar, salt peptone broth and TSI salt agar (37ºC/24 hours) and then biochemical tests were performed: halofilic (0; 3; 6; 8 and 10%), growth at 42ºC, Kanagawa test, Hugh-Leifson test, lysine and arginine decarboxylation and fermentation of mannitol and sucrose. The presence of V. parahaemolyticus was statistically similar in samples of water and of postlarvae and grow out stages in all shrimp farms both in estuary and pond. In samples of shrimp there was no statistical difference among shrimp farms and far(AU)

V. parahaemolyticus é um patógeno que podem causar problemas no cultivo do camarão, levando os animais ate a morte, e também causar problemas ao consumidor pela ingestão do pescado contaminado. Portanto, este trabalho objetivou quantificar Vibrio parahaemolyticus nos camarões e na água de viveiros de carcinicultura no litoral piauiense. Para tanto, foram coletadas um total de 98 amostras de água e 41 de camarão das três fases de cultivo . Para a contagem de V parahaemolyticus foi retirado 25 g da amostra para frasco com 225mL de água peptonada sal 3% (10-1) e incubadas a 37º C/24 h. Da diluição 10-1 foram preparadas mais duas até 10-3, que foram transferidas alíquotas com 1,0 mL para três tubos de com HAEB incubados a 37ºC/24 horas para o teste presuntivo. Os tubos com HAEB que apresentaram turvação foram repicados para o agar TCBS e incubados a 35,0 ºC por 24 horas. Em seguida, as colônias típicas foram testadas em agar motilidade sal, agar nutritivo sal, caldo peptonado sal e ágar TSI sal todos incubados a 35ºC/24 horas. Após a confirmação foram efetuados os testes bioquímicos, os resultados confirmados para V. parahaemolyticus foram expressos em NMP/g. Os valores médios encontrados nos camarões oscilaram entre 1,3 x 10 a 8,4 x 10 NMP/mL. Não houve diferença entre as águas do sistema produtivo nem os camarões cultivados nas diferentes fases e entre as propriedades pesquisadas(AU)

Apparent carbohydrate and lipid digestibility of feeds for whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Decapoda: Penaeidae), cultivated at different salinities.

Whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei is one of the most commercially farmed species worldwide because of its fast growth, good survival rate at high farming densities, and osmoregulatory capacity, which makes it an excellent candidate for cultures at different salinities. The knowledge of shrimp nutritional requirements is critical in the formulation of diets to allow optimal growth at different environmental conditions and development stages. The effect of salinity on apparent digestibility of shrimp feed is not well known, and this information is required in shrimp diet formulation. For this purpose, the apparent digestibility coefficients of carbohydrates (ACD) and lipids (ALD) were determined for juvenile whiteleg shrimps under controlled culture conditions. We evaluated the apparent digestibility of six commercial (D1:37CP, D2:38CP, D3:39CP, D4:34CP, D5:35CP, and D6:37CP) and two experimental (E1:33CP and E2:33CP) diets for juvenile whiteleg shrimp cultivated at three salinities (5, 35 and 50 psu) in 60 L aquariums. ACD and ALD were determined in vivo using chromic oxide as an inert marker. Our results showed that ALD in most cases was over 80%, independent of salinity, except the E1:33CP diet which had 74.0% at 50 psu. Diet D3:39CP showed the highest ALD coefficient (90.1 and 90.6% at 5 and 35 psu, respectively). For ACD, differences were detected between commercial and experimental diets at every salinity level, although salinity effect on ACD was not significant. Diet D4:34CP had the highest coefficient (92.4%) at 5 psu, and E2:33CP at 35 and 50 psu (97.3 and 94.7%). This study demonstrated that there is no significant effect of saline variations on carbohydrate and lipid digestibility by juvenile whiteleg shrimp, under the experimental conditions.