Personality questionnaires stand as crucial instruments in personnel selection but their limitations turn the interest towards alternatives like game-related assessments (GRAs). GRAs developed for goals other than fun are called serious games. Within them, gamified assessments are serious games that share similarities with traditional assessments (questionnaires, situational judgment tests, etc.) but they incorporate game elements like story, music, and game dynamics. This paper aims to contribute to the research on serious games as an alternative to traditional personality questionnaires by analyzing the characteristics of a gamified assessment called VASSIP. This gamified assessment, based on an existing measure of the Big Five personality traits, incorporates game elements such as storyfication, immersion, and non-evaluable gamified dynamics. The study performed included 98 university students (77.6% with job experience) as participants. They completed the original personality measure (BFI-2-S), the gamified evaluation of personality (VASSIP), a self-report measure of the main dimensions of job performance (task performance, contextual performance, and counterproductive work behaviors), and measures of applicant reactions to BFI-2-S and VASSIP. Results showed that the gamified assessment behaved similarly to the original personality measure in terms of reliability and participants' scores, although the scores in Conscientiousness were substantially higher in VASSIP. Focusing on self-reports of the three dimensions of job performance, regression models showed that the gamified assessment could explain all of them. Regarding applicant reactions, the gamified assessment obtained higher scores in perceptions of comfort, predictive validity, and attractiveness, although the effect size was small except for the latter. Finally, all applicant reactions except for attractiveness were related to age and personality traits. In conclusion, gamified assessments have the potential to be an alternative to traditional personality questionnaires but VASSIP needs more research before its application in actual selection processes.
Personality , Humans , Male , Female , Surveys and Questionnaires , Adult , Young Adult , Video Games/psychology , Personality Assessment , Reproducibility of Results , Students/psychology
The current manuscript presents the convergence of the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology (DAPP-BQ), using its short form the DAPP-90, and the Five-Factor Personality Inventory for International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), the FFiCD, in the context of the five-factor personality model and the categorical approach of personality disorders (PDs). The current manuscript compares the predictive validity of both the FFiCD and the DAPP-90 regarding personality disorder scales and clusters. Results demonstrate a very high and meaningful convergence between the DAPP-90 and the FFiCD personality pathology models and a strong alignment with the FFM. The DAPP-90 and the FFiCD also present an almost identical predictive power of PDs. The DAPP-90 accounts for between 18% and 47%, and the FFiCD between 21% and 47% of PDs adjusted variance. It is concluded that both DAPP-90 and FFiCD questionnaires measure strongly similar pathological personality traits that could be described within the frame of the FFM. Additionally, both questionnaires predict a very similar percentage of the variance of personality disorders.
International Classification of Diseases , Personality Disorders , Personality Inventory , Humans , Personality Disorders/diagnosis , Personality Disorders/classification , Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data , Personality Inventory/standards , Male , Female , Adult , Psychometrics , Models, Psychological , Reproducibility of Results , Surveys and Questionnaires , Personality Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Personality Assessment/standards , Personality , Middle Aged , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/standards
For decades researchers have explored the link between the Big Five personality traits and job performance, conducting studies across various contexts and sectors. The study seeks to test the link between the Big Five dimensions of personality and job performance in Türkiye, for which an integration of 38 studies involving 18,021 participants was performed. By using psychometric meta-analysis, the study compares and evaluates the similarities and differences among the Türkiye studies and the broader literature on this topic. Additionally, this study is among the first to address the moderating effect of evaluators and sectors on the relationship between Big Five personality traits and job performance dimensions. The findings suggest that there are differences between the Turkish studies and the existing literature, which could be explained by cultural differences and social norms specific to collectivist countries like Türkiye.(AU)
Los investigadores han explorado durante decenios la relación entre los rasgos de personalidad de los cinco grandes factores y el desempeño en el trabajo, mediante estudios en diversos contextos y sectores. El estudio pretende probar el vínculo entre las dimensiones de personalidad de los cinco grandes y el rendimiento laboral en Turquía, para lo que se llevó a cabo la integración de 38 estudios en los que participaron un total de 18,021 sujetos. Mediante meta-análisis psicométricos el estudio compara y valora las semejanzas y diferencias entre los estudios de Turquía y las publicaciones más amplias sobre el tema. Además el estudio es uno de los primeros que aborda el efecto moderador de los evaluadores y sectores en la relación entre los rasgos de personalidad de los cinco grandes y las dimensiones del desempeño en el trabajo. Los resultados indican que hay diferencias entre los estudios turcos y otros estudios, lo que podría explicarse por las diferencias culturales y las normas sociales específicas de países colectivistas como Turquía.(AU)
Humans , Male , Female , Organizations/organization & administration , Work Engagement , Work Performance , Personality , Personality Assessment , Efficiency, Organizational , Turkey , Psychology
Substantial evidence supports the idea that engaged workers reach high performance levels. Nevertheless, most research does not take into account that job performance is multidimensional. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between work engagement and performance (task performance, contextual performance, counterproductive work behaviors, and adaptive performance) and determine whether work engagement provides incremental validity over the Big Five personality traits in the prediction of performance. A questionaire with the variables of interest was filled in by 365 workers. Regression analyses revealed that work engagement plays a role in all dimensions of job performance. Results also revealed the differential functioning of work engagement dimensions, with vigor as the main predictor of task performance and the second predictor of adaptive performance, even when considering personality. High absorption decreases task performance but increases contextual performance, while dedication mediates between personality (i.e., agreeableness and extraversion) and CWB.(AU)
Existe una evidencia sólida sobre el hecho de que los trabajadores comprometidos alcanzan altos niveles de desempeño. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las investigaciones no tienen en cuenta que el desempeño laboral es multidimensional. El presente estudio tiene como objetivos investigar la relación entre el compromiso laboral y el desempeño (de tarea, contextual, conductas contraproductivas y adaptativo) y determinar si el compromiso laboral aumenta la validez predictiva de los cinco grandes rasgos de personalidad en la predicción del desempeño. Se administró un cuestionario con las variables de interés a 365 trabajadores. Los análisis de regresión muestran que el compromiso laboral juega un papel en la predicción de todas las dimensiones del desempeño laboral. Los resultados también revelaron el funcionamiento diferencial de las dimensiones del compromiso laboral, siendo el vigor el principal predictor del desempeño de tarea y el segundo predictor del desempeño adaptativo, incluso cuando se controlan los rasgos de personalidad. Una gran absorción disminuye el desempeño de tarea, pero aumenta el contextual, mientras que la dedicación actúa como variable mediadora entre la personalidad (amabilidad y extraversión) y las conductas contraproductivas.(AU)
Humans , Male , Female , Work Engagement , Work Performance , Personality , Personality Assessment
Transdiagnostic models of psychopathology address many of the shortcomings common to categorical diagnostic systems. These empirically derived models conceptualize psychopathology as a few broad interrelated and hierarchically arranged dimensions, with an overarching general psychopathology dimension, the p-factor, at the apex. While transdiagnostic models are gaining prominence in mental health research, the lack of available tools has limited their clinical translation. The present study explored the potential of creating transdiagnostic scales from the joint factor structure of the Personality Assessment Inventory, Alternative Model of Personality Disorder trait scales (AMPD), and the clinical scales of the SPECTRA: Indices of Psychopathology (SPECTRA). Exploratory factor analysis in a clinical sample (n = 212) identified five factors corresponding to the Negative Affect/Internalizing, Detachment, Antagonism/Externalizing, Disinhibition/Externalizing, and Thought Disorder transdiagnostic dimensions. Goldberg's "Bass-Ackward" method supported a hierarchical structure. Five composite transdiagnostic scales were created by summing each factor's highest loading PAI and SPECTRA scales. A global psychopathology scale was created by summing the five composite scales. All the composite scales demonstrated adequate internal consistency. Correlations between the composite scales and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory-3 provide initial validity evidence for four composite and global scales. The composite thought disorder scale had no conceptually corresponding NEO domain. Clinical implications and study limitations are discussed.
Personality Disorders , Psychopathology , Humans , Personality Disorders/diagnosis , Personality Disorders/psychology , Personality , Personality Assessment , Personality Inventory
The conceptualization of personality disorder has been refined through recent nosological advances introduced in the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD). These advances locate self and interpersonal (dys)function at the core of personality pathology. Self-report personality assessment instruments have demonstrated promise in the assessment of Criterion A domains. However, research highlighting the utility of performance-based personality assessment instruments has been largely absent in these advances, despite acknowledgment of their potential. We adhered to PRISMA review guidelines to survey and assess the potential relevance and utility of select performance-based personality instruments in assessing Criterion A domains of the AMPD. We conclude that performance-based personality measures are uniquely positioned to assess maladaptive self- and interpersonal functioning and may address some limitations of self-report measures. Toward this end, we propose a working model that provides ranges of test scores that correspond to the 5-point scale of the Criterion A domains of the AMPD.
Personality Disorders , Personality , Humans , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Personality Disorders/diagnosis , Personality Inventory , Personality Assessment
As Forensic Psychology continues to expand as an independent field, professionals regularly resort to psychological assessment tools to assess people involved within the justice system. The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is a 344-item, self-report inventory that aims to provide meaningful information for diagnosis and clinical decision-making, specifically relating to psychopathology, personality, and psychosocial environment. Its applicability in forensic settings has been increasingly recognized on account of its benefits in comparison to other self-report inventories (e.g., MMPI-2, MCMI-III), since it includes scales that are relevant to forensic settings (e.g., violence risk levels, psychopathy, substance abuse), and the existence of profile distortion indicators is useful when dealing with highly defensive and/or malingering populations. The goal of this paper is to conduct a thorough review of the PAI's utility in forensic settings, by focusing on the relevant forensic constructs assessed by the PAI (e.g., personality disorders, psychosis, substance abuse, aggression, recidivism risk, and response distortion), as well as its application to offender and inmate populations, intimate partner violence contexts, family law cases, and forensic professionals. Overall, the PAI continues to gather international recognition and its relevance and usefulness in forensic settings is generally accepted and acknowledged.
Personality Assessment , Humans , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Recidivism , Forensic Psychology , Correctional Facilities , Prisoners/psychology , Forensic Psychiatry , Personality Inventory , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Disorders/psychology , Aggression , Personality Disorders/diagnosis , Personality Disorders/psychology
The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is among the most commonly used broadband inventories of psychological functioning. For the purposes of assessing trauma specifically, the most relevant aspect of the PAI is the Traumatic Stress subscale of the Anxiety-Related Disorders scale (ARD-T), which measures the degree to which a person feels wounded by something in their past. Research suggests that ARD-T is associated with exposure to a variety of different traumatic stressors. However, there is little research on the degree to which traumatic stressors that entail a component of interpersonal betrayal (i.e. betrayal trauma) are associated with higher scores on ARD-T relative to other stressors. In this study, we evaluated the relative associations between traumas with varying degrees of betrayal and scores on ARD-T in a secondary analysis of two non-clinical samples (college sample N = 494; crowdsourced sample N = 364) using a Bayesian approach to multiple regression. In both samples, traumas with both high and medium (but not low) degrees of betrayal were associated with elevated ARD-T scores. Findings suggest that ARD-T scores are associated with interpersonal trauma regardless of betrayal, which has implications for interpretation of the ARD-T scale in practice.
Betrayal , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic , Humans , Bayes Theorem , Personality Assessment , Emotions , Universities , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology
La personalidad es el trasfondo que determina la forma de pensar, sentir y comportarse e influye en la psicopatología. En este contexto, resulta relevante el estudio de la relación entre personalidad y ansiedad en la adolescencia. El principal objetivo de nuestro estudio es analizar las diferencias entre casos con Trastornos por Ansiedad (TA) y una muestra de población general (PG) en los diferentes perfiles / prototipos de personalidad (PRP) derivados del el Inventario clínico para adolescentes de Millon (MACI). Un segundo objetivo fue estudiar el modelo más parsimonioso de PRP capaz de predecir TA. Para responder a estos objetivos se utilizó un diseño observacional analítico y se realizó un muestreo aleatorio de adolescentes en PG (n = 461) y consecutivo de pacientes con TA, valorados según criterios DSM-5 (n = 77). Los instrumentos de medida utilizados fueron el MACI y Adolescent Symptom Inventory. Los PRP Introvertidos, Inhibidos, Pesimistas, Sumisos, Oposicionistas, Autopunitivos y Límites presentan una media significativamente mayor en TA y los PRP Histriónico y Egocéntrico en PG. El modelo más parsimonioso de PRP que mejor predice TA está conformado por tener mayor edad y los PRP más límite y menos rebelde. El estudio ofrece una imagen novedosa de los PRP en casos de TA que invitan a su estudio clínico, favoreciendo nuevos caminos de investigación que incluyan la personalidad en la heterogeneidad del trastorno. (AU)
Personality is the background that determines the way we think, feel and behave and influences psychopathology. In this context, the study of the relationship between personality and anxiety in adolescence is important. The main objective of our study is to analyse the differences between cases with Anxiety Disorders (AD) and a sample of general population (GP) in the different personality profiles / prototypes (PRP) derived from the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI). Secondary objective: to study the most parsimonious predictive model of PRP to predict AD. To respond to these objectives, an observational analytical design was used and a random sampling of adolescents in GP (n = 461) and consecutive sampling of patients with AD, assessed according to DSM-5 criteria (n = 77) was performed. The measurement instruments used were the MACI and the Adolescent Symptom Inventory. Introverted, Inhibited, Doleful, Submissive, Oppositional, Self-demeaning and Borderline PRPs present a significantly higher mean in AD and the Dramatizing and Egotistic PRPs in GP. The most parsimonious PRP model that best predicts AD is shaped by having older age and the most Borderline and least Unruly PRPs. The study offers a novel picture of PRPs in AD cases that invite their clinical study, favoring new paths of research that include personality in the heterogeneity of the disorder. (AU)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Personality Assessment , Personality Tests , Affective Symptoms/psychology , Anxiety Disorders/psychology
People responding to personality questionnaires rate themselves by comparing themselves to some reference group, but this reference group is typically not specified. In this study, we examined the differences between Big Five trait scores when people responded to trait questionnaires without a specified reference group, as is typical in personality assessment, and when they were asked to compare themselves to people in general, close others, people their age, people their same gender, their ideal self, or their past self. We found that personality scores tended to be more adaptive for between-person comparisons than for within-person comparisons. We also found that unprompted instructions produced mildly higher scores across all traits. There were few differences among between-person reference group conditions. Men rated themselves as slightly more agreeable when comparing themselves to other men. Implications for basic and applied personality assessment are discussed.
Personality Disorders , Personality , Male , Humans , Surveys and Questionnaires , Personality Inventory , Personality Assessment
The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is a broadband measure of psychopathology that is widely used in applied settings. Researchers developed regression-based estimates that use the PAI to measure constructs of the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) - a hybrid dimensional and categorical approach to conceptualizing personality disorders. Although prior work has linked these estimates to formal measures of the AMPD, there is little work investigating the clinical correlates of this scoring approach of the PAI. The current study examines associations between these PAI-based AMPD estimates and life data in a large, archival dataset of psychiatric outpatients and inpatients. We found general support for the criterion validity of AMPD estimate scores, such that a theoretically consistent pattern of associations emerged with indicators such as prior academic achievement, antisocial behavior, psychiatric history, and substance abuse. These results provide preliminary support to this scoring approach for use in clinical samples.
Personality Disorders , Personality , Humans , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Personality Inventory , Personality Disorders/diagnosis , Personality Disorders/psychology , Personality Assessment
Researchers have long sought to mitigate the detrimental effects of socially desirable responding on personality assessments in high-stakes contexts. This study investigated the effect of reducing the social desirability of personality items on response distortion and criterion validity in a job applicant context. Using a 2 × 2 repeated measures design, participants (n = 584) completed standard (International Personality Item Pool) and less evaluative (Less Evaluative Five Factor Inventory) measures of Big Five personality in a low-stakes context and then several weeks later in a simulated job applicant context. Self-report criteria with objective answers, including university grades, were also obtained. In general, the less evaluative measure showed less response distortion than the standard measure on some metrics, but not on others. Declines in criterion validity in the applicant context were smaller for the less evaluative measure. In the applicant context, however, validities were similar across the two measures. Correlations across contexts for corresponding traits (e.g., low-stakes extraversion with high-stakes extraversion) were also similar for both measures. In summary, reducing socially desirable item content might slightly reduce the substantive content required to predict criteria in low-stakes contexts, but this effect appears to be partly offset by reduced response distortion for less evaluative measures in applicant contexts.
Personality Disorders , Personality , Humans , Reproducibility of Results , Personality Inventory , Personality Assessment , Social Desirability
Following the development of the Cognitive Bias Scale (CBS), three other cognitive over-reporting indicators were created. This study cross-validates these new Cognitive Bias Scale of Scales (CB-SOS) measurements in a military sample and contrasts their performance to the CBS. We analyzed data from 288 active-duty soldiers who underwent neuropsychological evaluation. Groups were established based on performance validity testing (PVT) failure. Medium effects (d = .71 to .74) were observed between those passing and failing PVTs. The CB-SOS scales have high specificity (≥.90) but low sensitivity across the suggested cut scores. While all CB-SOS were able to achieve .90, lower scores were typically needed. CBS demonstrated incremental validity beyond CB-SOS-1 and CB-SOS-3; only CB-SOS-2 was incremental beyond CBS. In a military sample, the CB-SOS scales have more limited sensitivity than in its original validation, indicating an area of limited utility despite easier calculation. The CBS performs comparably, if not better, than CB-SOS scales. CB-SOS-2's differences in performance in this study and its initial validation suggest that its psychometric properties may be sample dependent. Given their ease of calculation and relatively high specificity, our study supports the interpretation of elevated CB-SOS scores indicating those who are likely to fail concurrent PVTs.
Military Personnel , Humans , Military Personnel/psychology , Neuropsychological Tests , Personality , Personality Assessment , Cognition
Previous research on self-informant reports in assessing personality disorders (PDs) has been mainly focused on adults, leaving older adults under-studied. We examined self-informant agreement in PD screening among older adults (≥60 years) using the Gerontological Personality disorders Scale (GPS). Potential differences such as who reports more personality pathology on a PD screener (i.e., GPS), item accessibility and the effect of relational aspects were studied as well. Data of 326 older adult-informant dyads, of which the older adults were sampled from five general practices in the Netherlands, were used. Results indicate that self-informant agreement ranged from r = 0.26-0.73, with lower concordance on the GPS-subscale measuring intrapersonal aspects of personality pathology. Informants were more sensitive to habitual pathological personality features than older adults. Two GPS items showed differential item functioning across self- and informant-report. Of relational aspects, only congeniality affected the GPS-iv scores; lower ratings on congeniality were associated with higher GPS-iv scores (i.e., higher reporting of personality problems).
Personality Disorders , Personality , Humans , Aged , Personality Disorders/diagnosis , Self Report , Netherlands , Personality Assessment
The purpose of this article is to provide a description and discussion of the evidence-based assessment of personality disorder. Considered herein is the assessment of the Section II personality disorders included within the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., text rev.; DSM-5-TR), within Section III of DSM-5-TR, and within the 11th edition of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (WHO). The recommendation for an evidence-based assessment is for a multimethod approach: first administer a self-report inventory to alert the clinician to maladaptive personality functioning that might not have otherwise been anticipated, followed by a semi-structured interview to verify the personality disorder's presence. The validity of this multimethod strategy can be improved further by considering the impact of other disorders on the assessment, documenting temporal stability, and establishing a compelling, empirical basis for cutoff points.
Personality Disorders , Personality , Humans , Personality Disorders/diagnosis , Personality Disorders/psychology , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Personality Assessment , Self Report , Personality Inventory
Authenticity is often described using terms like "real," "genuine," and "true" suggesting that unbiased and objective self-perception is a core component of the construct. However, people tend to view themselves in an overly positive way. Therefore, we propose that experiencing a positive self-versus an unbiased self-will increase authenticity. We find support for this in seven studies (Ntotal = 1,795) with two operationalizations of self-rated authenticity: attributed and state authenticity. We find that authenticity emerges from positive self-beliefs (Study 1), positive personality assessments (Study 2), and positive self-expressions (Study 3a and b). Further, we find that these effects are not driven only by positivity, but positive selves (Study 4), and mediated by the identity centrality (Study 5). Finally, Study 6 finds that this positivity bias does not extend to other-rated authenticity: People who present an overly positive self seem less authentic to others relative to a mixed or negative self-presentation. Taken together, these findings suggest that being "unreal" through positive self-illusions can, paradoxically, make one feel more real. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Emotions , Self Concept , Humans , Research Design , Personality Assessment
In clinical and empirical literature, there are many different conceptualizations of the construct of narcissism, but most will agree that narcissism includes at least two broad dimensions: grandiosity and vulnerability. The aim of this study was to corroborate both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism constructs by extending the nomologic net of both dimensions. We therefore investigated the convergences and divergences of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) dimensions with the Personality Psychopathology Five-revised (PSY-5-r) trait domains and other Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) scales in a community sample (N= 251). Results showed that there is clear and conceptually logical convergence between the PNI scales and MMPI-2-RF PSY-5-r trait domains and other MMPI-2-RF scales. Also, the narcissism factors diverge like expected in terms of associations with MMPI-2-RF scales capturing internalizing aspects. Internalizing MMPI-2-RF scales showed positive relations with vulnerability and negative relations with grandiosity. Moreover, grandiosity did relate positively MMPI-2-RF externalizing scales (AU)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Personality Assessment , MMPI , Personality Disorders/diagnosis , Personality Disorders/psychology , Narcissism
El emprendimiento es uno de los aspectos más importantes para el crecimiento de cualquier país. Por un lado, por ser fuente de innovación, empleo y riqueza y, por otro, por las consecuencias negativas que conlleva el fracaso emprendedor, a nivel económico, social y psicológico. El estudio del emprendimiento se lleva a cabo mediante diferentes enfoques, como el social, económico, biológico y psicológico. Si bien nadie duda de la importancia de cada uno de ellos, el enfoque psicológico y, concretamente, la personalidad emprendedora, ha sido uno de los temas más estudiados en la última década. Suárez-Álvarez y Pedrosa (2016) realizaron una revisión exhaustiva del estudio de la personalidad emprendedora. El presente trabajo, más de cinco años después, tiene como objetivo presentar las principales aportaciones de la psicología a la evaluación de la personalidad emprendedora desde entonces (modelos teóricos e instrumentos de medida y sus propiedades psicométricas). Se discuten las líneas futuras de investigación.(AU)
Entrepreneurship is one of the most important aspects for the growth of any country. On the one hand, because it is a source of innovation, employment, and wealth and, on the other, because of the negative consequences of entrepreneurial failure, economically, socially, and psychologically. The study of entrepreneurship is carried out through different approaches, such as social, economic, biological, and psychological. Although no one doubts the importance of each of them, the psychological approach-specifically, the entrepreneurial personality-has been one of the most productive on this topic in the last decade. Suárez-Álvarez and Pedrosa (2016) conducted a comprehensive review of the study of entrepreneurial personality. The present article, more than five years later, aims to present the main contributions of psychology to the assessment of entrepreneurial personality since then (theoretical models and measurement instruments and their psychometric properties). Future lines of research are discussed.(AU)
Humans , Personality/classification , Personality Assessment , Human Characteristics , Entrepreneurship , Psychology , Psychometrics
We examined discrepancies in 81 patient-therapist dyads' alliance ratings early in treatment (3rd or 4th session) in relation to Personality Assessment Inventory clinical scales, subscales and global psychopathology. Results indicated that PAI global psychopathology (mean clinical elevation) and the scales of Aggression [AGG], Somatization [SOM], and Anxiety-Related Disorders [ARD] were significantly, negatively associated with an absolute difference of patient and therapist alliance ratings at Session 3. Higher initial scores on these clinical scales at treatment onset are associated with less difference (i.e., more convergence) in patient/ therapist ratings of alliance at Session 3. Correlations between PAI clinical subscales and absolute differences of patient and therapist alliance ratings at Session 3 also demonstrated statistically significant inverse relationships for several PAI subscales of Aggression- Attitude [AGG-A], Aggression-Physical [AGG-P], Somatic- Health Concerns [SOM-H], Anxiety-Related Disorders-Traumatic Stress [ARD-T], Anxiety-Related Disorders- Obsessive Compulsive [ARD-O], Borderline Features-Affective Instability [BOR-A], Borderline- Self-Harm [BOR-S], Anxiety-Physiological [ANX-P], Depression-Physiological [DEP-P] and Antisocial-Stimulus Seeking [ANT-S]. Again, higher scores on these subscales at treatment onset are associated with less difference (i.e., more convergence) in patient/therapist ratings. We also examined group differences between patients rating alliance higher (Group 1) and therapists rating alliance higher (Group 2) and found that Group 1 had significantly lower scores on Mania-Activity Level [MAN-A]. Clinical implications of results are discussed.
Therapeutic Alliance , Humans , Depression , Personality , Anxiety Disorders/therapy , Personality Assessment , Professional-Patient Relations
Forced-choice (FC) personality assessments have shown potential in mitigating the effects of faking. Yet despite increased attention and usage, there exist gaps in understanding the psychometric properties of FC assessments, and particularly when compared to traditional single-stimulus (SS) measures. The present study conducted a series of meta-analyses comparing the psychometric properties of FC and SS assessments after placing them on an equal playing field-by restricting to only studies that examined matched assessments of each format, and thus, avoiding the extraneous confound of using comparisons from different contexts (Sackett, 2021). Matched FC and SS assessments were compared in terms of criterion-related validity and susceptibility to faking in terms of mean shifts and validity attenuation. Additionally, the correlation between FC and SS scores was examined to help establish construct validity evidence. Results showed that matched FC and SS scores exhibit strong correlations with one another (ρ = .69), though correlations weakened when the FC measure was faked (ρ = .59) versus when both measures were taken honestly (ρ = .73). Average scores increased from honest to faked samples for both FC (d = .41) and SS scores (d = .75), though the effect was more pronounced for SS measures and with larger effects for context-desirable traits (FC d = .61, SS d = .99). Criterion-related validity was similar between matched FC and SS measures overall. However, when considering validity in faking contexts, FC scores exhibited greater validity than SS measures. Thus, although FC measures are not completely immune to faking, they exhibit meaningful benefits over SS measures in contexts of faking. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Deception , Personality , Humans , Psychometrics , Personality Inventory , Personality Assessment
