[General characteristics of medical education in Mexico. A look from medical schools]. / Características generales de la educación médica en México. Una mirada desde las escuelas de medicina.

OBJECTIVE: To know the characteristics of medical education and identify its strengths and weaknesses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A transversal and quantitative study of the characteristics of medical education in 29 medical schools in Mexico was carried out, between April and September 2017. Questionnaire with Likert scale was applied to explore context, regulation, structure, process, results and impact of medical education. Bivariate analysis was performed with a Chi square test and the significance level was equal to or less than 0.05. RESULTS: The political context obtained 64%, economical context 10% and mechanisms of regulation 31%. The educational structure was 61% and the social impact was 93%. CONCLUSIONS: Public policies, regulatory mechanisms and public investment must be strengthened to improve the quality of medical education.

OBJETIVO: Conocer las características de la educación médica e identificar sus fortalezas y debilidades. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal y cuantitativo para conocer las características de la educación médica en 29 escuelas de medicina en México, entre abril y septiembre de 2017. Se utilizó un cuestionario con escala tipo Likert para explorar el contexto, la regulación, la estructura, el proceso, los resultados y el impacto de la educación médica. Se realizó un análisis bivariado con ji cuadrada y una significancia estadística de p igual o menor a 0.05. RESULTADOS: El contexto político obtuvo 64%, el contexto económico 10%, los mecanismos de regulación 31%, la estructura educativa 61% y el impacto social 93%. CONCLUSIONES: Se requiere fortalecer las políticas públicas, la regulación y la inversión pública, para mejorar la calidad de la educación médica.

Características generales de la educación médica en México. Una mirada desde las escuelas de medicina / General characteristics of medical education in Mexico. A look from medical schools

Resumen: Objetivo: Conocer las características de la educación médica e identificar sus fortalezas y debilidades. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal y cuantitativo para conocer las características de la educación médica en 29 escuelas de medicina en México, entre abril y septiembre de 2017. Se utilizó un cuestionario con escala tipo Likert para explorar el contexto, la regulación, la estructura, el proceso, los resultados y el impacto de la educación médica. Se realizó un análisis bivariado con ji cuadrada y una significancia estadística depigual o menor a 0.05. Resultados: El contexto político obtuvo 64%, el contexto económico 10%, los mecanismos de regulación 31%, la estructura educativa 61% y el impacto social 93%. Conclusiones: Se requiere fortalecer las políticas públicas, la regulación y la inversión pública, para mejorar la calidad de la educación médica.

Abstract: Objective: To know the characteristics of medical education and identify its strengths and weaknesses. Materials and methods: A transversal and quantitative study of the characteristics of medical education in 29 medical schools in Mexico was carried out, between April and September 2017. Questionnaire with Likert scale was applied to explore context, regulation, structure, process, results and impact of medical education. Bivariate analysis was performed with a Chi square test and the significance level was equal to or less than 0.05. Results: The political context obtained 64%, economical context 10% and mechanisms of regulation 31%. The educational structure was 61% and the social impact was 93%. Conclusions: Public policies, regulatory mechanisms and public investment must be strengthened to improve the quality of medical education.

Prevalence of anxious and depressive symptoms in college students of a public institution.

OBJECTIVE: Identify the prevalence of anxious and depressive symptoms and their correlations with sociodemographic and occupational characteristics in university students. METHOD: This is census, cross-sectional and analytical study, developed with nursing students of a federal public university in the Northeast of Brazil in the months of September and October 2016. 205 university students of all the periods of the course attended the study. Beck's inventories for anxiety and depression were applied. RESULTS: Most of the participants were female, single, native of the state capital and living with his parents. The prevalence of depression was 30.2% and of anxiety, 62.9%. Association between the level of depressive symptoms, work, sex and leisure was identified. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression was quite expressive, lacking, thus, more attention to the promotion of mental health of nursing students.

Medical perception of stroke care conditions in Brazil.

Stroke is currently the second leading cause of death in Brazil. Neurologists' reports on the absence of adequate resources for stroke care are frequent; however, there are no objective data on this perception.To assess the perception of neurologists of stroke care conditions in Brazil. Neurologists from all over Brazil were surveyed by means of an anonymous questionnaire about the main shortcomings in stroke care, focusing particularly on physical structure and infrastructure (diagnostic methods, patient transport, availability of beds, multi-professional team). The main shortcomings are indicated: the worst conditions, among all items surveyed, were found in the public sector. In the private sector, conditions were better. Care conditions are worse in the public sector with regard to both infrastructure and human resources. Future public health policies for the prevention and treatment of stroke should be formulated, taking into consideration neurologists' perceptions.

Medical perception of stroke care conditions in Brazil / Percepção médica sobre as condições para atendimento do AVC no Brasil

ABSTRACT Stroke is currently the second leading cause of death in Brazil. Neurologists' reports on the absence of adequate resources for stroke care are frequent; however, there are no objective data on this perception. Objective To assess the perception of neurologists of stroke care conditions in Brazil. Methods Neurologists from all over Brazil were surveyed by means of an anonymous questionnaire about the main shortcomings in stroke care, focusing particularly on physical structure and infrastructure (diagnostic methods, patient transport, availability of beds, multi-professional team). Results The main shortcomings are indicated: the worst conditions, among all items surveyed, were found in the public sector. In the private sector, conditions were better. Conclusions Care conditions are worse in the public sector with regard to both infrastructure and human resources. Future public health policies for the prevention and treatment of stroke should be formulated, taking into consideration neurologists' perceptions.

RESUMO O acidente vascular cerebral é atualmente a segunda causa de morte no Brasil. São frequentes os relatos de médicos neurologistas sobre a ausência de recursos adequados para o atendimento do AVC, no entanto, não existem dados objetivos sobre essa percepção. Objetivo Analisar a percepção de médicos neurologistas sobre as condições para o atendimento de AVC no Brasil. Métodos Neste estudo foi realizada pesquisa por questionário anônimo com médicos neurologistas de todo o Brasil, perguntando-se as principais deficiências para o atendimento, com foco na estrutura física, infraestrutura (métodos diagnósticos, transporte do doente, disponibilidade de leitos, equipe multiprofissional). Resultados As principais deficiências são apontadas; no setor público notou-se as piores condições, em todos os itens pesquisados. No setor privado, as condições são melhores. Conclusões As condições de atendimento são piores no setor público, tanto de infraestrutura quanto de recursos humanos. Futuras políticas de saúde pública para prevenção e tratamento do AVC deveriam ser elaboradas levando em consideração a percepção do neurologista.

Prevalence of anxious and depressive symptoms in college students of a public institution / Prevalencia de síntomas ansiosos y depresivos en universitarios de una institución pública / Prevalência de sintomas ansiosos e depressivos em universitários de uma instituição pública

ABSTRACT Objective: Identify the prevalence of anxious and depressive symptoms and their correlations with sociodemographic and occupational characteristics in university students. Method: This is census, cross-sectional and analytical study, developed with nursing students of a federal public university in the Northeast of Brazil in the months of September and October 2016. 205 university students of all the periods of the course attended the study. Beck's inventories for anxiety and depression were applied. Results: Most of the participants were female, single, native of the state capital and living with his parents. The prevalence of depression was 30.2% and of anxiety, 62.9%. Association between the level of depressive symptoms, work, sex and leisure was identified. Conclusion: The prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression was quite expressive, lacking, thus, more attention to the promotion of mental health of nursing students.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia de síntomas ansiosos y depresivos y sus correlaciones con características sociodemográficas y ocupacionales en universitarios. Método: Se trata de un estudio censal, transversal, y analítico, desarrollado con estudiantes de enfermería de una universidad pública federal del Nordeste de Brasil en los meses de septiembre y octubre de 2016. Participaron 205 universitarios de todos los períodos del curso. Se aplicaron los inventarios de Beck para la ansiedad y la depresión. Resultados: La mayoría de los participantes era del género femenino, soltera, natural de la capital del estado y vivía con los padres. La prevalencia de depresión fue del 30,2%, y de ansiedad el 62,9%. Se identificó asociación entre el nivel de síntomas depresivos, trabajo, sexo y ocio. Conclusión: La prevalencia de los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión fue bastante expresiva, necesitando, por lo tanto, de más atención y promoción a la salud mental de los estudiantes de enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de sintomas ansiosos e depressivos e suas correlações com características sociodemográficas e ocupacionais em universitários. Método: Trata-se de estudo censitário, transversal, e analítico, desenvolvido com estudantes de enfermagem de uma universidade pública federal do Nordeste do Brasil nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2016. Participaram 205 universitários de todos os períodos do curso. Foram aplicados os inventários de Beck para ansiedade e depressão. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino, solteira, natural da capital do estado e morava com os pais. A prevalência de depressão foi de 30,2% e de ansiedade, 62,9%. Identificou-se associação entre o nível de sintomas depressivos, trabalho, sexo e lazer. Conclusão: A prevalência dos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão foi bastante expressiva, carecendo, portanto, de mais atenção e promoção à saúde mental dos estudantes de enfermagem.

Quality of the ophthalmological service to outpatients of the public and private healthcare systems.

PURPOSE: To compare perceptions of the quality of ophthalmological services offered to outpatients from the public healthcare system to those from the private healthcare system, and to determine which measures are seen as necessary and a priority for improving the quality of care. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study on 200 patients, 101 and 99 of whom were from the public and private healthcare systems, respectively. All patients underwent an ophthalmological examination at an ophthalmology hospital in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Personal interviews were conducted using two structured questionnaires adapted from the modified SERVQUAL scale. RESULTS: Overall, patients from the private healthcare system were significantly more dissatisfied than those from the public healthcare system. In both systems, reliability was considered to be the most important determinant of quality, and it presented the highest level of dissatisfaction. Satisfaction with the public healthcare system was significantly greater than that with the private healthcare system in terms of the tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, and assurance determinants of the SERVQUAL scale. CONCLUSIONS: Institutions must plan, execute, evaluate, and monitor measures that seek to improve the overall patient satisfaction with the quality of services provided, particularly in the private healthcare system, and special attention must be paid to reliability in both healthcare systems. The identification and monitoring of the quality of healthcare services through the periodic use of the SERVQUAL scale may provide healthcare managers with information so that they can identify, plan, and monitor necessary and priority measures. This could be a key strategy for improving the quality of outpatient health services in the public and private systems.

Quality of the ophthalmological service to outpatients of the public and private healthcare systems / Qualidade do serviço oftalmológico prestado aos pacientes ambulatoriais dos sistemas de saúde público e privado

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare perceptions of the quality of ophthalmological services offered to outpatients from the public healthcare system to those from the private healthcare system, and to determine which measures are seen as necessary and a priority for improving the quality of care. Methods: This was a prospective observational study on 200 patients, 101 and 99 of whom were from the public and private healthcare systems, respectively. All patients underwent an ophthalmological examination at an ophthalmology hospital in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Personal interviews were conducted using two structured questionnaires adapted from the modified SERVQUAL scale. Results: Overall, patients from the private healthcare system were significantly more dissatisfied than those from the public healthcare system. In both systems, reliability was considered to be the most important determinant of quality, and it presented the highest level of dissatisfaction. Satisfaction with the public healthcare system was significantly greater than that with the private healthcare system in terms of the tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, and assurance determinants of the SERVQUAL scale. Conclusions: Institutions must plan, execute, evaluate, and monitor measures that seek to improve the overall patient satisfaction with the quality of services provided, particularly in the private healthcare system, and special attention must be paid to reliability in both healthcare systems. The identification and monitoring of the quality of healthcare services through the periodic use of the SERVQUAL scale may provide healthcare managers with information so that they can identify, plan, and monitor necessary and priority measures. This could be a key strategy for improving the quality of outpatient health services in the public and private systems.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a percepção da qualidade dos serviços oftalmológicos prestado aos pacientes ambulatoriais do sistema público com a do sistema privado e detectar quais ações são percebidas como necessárias e prioritárias para melhorar a qualidade do atendimento. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo observacional de 200 pacientes sendo 101 do sistema público de saúde e 99 do sistema privado submetidos a exame oftalmológico em Hospital Especializado em Oftalmologia (HEO) - Belo Horizonte - MG - Brasil. Realizaram-se entrevistas pessoais, mediante a aplicação de dois questionários estruturados adaptados da escala SERVQUAL modificada. Resultados: No geral, detectou-se que pacientes do sistema de saúde privado, estão significativamente mais insatisfeitos que aqueles do sistema público de saúde. Em ambos os sistemas a confiabilidade foi considerada o determinante de qualidade mais importante e o que apresentou o maior índice de insatisfação. No sistema público a satisfação foi significativamente superior à do sistema privado a nível dos determinantes da escala SERVQUAL: tangibilidade, confiabilidade, atendimento e segurança. Conclusões: A instituição deve planejar, executar, avaliar e monitorar ações que busquem melhorar a satisfação geral dos pacientes com a qualidade do serviço recebido, principalmente do sistema privado, com atenção especial à confiabilidade nos dois sistemas. A identificação e monitorização da qualidade dos serviços de saúde, empregando periodicamente a escala SERVQUAL, poderá fornecer informações à administração dos serviços de saúde para que possam detectar, planejar e monitorizar as ações necessárias e prioritárias, podendo funcionar como chave estratégica para o aprimoramento da qualidade dos serviços de saúde ambulatoriais públicos e privados.

Traceability from governmental producers of radiopharmaceuticals in measuring (18)F in Brazil.

Since the inception of its proficiency test program to evaluate radionuclide measurement in hospitals and clinics, the National Metrology Laboratory of Ionizing Radiation-LNMRI, that represents Brazilian National Metrology Institute (NMI) for ionizing radiation has expanded its measurement and calibration capability. Requirements from the National Health Surveillance Agency from Ministry of Health (ANVISA), to producers of radiopharmaceuticals provided an opportunity to improve the full traceability chain to the highest level. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-(18)F) is the only radiopharmaceutical simultaneously produced by all Brazilian radiopharmaceutical production centers (RPCs). By running this proficiency test, LNMRI began to provide them with the required traceability. For evaluation, the ratio of RPC to reference value results and ISO/IEC17043:2010 criteria were used. The reference value established as calibration factor on the secondary standard ionization chamber was obtained from three absolute measurements systems, and routinely confirmed in each round of proficiency test by CIEMAT/NIST liquid scintillation counting. The γ-emitting impurities were checked using a High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector. The results show that Brazilian RPCs are in accordance with (accuracy within ±10%) the Brazilian standard for evaluation of measurements with radionuclide calibrators (CNEN NN 3.05., 2013). Nevertheless, the RPCs should improve the methodology of uncertainty estimates, essential when using the statistical criteria of ISO/IEC 17043 standard, in addition to improving accuracy to levels consistent with their position in the national traceability chain.

United States private schools have higher rates of exemptions to school immunization requirements than public schools.

OBJECTIVE: To compare medical, religious, and personal belief immunization exemption rates between private and public schools in US. STUDY DESIGN: Exemption rates were calculated using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention School Immunization Assessment Surveys for the 2009-2010 school year excluding states with incomplete survey data. Standardized exemption rates weighted on enrollments in public and private schools were calculated. Differences in exemption rates between public and private schools were tested using Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: The overall state exemption rate was higher in US private than public schools, 4.25% (SD 4.27) vs 1.91% (1.67), P = .0001 and private schools had higher exemption rates for all types of exemptions; medical 0.58% (0.71) vs 0.34% (0.34) respectively (P = .0004), religious 2.09% (3.14) vs 0.83% (1.05) respectively (P = .0001), and personal belief 6.10% (4.12) vs 2.79% (1.57), respectively (P = .006). Overall exemption rates were significantly higher in states that allowed personal belief exemptions. CONCLUSIONS: Exemption rates were significantly higher in US private than in public schools. Children attending private schools may be at higher risk of vaccine-preventable diseases than public school children.

Financing and organisation of veterinary services.

This paper analyses the different ways of financing official Veterinary Services (VS) and the effects of these choices on the performance of such Services. The links between governance, organisational effectiveness and financing arrangements are seen as particularly important. The paper comments on some of the advantages and disadvantages of financing VS with service fees, as compared to budget transfers from general government revenues. Evidence is presented on the considerable heterogeneity in the size of VS and on the impact of this heterogeneity on organisation and financing. The paper concludes with a stylised case study, which emphasises the importance of collaboration and the division of labour between the official and the private sector of the veterinary profession.

Accountability: já podemos traduzi-la para o português? / Accountability: can we now translate it into Portuguese?

O objetivo principal deste artigo é verificar se as alterações políticas, sociais e institucionais (ocorridas no Brasil) contribuíram para que a tradução da palavra accountability germinasse no solo brasileiro, tendo transcorrido duas décadas desde a publicação do instigante artigo de Anna Maria Campos sobre a ausência desse conceito no Brasil. Trata-se de estudo de natureza exploratória, analítica e descritiva, numa abordagem essencialmente qualitativa, em que se procurou, além de compreender o significado da palavra accountability nos dicionários e nos trabalhos sucessivos ao de Campos, analisar, por meio da literatura especializada, as principais mudanças processadas no cenário brasileiro, especialmente quanto à organização da sociedade, descentralização e transparência governamental e quanto à emergência de novos valores sociais em substituição aos tradicionais. Reconhecendo que avanços têm sido realizados nessa direção, admite-se ser difícil dar uma resposta conclusiva à questão formulada. Considera-se que estamos mais perto da resposta do que quando Campos se defrontou com o problema, mas ainda muito longe de construir uma verdadeira cultura de accountability.

[Glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients in public and private healthcare service]. / Controle glicêmico de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 nos serviços público e privado de Saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients from a private clinic with those of a public health service. METHODS: It was designed a retrospective cohort study, including 80 patients attended at the Central Clinic of Universidade de Caxias do Sul (AMCE), which is related to the Single Health System, and 277 patients attended at a private clinic, whom consult between May 2001 and October 2007. RESULTS: Patients attended at AMCE showed a worse metabolic control, although only the values of A1c and total cholesterol have reached statistical significance. Both groups had an improvement in almost all the metabolic parameters. The use of insulin at the end of follow-up (B = 4,66; CI95% = 2,18 - 9,89; p < 0,001) and initial A1c (B = 1,42; CI95% = 1,16 - 1,74; p = 0,001) were determinant of a worse glycemic control. The frequency of visits was determinant of a better control (B = 0,72; CI 95% = 0,55 - 0,93; p = 0,01). CONCLUSIONS: The variables such as the initial A1c and the frequency of visits, which may be considered as indicators of patients' access to the heath system, have greater impact on the control of diabetes than the place where the patients are treated.

Controle glicêmico de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 nos serviços público e privado de Saúde / Glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients in public and private Healthcare service

OBJETIVO: Comparar o tratamento de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 provenientes de uma clínica privada aos pacientes atendidos no sistema público de Saúde. MÉTODOS: Foi desenhado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, incluindo 80 pacientes atendidos no Ambulatório Central da Universidade de Caxias do Sul (AMCE), vinculado ao Sistema Único de Saúde, e 277 pacientes atendidos em uma clínica privada, que foram consultados nestes serviços no período entre maio de 2001 e outubro de 2007. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes atendidos no AMCE mostraram pior controle metabólico, embora somente os valores de A1c e colesterol total tenham alcançado significância estatística. Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora de quase todos os parâmetros metabólicos. O uso de insulina no final do acompanhamento (B = 4,66; IC95 por cento = 2,18 - 9,89; p < 0,001) e a A1c inicial (B = 1,42; IC95 por cento = 1,16 - 1,74; p = 0,001) foram determinantes de pior controle glicêmico. A frequência de consultas foi determinante de melhor controle (B = 0,72; IC95 por cento = 0,55 - 0,93; p = 0,01). CONCLUSÕES: As variáveis como a A1c inicial e a frequência de consultas, que podem ser consideradas como indicadores do acesso dos pacientes ao sistema de saúde, têm maior impacto no controle do diabetes do que o local no qual os pacientes são tratados.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients from a private clinic with those of a public health service. METHODS: It was designed a retrospective cohort study, including 80 patients attended at the Central Clinic of Universidade de Caxias do Sul (AMCE), which is related to the Single Health System, and 277 patients attended at a private clinic, whom consult between May 2001 and October 2007. RESULTS: Patients attended at AMCE showed a worse metabolic control, although only the values of A1c and total cholesterol have reached statistical significance. Both groups had an improvement in almost all the metabolic parameters. The use of insulin at the end of follow-up (B = 4,66; CI95 percent = 2,18 - 9,89; p < 0,001) and initial A1c (B = 1,42; CI95 percent = 1,16 - 1,74; p = 0,001) were determinant of a worse glycemic control. The frequency of visits was determinant of a better control (B = 0,72; CI 95 percent = 0,55 - 0,93; p = 0,01). CONCLUSIONS: The variables such as the initial A1c and the frequency of visits, which may be considered as indicators of patients' access to the heath system, have greater impact on the control of diabetes than the place where the patients are treated.

Adolescent pregnancy: a comparative study between mothers who use public and private health systems.

This is a comparative and descriptive study of adolescent mothers who were attended in three maternities of the public health system and three private maternities in a city in São Paulo, Brazil, between 2000 and 2002. This study aimed to compare the profile of mothers attended in both systems. The database of Ribeirão Preto was used and 5,286 adolescent mothers between 10 and 19 years old were selected according to type of delivery, level of instruction, number of prenatal consultations and parity. We found that the users of the public health system had less prenatal consultations, lower level of education, higher parity and the vaginal delivery was most frequent. The users of the private health system, on the contrary, had more prenatal consultations, higher level of instruction, and primiparity and cesarean sections were more frequent.

Adolescent pregnancy: a comparative study between mothers who use public and private health systems

This is a comparative and descriptive study of adolescent mothers who were attended in three maternities of the public health system and three private maternities in a city in São Paulo, Brazil, between 2000 and 2002. This study aimed to compare the profile of mothers attended in both systems. The database of Ribeirão Preto was used and 5,286 adolescent mothers between 10 and 19 years old were selected according to type of delivery, level of instruction, number of prenatal consultations and parity. We found that the users of the public health system had less prenatal consultations, lower level of education, higher parity and the vaginal delivery was most frequent. The users of the private health system, on the contrary, had more prenatal consultations, higher level of instruction, and primiparity and cesarean sections were more frequent.

Trata-se de estudo descritivo e comparativo entre mães adolescentes de nascidos vivos, atendidas em três maternidades do sistema público e três do privado de um município do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Teve como objetivo identificar e comparar o perfil das mães adolescentes atendidas nesses sistemas de saúde. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se o banco de dados da prefeitura de Ribeirão Preto, SP, de onde que foram selecionadas 5.286 adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos, segundo tipo de parto, grau de instrução, número de consultas de pré-natal e número de partos anteriores. Encontrou-se que as usuárias do sistema público fizeram menor número de consultas de pré-natal, possuíam menor escolaridade, tinham maior paridade, o parto normal foi mais freqüente, enquanto no privado foi maior o número de atendimento de pré-natal, a escolaridade, a primiparidade e o parto cesariano.

Se trata de un estudio descriptivo y comparativo entre madres adolescentes de nacidos vivos atendidas en tres maternidades del sistema público y tres del privado de una ciudad del estado de São Paulo, Brasil, entre 2000 y 2002. Su objetivo fue identificar y comparar el perfil de las madres adolescentes atendidas en los dos sistemas de salud. Para la recolecta de datos, se utilizó el banco de datos del gobierno municipal de Ribeirão Preto, de donde fueran seleccionadas 5.286 adolescentes entre 10 y 19 años según el tipo de parto, grado de instrucción, número de consultas de prenatal y número de partos anteriores. Se descubrió que las usuarias del sistema público hicieron menor número de consultas de prenatal, poseían escolaridad más baja, tenían mayor paridad, y que el parto normal fue más frecuente. En el privado, fue mayor el número de postventa de prenatal, la escolaridad, la primiparidad y el parto cesárea.