Guía de Práctica Clínica de estenosis hipertrófica del píloro / Clinical Practice Guidelines in Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

La estenosis hipertrófica del píloro es una enfermedad que se presenta fundamentalmente en lactantes, ocurre por un estrechamiento del canal pilórico debido a la hipertrofia gradual de la capa muscular de su esfínter, lo que origina un síndrome pilórico. El objetivo de esta publicación es presentar una actualización sobre el tema. La etiología de la enfermedad es desconocida, la tendencia actual es que se trata de una enfermedad que no es congénita y se sugiere un origen multifactorial, donde influyen factores genéticos y ambientales. Su síntoma fundamental son los vómitos no biliosos y el diagnostico se complementa con el ultrasonido abdominal. El tratamiento de elección es quirúrgico y sus resultados generalmente satisfactorios. La aprobación de esta guía por los servicios de cirugía pediátrica del país la convierten en un útil instrumento asistencial y docente(AU)

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis is a disease that occurs mainly in infants, caused by a narrowing of the pyloric channel due to the gradual hypertrophy of the muscle layer of the sphincter, which originates a pyloric syndrome. The aim of this publication is to present an update on the topic. The etiology of the disease is unknown, the current trend is that it is a disease that is not congenital and a multifactorial origin is suggested, where genetic and environmental factors influence. Its main symptom is non-bilious vomiting and diagnosis is supplemented with abdominal ultrasound. The treatment of choice is the surgical one and its results are generally satisfactory. The approval of this guidelines by the country's pediatric surgery services makes it a useful care and teaching tool(AU)

YU pyloroplasty for the correction of chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy in canines / Piloroplastia em Y-U para a correção da gastropatia hipertrófica pilórica crônica em caninos

Background: One of the causes of delay gastric emptying is the chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy, unusual disease that can occur in acquired or congenital form. It is characterized by hypertrophy of the antral mucosa, by thickening of the muscular layer, or by hyperplasia of the pylorus. The animals are presented with a history of chronic intermittent vomiting. Treatment is based on surgical correction through techniques such as pyloromyotomy or transverse or Y-U pyloroplasty. Thus, the aim was report three cases of pyloric stenosis by hypertrophy in dogs of the breeds, Fila Brasileiro, English Bull Terrier and American Pitbull Terrier, emphasizing the diagnosis and therapy instituted. Cases: All animals in this study reached the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso with a history of chronic intermittent vomiting. The findings of physical and laboratory examinations in all animals were unspecific, with those important to rule out other causes of vomiting. Contrast radiographic evaluation revealed marked stomach distension and delayed gastric emptying, indicated gastric outflow obstruction. In one case, a video endoscopy was performed. The images reveal hyperemia of the gastric mucosa with small areas of bleeding around the stomach. It was observed intense production of gastric juice and the presence of the same reflux. In the pyloric antrum [...]

YU pyloroplasty for the correction of chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy in canines / Piloroplastia em Y-U para a correção da gastropatia hipertrófica pilórica crônica em caninos

Background: One of the causes of delay gastric emptying is the chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy, unusual disease that can occur in acquired or congenital form. It is characterized by hypertrophy of the antral mucosa, by thickening of the muscular layer, or by hyperplasia of the pylorus. The animals are presented with a history of chronic intermittent vomiting. Treatment is based on surgical correction through techniques such as pyloromyotomy or transverse or Y-U pyloroplasty. Thus, the aim was report three cases of pyloric stenosis by hypertrophy in dogs of the breeds, Fila Brasileiro, English Bull Terrier and American Pitbull Terrier, emphasizing the diagnosis and therapy instituted. Cases: All animals in this study reached the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso with a history of chronic intermittent vomiting. The findings of physical and laboratory examinations in all animals were unspecific, with those important to rule out other causes of vomiting. Contrast radiographic evaluation revealed marked stomach distension and delayed gastric emptying, indicated gastric outflow obstruction. In one case, a video endoscopy was performed. The images reveal hyperemia of the gastric mucosa with small areas of bleeding around the stomach. It was observed intense production of gastric juice and the presence of the same reflux. In the pyloric antrum [...](AU)

Ultrasound-guided paravertebral block for pyloromyotomy in 3 neonates with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis / Bloqueio paravertebral guiado por ultrassom para piloromiotomia em 3 recém-nascidos com estenose hipertrófica de piloro congênita / Bloqueo paravertebral ecoguiado para la piloromiotomía en 3 neonatos con estenosis hipertrófica de píloro congénita

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is a relatively common affection of gastrointestinal tract in childhood that results in symptoms, such as projectile vomiting and metabolic disorders that imply a high risk of aspiration during anesthetic induction. In this way, the carrying out of a technique with general anesthesia and intravenous rapid sequence induction, preoxygenation and cricoid pressure are recommended. After the correction of systemic metabolic alkalosis and pH normalization, cerebrospinal fluid can keep a state of metabolic alkalosis. This circumstance, in addition to the residual effect of neuromuscular blocking agents, inhalant anesthetics and opioids could increase the risk of postoperative apnea after a general anesthesia.

A estenose hipertrófica do piloro é uma condição relativamente comum do trato gastrintestinal na infância, que causa um quadro de vômitos em jato e alterações metabólicas que envolvem um alto risco de aspiração durante a indução da anestesia. Assim, recomenda-se uma técnica sob anestesia geral e indução intravenosa de sequência rápida, pré-oxigenação e pressão cricoide. Após a correção da alcalose metabólica sistêmica e normalização do pH, o líquido cerebrospinal pode manter um estado de alcalose metabólica. Isso, juntamente com os efeitos residuais de agentes bloqueadores neuromusculares, anestésicos e opioides, pode aumentar o risco de apneia pós-operatória após anestesia geral.

La estenosis hipertrófica de píloro es una afección relativamente común del tracto gastrointestinal en la infancia, que conlleva un cuadro de vómitos en proyectil y alteraciones metabólicas que implican un elevado riesgo de aspiración durante la inducción anestésica. Así, se recomienda la realización de una técnica con anestesia general e inducción de secuencia rápida intravenosa, preoxigenación y presión cricoidea. Tras la corrección de la alcalosis metabólica sistémica y normalización del pH, el líquido cefalorraquídeo puede mantener un estado de alcalosis metabólica. Esta circunstancia, junto con el efecto residual de los bloqueantes neuromusculares, agentes anestésicos inhalatorios y opioides podrían incrementar el riesgo de apnea postoperatoria tras una anestesia general.

Ultrasound-guided paravertebral block for pyloromyotomy in 3 neonates with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is a relatively common affection of gastrointestinal tract in childhood that results in symptoms, such as projectile vomiting and metabolic disorders that imply a high risk of aspiration during anesthetic induction. In this way, the carrying out of a technique with general anesthesia and intravenous rapid sequence induction, preoxygenation and cricoid pressure are recommended. After the correction of systemic metabolic alkalosis and pH normalization, cerebrospinal fluid can keep a state of metabolic alkalosis. This circumstance, in addition to the residual effect of neuromuscular blocking agents, inhalant anesthetics and opioids could increase the risk of postoperative apnea after a general anesthesia. CASE REPORT: We present the successful management in 3 neonates in those a pyloromyotomy was carried out because they had presented congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. This procedure was done under general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation and rapid sequence induction. Then, ultrasound-guided paravertebral block was performed as analgesic method without the need for administrating opioids within intraoperative period and keeping an appropriate analgesic level. CONCLUSIONS: Local anesthesia has demonstrated to be safe and effective in pediatric practice. We consider the ultrasound-guided paravertebral block with one dose as a possible alternative for other local techniques described, avoiding the use of opioids and neuromuscular blocking agents during general anesthesia, and reducing the risk of central apnea within postoperative period.

[Imaging diagnosis of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: report of a case and review of the literature]. / Diagnóstico por imagen en la estenosis hipertrófica del píloro en la infancia: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is familiar to most pediatric and general practitioners, it is a pathology where the radiologist nowadays has a key role confirming the clinical suspicion based in ultrasound and upper-gastrointestinal barium examinations. There is hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the antropyloric portion of the stomach, which becomes abnormally thickened, it manifests as obstruction to gastric emptying. Infants with IHPS are clinically normal at birth, but they develop a nonbilious forceful vomiting during the first weeks of postnatal life, which is described as "projectile". Surgical treatment is curative. The clinical diagnosis hinges on palpation of the thickened pylorus. Imaging findings include the "string sign" (elongation of the pyloric canal) and the "double-track sign" (presence of linear tracts of contrast material separated by the intervening mucosa) on fluoroscopic observation. Sonographic examination demonstrates the thickened prepyloric antrum bridging the duodenal bulb and distended stomach. We present the case of a 26-days-old infant with IHPS; presenting this case we make a brief review of the clinical features and main imaging findings of IHPS.

Estenosis hipertrófica de píloro: presentación de un caso y actualización / Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a case report and update

La estenosis hipertrófica de píloro es una anomalía congénita frecuente, caracterizada por la hipertrófia de la capa muscular circular del estomago en la región pílorica, la que requiere de modo obligatorio cirugía para su corrección. La edad usual en la que se presenta el cuadro es de la tercera a la sexta semana, con un cuadro emético no bilioso, progresivamente continuo hasta llegar al estado del vómito permanente e incontrolable. Se publica el caso de un lactante menor de 6 semanas de edad, asintomático hasta dos días previos a su consulta, iniciando su expresión clínica con un cuadro de emésis incoercible que obligó a una ecografía, la misma que no mostraba claramente la patología de base, por lo que se realizó una serie radiográfica esófagogastroduodenal, que revelaba impedimento paso de contraste a duodeno, llegándose al diagnóstico de estenosis y obstrucción pilórica completa, por lo que a las pocas horas de su diagnóstico fue operado con éxito. Por la ausencia de síntomas previos al vómito incoercible, su presentación brusca y la poca ayuda diagnóstica de la ecografía. Se presenta el caso de referencia y se realiza una breve actualización, con énfasis en aspectos de diagnóstico diferencial en casos de vómito para la edad del paciente.

Hypertrophic stenosis of the pylorus is a frequent congenital abnormality, characterized by hypertrophy of the circular muscle layer of the stomach in the region of the pylorus which needs obligatory surgery for correction. The common age at which this alteration appears is from three to six weeks with non bilious vomiting that progresses continuously to a state of permanent and incontrollable vomiting We present the case of a less than six weeks old baby which had shown no symptoms until two days previous to consultation, starting clinical signs with uncontrollable vomiting that required an echography which did not clearly show the underlying pathology. For this reason , a series of oesophagogastroduodenal radiographies was performed which showed an obstructed pass of the contrast to the duodenum. Therefore the diagnosis of stenosis and complete pyloric obstruction was made, and a few hours later the baby underwent successful surgery.Due to the absence of symptoms previous to the uncontrollable vomiting, its sudden appearance, and the little diagnostic help of the echography, we report the present case, and make a short actualisation, emphasizing diagnostic aspects and differential diagnosis in cases of vomiting for the age of the patient.

[Factors related to the olive size in patients with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis]. / El tamaño de la oliva y su relación con el cuadro clínico en pacientes con estenosis hipertrófica del píloro.

INTRODUCTION: The pyloric "olive" (PO) is the result of the anomalous growth of the pyloric muscle among patients with pyloric stenosis (PS). It frequently is unexpectedly large, or some other times surprisingly small, and those variations in size have been difficult to explain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We measured the PO in 145 consecutive patients with PS during the operation, and then we classified them as small if their length was less than 20 mm, medium if 20 to 30 mm, or large if more than 30 mm; several variables were analyzed by mean of the chi square or Spearman rho tests. RESULTS: Six cases were excluded due to an unclear total length record of the PO. The PO size was classified as small in 19 (13.7%), medium in 71 (51%) and large in 49 (35.3%). The PO size did not associate with gender, way of birth, the presence of jaundice, constipation or any specific blood group or Rh factor, and it did not correlate with birth weight or month and gestational order either. Medium and large PO were more frequently palpated than smaller (94-100% vs. 83%, p = 0.009); PO size correlated with the duration of the history of vomiting (CQ 0.267, p = 0.002), child's age (CQ 0.243, p = 0.005) and weight at operation (CQ 0.190, p = 0.048). A daily weight loss surpassing 5 g was more commonly found among small PO (p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: In more than a third of the PS patients, PO is unexpectedly large, and in one of every seven it is surprisingly small. The bigger PO size associates with a longer disease, and with older and heavier patients, which probably is explained by a slighter clinical course. A small PO is more difficult to palpate during clinical evaluation.