ABSTRACT
Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism leads to impair the mitochondria's ability to synthesis adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by impairment citric acid cycle as well as increase anaerobic glycolysis. Aim - measuring and evaluating the levels of mitochondrial markers; including glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), malate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase) in the autistic group and knowing the possibility of using these markers to diagnose children with autism spectrum disorder. A case-control study was done in the Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital (Kut City, Iraq) on 100 Iraqi children (male and female), between (April 2023 and January 2024). Their ages ranged between 3 and 9 years. Among them were 50 patients enrolled as autistic group and 50 healthy enrolled as control group. Blood samples were collected and bioassays for GOT, GPT, pyruvate kinase, and malate dehydrogenase were measured by ELISA technique. The autistic group showed that the urine GOT, urine GPT, serum malate, and serum pyruvate levels in the ASD group was significantly higher (P<0.001) than the control group. The ROC analysis showed that urine GOT, urine GOT, serum malate and serum pyruvate had an accuracy level of (81%,71%,77%, and 80 %) and the area under the curve (AUC) was > 0.7 (0.8),0.7, 0.7(0.76), and 0.7(0.8) thus urine GOT, urine GPT, serum, malate, and serum pyruvate are a valid diagnostic marker. There was a significant difference in the mean urine and serum concentrations of mitochondrial markers (GOT, GPT, malate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase) between autistic children and the control group due to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Subject(s)
Aspartate Aminotransferases , Autism Spectrum Disorder , Biomarkers , Malate Dehydrogenase , Mitochondria , Pyruvate Kinase , Humans , Child , Male , Female , Autism Spectrum Disorder/blood , Malate Dehydrogenase/blood , Child, Preschool , Case-Control Studies , Pyruvate Kinase/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Biomarkers/urine , Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood , Mitochondria/metabolism , Alanine Transaminase/blood , Pyruvic Acid/blood , Malates/blood , ROC CurveABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Quantify the relationship between perioperative anaerobic lactate production, microcirculatory blood flow, and mitochondrial respiration in patients after cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. DESIGN: Serial measurements of lactate-pyruvate ratio (LPR), microcirculatory blood flow, plasma tricarboxylic acid cycle cycle intermediates, and mitochondrial respiration were compared between patients with a normal peak lactate (≤ 2 mmol/L) and a high peak lactate (≥ 4 mmol/L) in the first 6 hours after surgery. Regression analysis was performed to quantify the relationship between clinically relevant hemodynamic variables, lactate, LPR, and microcirculatory blood flow. SETTING: This was a single-center, prospective observational study conducted in an academic cardiovascular ICU. PATIENTS: One hundred thirty-two patients undergoing elective cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients with a high postoperative lactate were found to have a higher LPR compared with patients with a normal postoperative lactate (14.4 ± 2.5 vs. 11.7 ± 3.4; p = 0.005). Linear regression analysis found a significant, negative relationship between LPR and microcirculatory flow index ( r = -0.225; ß = -0.037; p = 0.001 and proportion of perfused vessels: r = -0.17; ß = -0.468; p = 0.009). There was not a significant relationship between absolute plasma lactate and microcirculation variables. Last, mitochondrial complex I and complex II oxidative phosphorylation were reduced in patients with high postoperative lactate levels compared with patients with normal lactate (22.6 ± 6.2 vs. 14.5 ± 7.4 pmol O 2 /s/10 6 cells; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Increased anaerobic lactate production, estimated by LPR, has a negative relationship with microcirculatory blood flow after cardiovascular surgery. This relationship does not persist when measuring lactate alone. In addition, decreased mitochondrial respiration is associated with increased lactate after cardiovascular surgery. These findings suggest that high lactate levels after cardiovascular surgery, even in the setting of normal hemodynamics, are not simply a type B phenomenon as previously suggested.
Subject(s)
Cardiopulmonary Bypass , Lactic Acid , Microcirculation , Mitochondria , Humans , Microcirculation/physiology , Male , Prospective Studies , Female , Cardiopulmonary Bypass/adverse effects , Lactic Acid/blood , Middle Aged , Aged , Mitochondria/metabolism , Anaerobiosis/physiology , Pyruvic Acid/metabolism , Pyruvic Acid/bloodABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Population-based studies have highlighted the link between chronic urticaria (CU) and metabolic syndrome, and metabolic alterations have been revealed in CU. However, to our knowledge, a comprehensive metabolomics study on a large cohort of patients with CU has not been reported. OBJECTIVE: We sought to explore the underlying metabolic subtypes and novel metabolite biomarkers for CU diagnosis and therapy. METHODS: Plasma samples from 80 patients with CU and 82 healthy controls were collected for metabolomics quantification and bioinformatics analysis. Another independent cohort consisting of 144 patients with CU was studied to validate the findings. Bone marrow-derived mast cells and mice with IgE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis were used for in vitro and in vivo experiments, respectively. RESULTS: We observed clear metabolome differences between CU patients and healthy controls. Meanwhile, differential metabolites N6-acetyl-l-lysine, l-aspartate, maleic acid, and pyruvic acid were used to construct random forest classifiers and achieved area under receiver operating characteristic curve values greater than 0.85, suggesting their potential as diagnostic biomarkers of CU. More importantly, by exploring the underlying metabolic subtypes of CU, we found that the low abundance of pyruvic acid and maleic acid was significantly related to the activity of CU, poor efficacy of second-generation H1 antihistamines, and short relapse-free time. The results were validated in the independent cohort. Moreover, supplementation with pyruvate or maleate could significantly attenuate IgE-mediated mast cell activation in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma pyruvic acid and maleic acid may be effective biomarkers for predicting disease activity, therapeutic efficacy, and prognosis for patients with CU.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers , Chronic Urticaria , Mast Cells , Pyruvic Acid , Humans , Biomarkers/blood , Chronic Urticaria/blood , Chronic Urticaria/drug therapy , Chronic Urticaria/diagnosis , Male , Female , Adult , Animals , Prognosis , Middle Aged , Pyruvic Acid/blood , Mice , Mast Cells/immunology , Mast Cells/metabolism , Metabolomics , MetabolomeABSTRACT
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) functions as a polypeptide hormone to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, and its expression is regulated by cellular metabolic stress. Pyruvate is an important intermediate metabolite that acts as a key hub for cellular fuel metabolism. However, the effect of pyruvate on hepatic FGF21 expression and secretion remains unknown. Herein, we examined the gene expression and protein levels of FGF21 in human hepatoma HepG2 cells and mouse AML12 hepatocytes in vitro, as well as in mice in vivo. In HepG2 and AML12 cells, pyruvate at concentrations above 0.1 mM significantly increased FGF21 expression and secretion. The increase in cellular cAMP levels by adenylyl cyclase activation, phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition and 8-Bromo-cAMP administration significantly restrained pyruvate-stimulated FGF21 expression. Pyruvate significantly increased PDE activities, reduced cAMP levels and decreased CREB phosphorylation. The inhibition of exchange protein directed activated by cAMP (Epac) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) upregulated FGF21 expression, upon which pyruvate no longer increased FGF21 expression. The increase in plasma pyruvate levels in mice induced by the intraperitoneal injection of pyruvate significantly increased FGF21 gene expression and PDE activity with a reduction in cAMP levels and CREB phosphorylation in the mouse liver compared with the control. In conclusion, pyruvate activates PDEs to reduce cAMP and then inhibits the cAMP-Epac-CREB signaling pathway to upregulate FGF21 expression in hepatocytes.
Subject(s)
Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein , Fibroblast Growth Factors , Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors , Liver , Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases , Pyruvic Acid , Animals , Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/antagonists & inhibitors , Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism , Fibroblast Growth Factors/biosynthesis , Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics , Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism , Gene Expression , Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/antagonists & inhibitors , Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/metabolism , Hep G2 Cells , Humans , Liver/enzymology , Liver/metabolism , Mice , Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism , Pyruvic Acid/blood , Pyruvic Acid/metabolism , Pyruvic Acid/pharmacokinetics , Signal Transduction/physiologySubject(s)
Cardiomyopathies/physiopathology , Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/physiopathology , Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology , Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/physiopathology , Mitochondrial Diseases/physiopathology , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology , Adult , Atrophy , Cardiomyopathies/complications , Cardiomyopathies/diagnostic imaging , Cardiomyopathies/genetics , Cerebellar Diseases/complications , Cerebellar Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Cerebellar Diseases/physiopathology , Cognitive Dysfunction/complications , Echocardiography , Glucose Intolerance/complications , Glucose Intolerance/physiopathology , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/complications , Humans , Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/complications , Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/diagnostic imaging , Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/complications , Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/diagnostic imaging , Hypothyroidism/complications , Hypothyroidism/physiopathology , Lactic Acid/blood , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Mitochondria, Heart/ultrastructure , Mitochondrial Diseases/complications , Mitochondrial Diseases/diagnosis , Mitochondrial Diseases/genetics , Muscle Weakness/complications , Muscle Weakness/physiopathology , Myocardium/pathology , Myocardium/ultrastructure , Pyruvic Acid/blood , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/complications , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
The Lactate Shuttle hypothesis is supported by a variety of techniques including mass spectrometry analytics following infusion of carbon-labeled isotopic tracers. However, there has been controversy over whether lactate tracers measure lactate (L) or pyruvate (P) turnover. Here, we review the analytical errors, use of inappropriate tissue and animal models, failure to consider L and P pool sizes in modeling results, inappropriate tracer and blood sampling sites, and failure to anticipate roles of heart and lung parenchyma on LâP interactions. With support from magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and immunocytochemistry, we conclude that carbon-labeled lactate tracers can be used to quantitate lactate fluxes.
Subject(s)
Lactic Acid/blood , Pyruvic Acid/blood , Signal Transduction/physiology , Animals , Carbon Radioisotopes/blood , Dogs , Exercise/physiology , Femoral Artery/metabolism , Femoral Vein/metabolism , Humans , Immunohistochemistry/methods , Kinetics , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods , Mass Spectrometry/methods , Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply , Radioactive Tracers , Rest/physiologyABSTRACT
Bedside detection and early treatment of lasting cerebral ischemia may improve outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). This feasibility study explores the possibilities to use microdialysis (MD) for continuous monitoring of cerebral energy metabolism by analyzing the draining cerebral venous blood. Eighteen comatose patients were continuously monitored with jugular bulb and radial artery (reference) MD following resuscitation. Median time from cardiac arrest to MD was 300 min (IQR 230-390) with median monitoring time 60 h (IQR 40-81). The lactate/pyruvate ratio in cerebral venous blood was increased during the first 20 h after OHCA, and significant differences in time-averaged mean MD metabolites between jugular venous and artery measurements, were documented (p < 0.02). In patients with unfavorable outcome (72%), cerebral venous lactate and pyruvate levels remained elevated during the study period. In conclusion, the study indicates that jugular bulb microdialysis (JBM) is feasible and safe. Biochemical signs of lasting ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction are frequent and associated with unfavorable outcome. The technique may be used in comatose OHCA patients to monitor biochemical variables reflecting ongoing brain damage and support individualized treatment early after resuscitation.
Subject(s)
Brain Injuries/diagnosis , Brain Ischemia/diagnosis , Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/complications , Adult , Aged , Biomarkers/blood , Brain/metabolism , Brain Injuries/blood , Brain Ischemia/blood , Cerebral Veins/metabolism , Energy Metabolism , Feasibility Studies , Female , Humans , Lactic Acid/analysis , Lactic Acid/blood , Male , Microdialysis/methods , Middle Aged , Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/blood , Oxygen/metabolism , Prospective Studies , Pyruvic Acid/analysis , Pyruvic Acid/bloodABSTRACT
The exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) could adversely affect the endocrine system and cellular proliferative response. Nonetheless, the use of 60-Hz EMFs in the form of magneto-therapy exerts beneficial actions on human health but can also induce hyperglycaemia. Therefore, the present study was aimed to search for metabolic responses of fed or fasted male rats to a single EMF exposure. We performed a 15 min-single exposure to 60-Hz (3.8 mT, intensity) EMF, and determined serum levels of glucose, lipids, and indicators of cellular redox state and energy parameters. A single exposure to a 60-Hz EMF induced hyperglycaemia in both animal groups, and an attenuated second serum insulin peak. The 60-Hz EMF also decreased free fatty acids and lactate serum levels, oppositely increasing pyruvate and acetoacetate levels. Significant increases in blood glucose level and rat's glucose metabolism were related to a more oxidized cellular redox state and variations in insulin and glucagon secretion. The 60-Hz EMF's effects were not modified in animals previously subjected to chronic EMFs exposure (14 days). In conclusion, increased serum glucose levels and glucose metabolism induced by a single 60-Hz EMF exposure were closely related to the cellular redox state and the insulin/glucagon ratio.
Subject(s)
Electromagnetic Fields/adverse effects , Glucagon/blood , Hyperglycemia/etiology , Hyperglycemia/metabolism , Insulin/blood , Animals , Biomarkers , Disease Models, Animal , Disease Susceptibility , Energy Metabolism , Fasting , Hyperglycemia/blood , Lactic Acid/blood , Lipids/blood , Metabolomics , Oxidation-Reduction , Pyruvic Acid/blood , RatsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Fatigue can be induced after acceleration exposure, however its mechanism is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine whether metabolites' changes can decrease cognitive and physical function after acceleration. METHODS: Graybiel scale and Fatigue Self-rating scale were used to assess the seasickness and fatigue degrees of 87 male seafarers respectively after sailing. To test the effect of pyruvate on cognitive and physical functions, five different doses of pyruvate were administrated into rats. Insulin can reduce the accumulation of pyruvate. To observe the insulin effect on pyruvate, cognitive and physical functions after acceleration, insulin administration or treatment of promoting insulin secretion was used. Physical and cognitive functions were assessed using open field test (OFT), morris water maze (MWM) and loaded swimming test (LST) in animals. RESULTS: Physical and cognitive abilities were decreased obviously, and serum pyruvate increased mostly in human and rats after acceleration. Compared with vehicle group, physical and cognitive abilities were significantly decreased after pyruvate administration. Besides, we found a significant decline in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, liver, and muscle of rats treated with acceleration or pyruvate injection, while insulin administration or treatment of promoting insulin secretion markedly alleviated this decline and the impairment of physical and cognitive abilities, compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that pyruvate has a negative effect on physical and cognitive abilities after acceleration. Insulin can inhibit pyruvate accumulation and cognitive and physical function after acceleration exposure.
Subject(s)
Acceleration/adverse effects , Cognition , Motion Sickness/physiopathology , Movement , Pyruvic Acid/blood , Adenosine Triphosphate/blood , Adult , Animals , Brain/metabolism , Humans , Insulin/blood , Liver/metabolism , Male , Maze Learning , Motion Sickness/blood , Motion Sickness/etiology , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
This study investigates the in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]-pyruvate in a translational cancer model in order to inform the application of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-enhanced magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) as a tool for imaging liver cancer. Intratumoral metabolism within autochthonous hepatocellular carcinomas in male Wistar rats was analyzed by MRSI following hyperpolarized [1-13 C]-pyruvate injections with 80 mM (low dose [LD]) or 160 mM (high dose [HD]) pyruvate. Rats received (i) LD followed by HD injection, (ii) sequential LD injections with or without an interposed lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor (LDHi) injection, or (iii) a single LD injection. A subset of rats in (ii) were sacrificed immediately after imaging, permitting measurement of active LDH concentrations in tumor extracts. Urine and serum were collected before and after injections for rats in (iii). Comparison of LD and HD injections confirmed concentration-dependent variation of intratumoral metabolite fractions and intermetabolite ratios. In addition, quantification of the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio was sensitive to pharmacologic inhibition with intermetabolite ratios correlating with active LDH concentrations in tumor extracts. Finally, comparison of pre- and post-DNP urine collections revealed that pyruvate and the radical source are renally excreted after injection. These data demonstrate that DNP-MRSI facilitates real-time quantification of intratumoral metabolism that is repeatable and reflective of intracellular processes. A translational model system confirmed that interpretation requires consideration of probe dose, administration frequency and excretion.
Subject(s)
Carbon Isotopes/chemistry , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Models, Biological , Pyruvic Acid/pharmacology , Pyruvic Acid/pharmacokinetics , Translational Research, Biomedical , Animals , Male , Pyruvic Acid/blood , Pyruvic Acid/metabolism , Rats, Wistar , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
Modulation of the gut microbiota may help in treating obesity by improving host metabolic health. We aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotics or symbiotics on body weight and serum metabolite profile in women with obesity. A double-blind, parallel, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted with 32 adult women with body mass index ranging from 30 to 34.9 kg m-2. Volunteers followed a low-energy diet and were subjected to 8 weeks intervention: probiotic group (PG - Bifidobacterium lactis UBBLa-70, n = 10), symbiotic group (SG - Bifidobacterium lactis UBBLa-70 and fructooligosaccharide, n = 11), or control group (CG - placebo, n = 11). Analyses of anthropometric variables, gut microbiota and serum metabolites by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were performed at baseline and after the intervention. Multivariate statistics showed that all groups presented a decrease in glycerol and increase in arginine, glutamine and 2-oxoisovalerate. Therefore, a low-energy diet per se promoted changes in the metabolite profile related to decreased inflammation and positive effects on body weight. SG presented unique changes in metabolites (increase in pyruvate and alanine and decrease in citrate and BCAA). Negative correlations between arginine and glutamine with fat mass were observed in the SG. PG presented a decrease in 1H NMR lipid signals and negative correlation between Verrucomicrobia and Firmicutes with (CH2)n lipids. Both probiotics and symbiotics promoted changes in metabolites related to improved metabolic health. Specific metabolite changes following symbiotic intervention might suggest some advantage in providing Bifidobacterium lactis in combination with fructooligosaccharide in a low-energy diet, rather than probiotics or diet alone. Clinical trial: NCT02505854.
Subject(s)
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Obesity , Oligosaccharides , Probiotics , Synbiotics , Adult , Amino Acids/blood , Bifidobacterium animalis , Citric Acid/blood , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Inflammation/metabolism , Obesity/diet therapy , Obesity/metabolism , Oligosaccharides/pharmacology , Oligosaccharides/therapeutic use , Probiotics/pharmacology , Probiotics/therapeutic use , Pyruvic Acid/bloodABSTRACT
Blood lactate concentration predicts mortality in critically ill patients and is clinically used in the diagnosis, grading of severity, and monitoring response to therapy of septic shock. This paper summarizes available quantitative data to provide the first comprehensive description and critique of the accepted concepts of the physiology of lactate in health and shock, with particular emphasis on the controversy of whether lactate release is simply a manifestation of tissue hypoxia versus a purposeful transfer ("shuttle") of lactate between tissues. Basic issues discussed include (1) effect of nonproductive lactate-pyruvate exchange that artifactually enhances flux measurements obtained with labeled lactate, (2) heterogeneous tissue oxygen partial pressure (Krogh model) and potential for unrecognized hypoxia that exists in all tissues, and (3) pathophysiology that distinguishes septic from other forms of shock. Our analysis suggests that due to exchange artifacts, the turnover rate of lactate and the lactate clearance are only about 60% of the values of 1.05 mmol/min/70 kg and 1.5 L/min/70 kg, respectively, determined from the standard tracer kinetics. Lactate turnover reflects lactate release primarily from muscle, gut, adipose, and erythrocytes and uptake by the liver and kidney, primarily for the purpose of energy production (TCA cycle) while the remainder is used for gluconeogenesis (Cori cycle). The well-studied physiology of exercise-induced hyperlactatemia demonstrates massive release from the contracting muscle accompanied by an increased lactate clearance that may occur in recovering nonexercising muscle as well as the liver. The very limited data on lactate kinetics in shock patients suggests that hyperlactatemia reflects both decreased clearance and increased production, possibly primarily in the gut. Our analysis of available data in health and shock suggests that the conventional concept of tissue hypoxia can account for most blood lactate findings and there is no need to implicate a purposeful production of lactate for export to other organs.
Subject(s)
Hypoxia/diagnosis , Lactic Acid/blood , Pyruvic Acid/blood , Shock, Cardiogenic/diagnosis , Shock, Hemorrhagic/diagnosis , Shock, Septic/diagnosis , Animals , Critical Illness , Disease Models, Animal , Dogs , Humans , Hypoxia/blood , Liver/metabolism , Models, Biological , Muscles/metabolism , Sheep , Shock, Cardiogenic/blood , Shock, Hemorrhagic/blood , Shock, Septic/blood , SwineABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Secondary traumatic brain injury (TBI) consequences continue multiple cascades of biochemical reactions caused by initial neurotrauma and one of the important pathogenetic processes is mitochondrial dysfunction partly characterized by elevation of lactate/pyruvate ratio in brain following metabolic failure. OBJECTIVE: To identify lactate, pyruvate, lactate dehydrogenase, tau protein, ceruloplasmin blood levels in the post-injury period following TBI in relation to its different forms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-six patients (mean age ± SD 38.8 ± 10.39 years) at 12 months post-injury follow-ups TBI (post-TBI) were investigated; plasma lactate and pyruvate levels were measured by the spectrophotometric method according to the manufacturer protocols; tau protein, ceruloplasmin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured in sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Group 1 was comprised of 54 participants who had a history of mild TBI, group 2 was comprised of 42 patients who had a history of moderate TBI. RESULTS: In this work, we found the highest plasma lactate levels in the patients with the post-injury period following moderate TBI as compared to controls (p = 0.0047, t = 2.924, 95 % CI -0.2154 to -0.04071) where the median lactate level was 0.832 ± 0.033 and 0704 ± 0.021 mmol/L in controls. No significant differences were seen between mild and moderate post-TBI (p = 0.079; t = 1.772); significant difference was also seen between general post-TBI group versus controls (p = 0.0181; t = 2.396; 95 % CI -0.1627 to -0.01551) with the median total lactate level of 0.793 ± 0.019 mmol/L. Lactate data did not distinguish with the respect to gender or age. The results showed no significant differences in tau protein, pyruvate, LDH and ceruloplasmin levels. CONCLUSION: This study shows higher lactate levels in the post-injury period following TBI that reflect post-injury oxidative dysmetabolism and are more expressed in the post-injury period following moderate TBI.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers/blood , Brain Injuries, Traumatic/blood , Lactic Acid/blood , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pyruvic Acid/bloodABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIM: Time-restricted feeding (TRF) during the dark phase of the day restores metabolic homeostasis in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed untargeted metabolomic analysis on plasma from mice subjected to TRF that attenuates high-fat diet-enhanced spontaneous metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC). RESULTS: Twenty-four of 152 identified metabolites differed among the four dietary groups (non-LLC-bearing mice fed the AIN93G diet and LLC-bearing mice fed the AIN93G, the high-fat diet (HFD), or TRF of the HFD). Component 1 of sparse partial least squares-discriminant analysis showed a clear separation between non-LLC-bearing and LLC-bearing mice. Major metabolites responsible for the changes were elevations in α-tocopherol, docosahexaenoic acid, cholesterol, dihydrocholestrol, isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine and decreases in lactic acid and pyruvic acid in LLC-bearing mice particularly those fed the HFD. Time-restricted feeding shifted the metabolic profile of LLC-bearing mice towards that of non-LLC-bearing controls. CONCLUSION: Time-restricted feeding improves metabolic profile of LLC-bearing mice.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/blood , Fasting/blood , Metabolomics , Animals , Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/diet therapy , Cholestanol/blood , Cholesterol/blood , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Disease Models, Animal , Docosahexaenoic Acids/blood , Fasting/physiology , Humans , Insulin/blood , Isoleucine/blood , Lactic Acid/blood , Leucine/blood , Mice , Neoplasm Metastasis , Phenylalanine/blood , Pyruvic Acid/blood , alpha-Tocopherol/bloodABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease that mainly affects optic nerves and spinal cord. Besides, loss of motor and cognitive function has been reported as important symptoms of disease. OBJECTIVE: Here we investigated the mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic alterations in NMO patients and evaluate their correlation with disease progress, disability and cognitive impairment. METHODS: The individuals (12 controls and 12 NMO) were assessed for disease severity by expanded disease status scale (EDSS), cognitive function via symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) and fine motor disability by 9-hole peg test (9-HPT). We have measured Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), SIRT3, mitochondrial complex I, complex IV, aconitase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGD) activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Furthermore, SIRT1, pyruvate, lactate and cytochrome c (Cyt c) were determined in plasma. RESULTS: Our results exhibited increased 9-HPT time in NMO patients. 9-HPT results correlated with EDSS; and SDMT negatively correlated with disease duration and number of attacks in patients. Investigation of PBMCs of NMO patients exhibited a decrease of mitochondrial complex I and IV activity that was significant for complex IV. Besides, complex I activity was negatively correlated with 9-HPT time in NMO group. In the plasma samples, a correlation between pyruvate to lactate ratio and EDSS in NMO patients was found and a negative correlation between Cyt c concentration and SDMT was detected. CONCLUSION: Our data support the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction occurred in the CNS and the peripheral blood may contribute to disease progress, disability level and the cognitive impairment in NMO patients.
Subject(s)
Cognition Disorders/etiology , Mitochondria/metabolism , Neuromyelitis Optica/pathology , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Cytochromes c/metabolism , Electron Transport Complex I/metabolism , Electron Transport Complex IV/metabolism , Female , Humans , Lactic Acid/blood , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism , Male , Middle Aged , Neuromyelitis Optica/complications , Neuromyelitis Optica/metabolism , Pyruvic Acid/blood , Severity of Illness Index , Sirtuin 1/metabolism , Sirtuin 3/metabolismABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of increasing spinal cord perfusion pressure (SCPP) on sensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and injury site metabolism in patients with severe traumatic spinal cord injury TSCI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 12 TSCI patients we placed a pressure probe, a microdialysis catheter and a strip electrode with 8 contacts on the surface of the injured cord. We monitored SCPP, lactate-to-pyruvate ratio (LPR) and SEPs (after median or posterior tibial nerve stimulation). RESULTS: Increase in SCPP by ~20 mmHg produced a heterogeneous response in SEPs and injury site metabolism. In some patients, SEP amplitudes increased and the LPR decreased indicating improved tissue metab olism. In others, SEP amplitudes decreased and the LPR increased indicating more impaired metabolism. Compared with patients who did not improve at follow-up, those who improved had significantly more electrode contacts with SEP amplitude increase in response to increasing SCPP. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing SCPP after acute, severe TSCI may be beneficial (if associated with increase in SEP amplitude) or detrimental (if associated with decrease in SEP amplitude). Our findings support individualized management of patients with acute, severe TSCI guided by monitoring from the injury site rather than applying universal blood pressure targets as is current clinical practice.
Subject(s)
Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure , Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory , Spinal Cord Injuries/diagnosis , Spinal Cord Injuries/physiopathology , Spinal Cord/physiopathology , Adult , Blood Pressure , Catheterization , Electric Stimulation Therapy , Electrophysiology , Female , Humans , Lactic Acid/blood , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Microdialysis , Middle Aged , Monitoring, Physiologic , Perfusion , Pressure , Pyruvic Acid/blood , Tibial Nerve , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Young AdultABSTRACT
AIM: Little information exists on the peripheral metabolite levels in individuals with at-risk mental state who meet the criteria for a high-risk state of psychosis. Here, we aimed to investigate serum levels of glucose, pyruvate and d- and l-lactate, which may act as a signalling molecule for learning and memory in neuronal cells. METHODS: High performance liquid chromatography or commercial kits were used to assess serum metabolites in individuals with attenuated psychosis symptoms of at-risk mental state (n = 24, men = 12) who were not receiving antipsychotics. The metabolite levels of these individuals were compared with those of age- and sex-matched healthy individuals (controls, n = 23, men = 11). Correlations between the metabolites and clinical symptoms of at-risk mental state were also examined. RESULTS: Individuals with at-risk mental state had higher serum glucose levels than did controls (P = 2.18 × 10-3 ), while no significant difference in pyruvate levels were observed between the groups. Individuals with at-risk mental state had significantly lower serum l-lactate levels than did controls (P = 6.31 × 10-5 ), while no differences in d-lactate levels were observed. Furthermore, a negative correlation was identified between serum l-lactate levels and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale negative symptoms scores (r = -0.5651, P = 4.01 × 10-3 ) in individuals with at-risk mental state. CONCLUSIONS: We found that, compared with controls, individuals with at-risk mental state have reduced serum l-lactate levels, which may predate psychosis onset, and may be involved in the related negative symptoms.
Subject(s)
Blood Glucose , Lactates/blood , Psychotic Disorders/blood , Pyruvic Acid/blood , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Prodromal Symptoms , Young AdultABSTRACT
Appropriate enzyme immobilization on the electrode surface in order to access its active site has always been an important strategy for electrode modification. In this report, lactate dehydrogenase enzyme was appropriately immobilized on the glassy carbon electrode via hydrophobin (HFB1) and graphene oxide nanocomposite. The step-by-step modification was successfully confirmed by water contact analysis, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Under optimum conditions, this biosensor demonstrated a detection limit of 8.69â¯nM and RSD of 4.3% and 3.6% (nâ¯=â¯5) for reproducibility and repeatability. The effect of scan rate on the oxidation behavior of NADH was investigated by cyclic voltammetry; and diffusion coefficient for NADH was estimated at 6.27â¯×â¯10-8â¯cm2.s-1. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Kmapp) was amperometrically determined and it was lower than Kmapp for the free enzyme. Also, the modified electrode represented good stability after nine days with 6% decrease in current. The proposed assay was successfully used in real sample-serum-analysis and the obtained recoveries were between 93% and 104.0%.
Subject(s)
Biosensing Techniques/methods , Enzymes, Immobilized/chemistry , L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/chemistry , Pyruvic Acid/blood , Electrochemical Techniques/methods , Enzyme Stability , Graphite/chemistry , Humans , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions , Limit of Detection , Nanocomposites/chemistry , Nanocomposites/ultrastructure , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
Mammalian organs continually exchange metabolites via circulation, but systems-level analysis of this shuttling process is lacking. Here, we compared, in fasted pigs, metabolite concentrations in arterial blood versus draining venous blood from 11 organs. Greater than 90% of metabolites showed arterial-venous differences across at least one organ. Surprisingly, the liver and kidneys released not only glucose but also amino acids, both of which were consumed primarily by the intestine and pancreas. The liver and kidneys exhibited additional unexpected activities: liver preferentially burned unsaturated over more atherogenic saturated fatty acids, whereas the kidneys were unique in burning circulating citrate and net oxidizing lactate to pyruvate, thereby contributing to circulating redox homeostasis. Furthermore, we observed more than 700 other cases of tissue-specific metabolite production or consumption, such as release of nucleotides by the spleen and TCA intermediates by pancreas. These data constitute a high-value resource, providing a quantitative atlas of inter-organ metabolite exchange.
Subject(s)
Kidney/metabolism , Liver/metabolism , Swine/metabolism , Amino Acids/blood , Animals , Arteries , Blood Glucose , Citric Acid/blood , Fasting/blood , Fatty Acids/blood , Intestinal Mucosa/blood supply , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Kidney/blood supply , Lactic Acid/blood , Liver/blood supply , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Pancreas/blood supply , Pancreas/metabolism , Pyruvic Acid/blood , Spleen/blood supply , Spleen/metabolism , VeinsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is common in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) with prevalence estimates of 34% and constitutes a predictor of all-cause mortality. Although diastolic dysfunction is induced by myocardial ischemia and has been shown to alter the clinical course, the role of coronary artery disease in the diastolic dysfunction and its progression into heart failure has not been completely elucidated. OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted to identify possible metabolites in coronary artery disease patients that are differentially regulated in patients with diastolic dysfunction. METHODS: The serum of CAD (n = 75) patients and young healthy volunteers (n = 43) were analysed by using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Pre-processing of data results in 1547 features; among them 1064 features were annotated using NIST library. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Fifteen metabolites were found to be statistically different between cases and control. Variation in metabolites were identified and correlated with several clinically important echocardiography parameters i.e. LVDD grades, ejection fraction (EF) and E/e' values. The results suggested that metabolic products of fatty acid oxidation and glucose oxidation pathways such as oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, galactose, pyruvic and lactic acids are predominantly up regulated in patients with coronary artery disease and severity of diastolic dysfunction appears to be linked to increase in fatty acid oxidation and inflammation. The metabolic fingerprints of these patients give us an insight into the pathophysiological mechanism of diastolic dysfunction in coronary artery disease patients although it did not identify validated novel markers.