ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cultivating self-compassion is increasingly recognized as a powerful method to regulate hyperactive threat processes such as shame and self-criticism, but fear of self-compassion (FSC) can inhibit this. These difficulties are underexplored in personality disorder (PD) despite their prevalence. Furthermore, little evidence exists regarding how these factors relate to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and attachment. METHOD: Fifty-three participants with a diagnosis of PD completed measures including childhood abuse/neglect, invalidation, early warmth, self-compassion, shame, self-criticism, FSC, and anxious/avoidant attachment. RESULTS: Self-compassion was predicted uniquely by low early warmth; self-inadequacy by invalidation and abuse; and FSC by multiple ACEs. FSC and self-compassion were significantly correlated with self-criticism and shame, but not with one another. CONCLUSIONS: Low self-compassion and high FSC appear to be distinct problems, substantiating physiological models proposing distinct threat and soothing systems. Results are consistent with theories positing that low self-compassion has distinct origins to shame, self-criticism, and FSC.
Subject(s)
Adverse Childhood Experiences , Child Abuse/psychology , Empathy , Personality Disorders/psychology , Self Care/psychology , Self Concept , Self-Assessment , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Personality Disorders/diagnosis , Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics , Reactive Attachment Disorder/diagnosis , Reactive Attachment Disorder/psychology , Risk Factors , Shame , Young AdultABSTRACT
A aliança terapêutica (AT) é uma variável chave para o processo de mudança, sendo afetada por fatores do terapeuta e do paciente. Este estudo investigou a relação entre AT, vinculação parental e sintomatologia de pacientes em Psicoterapia Psicanalítica. Foram examinados 57 pacientes adultos entre a 4ª e a 5ª sessão de tratamento com medidas de avaliação da AT, da vinculação com os pais na infância e adolescência e de sintomas psicopatológicos. Associações positivas entre AT e cuidados da mãe e associações negativas entre AT e controle da mãe foram encontradas. Além disso, foram constatadas diferenças na AT entre os estilos parentais "cuidado ótimo" e "controle sem afeto" da mãe. Não houve associação entre AT e sintomas. Por outro lado, diversos sintomas mostraram associação positiva com o controle do pai. Os resultados indicam que a AT está relacionada com a história pregressa de vinculação do paciente e esta história tem relação com seu quadro clínico atual, evidenciando a complexidade dos processos que ocorrem na psicoterapia. (AU)
The Therapeutic Alliance (TA) is a key-variable for the process change, and it's affected by therapist's and patients' factors. This study investigated the relationship between TA, parental bonding and symptomatology in patients in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Fifty-seven adult participants were examined between the 4th and the 5th session of the treatment with assessments of TA, child and adolescence parental bonding and psychopathological symptoms. Positive associations between TA and "mother care" and negative associations between "mother overprotection" and TA were found. Also, significant differences were found in TA and the mother's parenting styles "optimal parenting" and "affectionless control". TA and symptoms were not associated. However, several symptoms had positive associations with father overprotection. Results indicate that TA is related with the parental bonding history and that this history is related with patients' current clinical condition, showing the complexity of the processes that occur in psychotherapy. (AU)
La Alianza Terapéutica (AT) es una variable clave para el proceso de cambio y es afectada por factores del terapeuta y del paciente. Este estudio examinó la relación entre la AT, la vinculación parental y la sintomatología en pacientes en psicoterapia psicoanalítica. Se examinaron cincuenta y siete participantes adultos entre la cuarta y la quinta sesión del tratamiento con instrumentos de evaluación de la alianza terapéutica, de la vinculación parental en la infancia y adolescencia, y de los síntomas psicopatológicos. Se encontraron asociaciones positivas entre la AT y el cuidado de la madre, y asociaciones negativas entre la AT e la protección de la madre. También se constató diferencias significativas en la AT y los estilos parentales de la madre "cuidado óptimo" y "control sin afecto". No hubo asociación entre AT y síntomas. Sin embargo, varios síntomas mostraran asociación positiva con el control del padre. Los resultados indican que la AT se relaciona con la historia anterior de vinculación del paciente y que esta historia tiene que ver con su cuadro clínico actual, mostrando la complejidad de los procesos que ocurren en la psicoterapia. (AU)