One-year clinical evaluation of composite restorations in posterior teeth: effect of adhesive systems.

This clinical study assessed the performance of posterior composite resins applied with the Adper™ Single Bond Plus (SB) and Adper™ Scotchbond SE (SE) adhesive systems and Filtek™ Supreme Plus composite resin, using modified US Public Health Service criteria. A total of 97 restorations were placed in posterior teeth by two calibrated operators. Application of the materials followed manufacturers' instructions. The restorations were evaluated by two examiners at baseline and after one year. Statistical analyses were conducted using the proportion test at a significance level of 5% (p<0.05). All the restorations evaluated (ie, 100%) received an alpha rating for the criteria of marginal discoloration and marginal integrity at baseline. At one year, for marginal discoloration, 64.6% of SB and 61.2% of SE received an alpha rating. For marginal integrity, 72.9% of SB and 77.6% of SE received an alpha rating. The other restorations received bravo ratings for both criteria. None of the teeth that received the restorative systems presented caries lesions around the restorations. A total of eight teeth presented postoperative sensitivity one week after baseline, five with SB and three with SE; the symptom had disappeared one year later. One year later, composite resin restorations using either adhesive system showed satisfactory clinical performance.

Variability of physicochemical properties of an epoxy resin sealer taken from different parts of the same tube.

AIM: To analyse several physicochemical properties of AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany), including setting time, flow, radiopacity and the degree of conversion (DC); and to correlate the results with the source of the material: from the beginning, middle or end of the tubes in which they were supplied. METHODOLOGY: Three experimental groups were established for each property investigated. Group 1 corresponded to material taken from the beginning of tubes A and B; Group 2 corresponded to material taken from the middle of each tube; and group 3 corresponded to that from the end of each tube. The setting time, flow and radiopacity were studied according to American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association (ANSI/ADA) Specification 57. DC was determined from infrared spectra, which were recorded at 1-h intervals for the first 6 h; then, at 2-h intervals for the next 14 h; then, at 24 and 30 h. Data were analysed statistically by analysis of variance (anova), Tukey-Kramer, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Group 1 had a significantly longer setting time (2303 ± 1058 min) (P < 0.05). Group 3 had the lowest flowability (30.0 ± 0.7 mm) and the highest radiopacity (14.85 ± 1.8 mm Al) (P < 0.05). No differences were found for the DC test (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that segregation occurs between the organic and inorganic components of AH Plus sealer, thereby changing the setting time, flow and radiopacity.

Deproteinized dentin: a favorable substrate to self-bonding resin cements?

The adhesive performance on deproteinized dentin of different self-adhesive resin cements was evaluated through microtensile bond strength (µTBS) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Occlusal dentin of human molars were distributed into different groups, according to the categories: adhesive cementation with two-step bonding systems-control Groups (Adper Single Bond 2 + RelyX ARC/3M ESPE; One Step Plus + Duolink/Bisco; Excite + Variolink I/Ivoclar Vivadent) and self-adhesive cementation-experimental groups (Rely X Unicem/3M ESPE; Biscem/Bisco; MultiLink Sprint/Ivoclar Vivadent). Each group was subdivided according to the dentin approach to: α, maintenance of collagen fibers and ß, deproteinization. The mean values were obtained, and submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test. Statistical differences were obtained to the RelyX Unicem groups (α = 13.59 MPa; ß = 30.19 MPa). All the BIS Group specimens failed before the mechanical tests. Dentinal deproteinization provided an improved bond performance for the self-adhesive cement Rely X Unicem, and had no negative effect on the other cementing systems studied.

Comparison of resin push-out strength to root dentin of bovine- and human-teeth.

AIM: To compare the push-out strength of bovine- and human-root dentin and, thus, evaluate the suitability of bovine-root dentin to substitute human-root dentin for bond strength testing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten single-rooted human-teeth and ten bovine incisors were prepared using a #3 bur of a fiber post system (12 mm long). The posts were duplicated with resin cement (Duolink). The root canals were treated with All Bond 2 adhesive system and the resin posts were cemented using Duolink. The specimens were cut perpendicular to their long axis, yielding disc-specimens with 1.5 mm thickness, which were submitted to a push-out test (1 mm/min). Ten bond strength values per group (n = 10) were used for statistical analysis (Student t test, alpha =.05). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found for the bond strength values between bovine- (4.1 +/- 1.3 MPa) and human-root dentin (8.6 +/- 5.7 MPa) (P =.0001). CONCLUSION: The push-out strengths of bovine- and human-root dentin were statistically different.

Tensile bond strength of glass fiber posts luted with different cements.

Proper selection of the luting agent is fundamental to avoid failure due to lack of retention in post-retained crowns. The objective of this study was to investigate the tensile bond strength and failure mode of glass fiber posts luted with different cements. Glass fiber posts were luted in 40 mandibular premolars, divided into 4 groups (n = 10): Group 1--resin-modified glass ionomer RelyX Luting; Group 2--resin-modified glass ionomer Fuji Plus; Group 3--resin cement RelyX ARC; Group 4--resin cement Enforce. Specimens were assessed by tensile strength testing and light microscopy analysis for observation of failure mode. The tensile bond strength values of each group were compared by ANOVA and Tukey test. The significance level was set at 5%. The failure modes were described as percentages. The following tensile strength values were obtained: Group 1--247.6 N; Group 2--256.7 N; Group 3--502.1 N; Group 4--477.3 N. There was no statistically significant difference between Groups 1 and 2 or between Groups 3 and 4, yet the resin cements presented significantly higher tensile bond strength values than those presented by the glass ionomer cements. Group 1 displayed 70% of cohesive failures, whereas Groups 2, 3 and 4 exhibited 70% to 80% of adhesive failures at the dentin-cement interface. We concluded that resin cements and glass ionomer cements are able to provide clinically sufficient retention of glass fiber posts, and that glass ionomer cements may be especially indicated when the application of adhesive techniques is difficult.

Bond strength of adhesive systems to human tooth enamel.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro three adhesive systems: a total etching single-component system (G1 Prime & Bond 2.1), a self-etching primer (G2 Clearfil SE Bond), and a self-etching adhesive (G3 One Up Bond F), through shear bond strength to enamel of human teeth, evaluating the type of fracture through stereomicroscopy, following the ISO guidance on adhesive testing. Thirty sound premolars were bisected mesiodistally and the buccal and lingual surfaces were embedded in acrylic resin, polished up to 600-grit sandpapers, and randomly assigned to three experimental groups (n = 20). Composite resin cylinders were added to the tested surfaces. The specimens were kept in distilled water (37 degrees C/24 h), thermocycled for 500 cycles (5 degrees C-55 degrees C) and submitted to shear testing at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The type of fracture was analyzed under stereomicroscopy and the data were submitted to Anova, Tukey and Chi-squared (5%) statistical analyses. The mean adhesive strengths were G1: 18.13 +/- 6.49 MPa, (55% of resin cohesive fractures); G2: 17.12 +/- 5.80 MPa (90% of adhesive fractures); and G3: 10.47 +/- 3.14 MPa (85% of adhesive fractures). In terms of bond strength, there were no significant differences between G1 and G2, and G3 was significantly different from the other groups. G1 presented a different type of fracture from that of G2 and G3. In conclusion, although the total etching and self-etching systems presented similar shear bond strength values, the types of fracture presented by them were different, which can have clinical implications.

Bond strength of adhesive systems to human tooth enamel

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro three adhesive systems: a total etching single-component system (G1 Prime & Bond 2.1), a self-etching primer (G2 Clearfil SE Bond), and a self-etching adhesive (G3 One Up Bond F), through shear bond strength to enamel of human teeth, evaluating the type of fracture through stereomicroscopy, following the ISO guidance on adhesive testing. Thirty sound premolars were bisected mesiodistally and the buccal and lingual surfaces were embedded in acrylic resin, polished up to 600-grit sandpapers, and randomly assigned to three experimental groups (n = 20). Composite resin cylinders were added to the tested surfaces. The specimens were kept in distilled water (37°C/24 h), thermocycled for 500 cycles (5°C-55°C) and submitted to shear testing at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The type of fracture was analyzed under stereomicroscopy and the data were submitted to Anova, Tukey and Chi-squared (5 percent) statistical analyses. The mean adhesive strengths were G1: 18.13 ± 6.49 MPa, (55 percent of resin cohesive fractures); G2: 17.12 ± 5.80 MPa (90 percent of adhesive fractures); and G3: 10.47 ± 3.14 MPa (85 percent of adhesive fractures). In terms of bond strength, there were no significant differences between G1 and G2, and G3 was significantly different from the other groups. G1 presented a different type of fracture from that of G2 and G3. In conclusion, although the total etching and self-etching systems presented similar shear bond strength values, the types of fracture presented by them were different, which can have clinical implications.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro três sistemas adesivos: um monocomponente com condicionamento ácido total (G1 Prime & Bond 2.1), um "primer" autocondicionante (G2 Clearfil SE Bond) e um adesivo autocondicionante (G3 One Up Bond F), através de resistência ao cisalhamento ao esmalte de dentes humanos, avaliando o tipo de fratura por estereomicroscopia, seguindo as normas ISO para testes adesivos. Trinta pré-molares hígidos foram seccionados ao meio em sentido mésio-distal, incluídos em resina acrílica, polidos até lixa d'água de granulação 600 e aleatoriamente divididos em três grupos (n = 20). Cilindros de resina composta foram adicionados às superfícies de teste. Os espécimes foram armazenados em água destilada (37°C/24 h), termociclados por 500 ciclos (5°C-55°C) e submetidos ao teste de cisalhamento com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min, sendo o tipo de fratura analisado sob estereomicroscopia e os dados submetidos à análise estatística Anova, Tukey e Qui-quadrado (5 por cento). As médias de resistência adesiva foram: G1: 18,13 ± 6,49 MPa, (55 por cento de fraturas coesivas em resina); G2: 17,12 ± 5,80 MPa (90 por cento de fraturas adesivas) e G3 10,47 ± 3,14 MPa (85 por cento de fraturas adesivas). Em termos de resistência adesiva, não houve diferenças significantes entre G1 e G2, tendo G3 apresentado diferença significante em relação aos demais grupos. G1 apresentou tipo de fratura diferente de G2 e G3. Em conclusão, apesar de os sistemas adesivos com condicionamento ácido total e "primer" autocondicionante terem apresentado valores de resistência adesiva similares, o tipo de fratura apresentado por eles foi diferente, o que pode ter implicações clínicas.

Tensile bond strength of glass fiber posts luted with different cements

Proper selection of the luting agent is fundamental to avoid failure due to lack of retention in post-retained crowns. The objective of this study was to investigate the tensile bond strength and failure mode of glass fiber posts luted with different cements. Glass fiber posts were luted in 40 mandibular premolars, divided into 4 groups (n = 10): Group 1 - resin-modified glass ionomer RelyX Luting; Group 2 - resin-modified glass ionomer Fuji Plus; Group 3 - resin cement RelyX ARC; Group 4 - resin cement Enforce. Specimens were assessed by tensile strength testing and light microscopy analysis for observation of failure mode. The tensile bond strength values of each group were compared by ANOVA and Tukey test. The significance level was set at 5 percent. The failure modes were described as percentages. The following tensile strength values were obtained: Group 1 - 247.6 N; Group 2 - 256.7 N; Group 3 - 502.1 N; Group 4 - 477.3 N. There was no statistically significant difference between Groups 1 and 2 or between Groups 3 and 4, yet the resin cements presented significantly higher tensile bond strength values than those presented by the glass ionomer cements. Group 1 displayed 70 percent of cohesive failures, whereas Groups 2, 3 and 4 exhibited 70 percent to 80 percent of adhesive failures at the dentin-cement interface. We concluded that resin cements and glass ionomer cements are able to provide clinically sufficient retention of glass fiber posts, and that glass ionomer cements may be especially indicated when the application of adhesive techniques is difficult.

A seleção adequada do agente cimentante é essencial para evitar falhas por perda de retenção em coroas retidas por núcleos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a resistência à tração e o tipo de falha de pinos de fibra de vidro cimentados com diferentes materiais. Cimentaram-se pinos de fibra de vidro em 40 pré-molares inferiores, divididos em 4 grupos (n = 10): Grupo 1 - ionômero de vidro modificado por resina RelyX Luting; Grupo 2 - ionômero de vidro modificado por resina Fuji Plus; Grupo 3 - cimento resinoso RelyX ARC; Grupo 4 - cimento resinoso Enforce. Avaliaram-se os espécimes por teste de resistência à tração e análise por microscopia óptica para observação do tipo de falha. Compararam-se os valores de resistência à tração de cada grupo por análise de variância e teste de Tukey, sendo que o nível de significância estabelecido foi de 5 por cento. Descreveram-se os tipos de falha na forma de porcentagens. Os valores de resistência à tração obtidos foram: Grupo 1 - 247,6 N; Grupo 2 - 256,7 N; Grupo 3 - 502,1 N; Grupo 4 - 477,3 N. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os Grupos 1 e 2 ou entre os Grupos 3 e 4, porém os cimentos resinosos apresentaram valores de resistência à tração significativamente maiores do que os apresentados pelos cimentos ionoméricos. O Grupo 1 exibiu 70 por cento de falhas coesivas, enquanto os Grupos 2, 3 e 4 apresentaram 70 por cento a 80 por cento de falhas adesivas na interface dentina-cimento. Concluiu-se que os cimentos resinosos e ionoméricos são capazes de proporcionar retenção clinicamente suficiente de pinos de fibras de vidro, e que os cimentos ionoméricos podem ser indicados principalmente quando houver dificuldades de aplicar técnicas adesivas.

Influence of activation modes on diametral tensile strength of dual-curing resin cements

Em restaurações metálicas, a polimerização dos cimentos resinosos duais depende exclusivamente da ativação química. Há poucas pesquisas sobre o efeito da supressão da fotoativação na resistência desses cimentos. Este estudo avaliou a influência de métodos de ativação na resistência à tração diametral (RTD) de cimentos resinosos duais. Pastas base e catalisadora do Panavia F, Variolink II, Scotchbond Resin Cement, Rely X e Enforce foram espatuladas e inseridas em matrizes metálicas cilíndricas (4 x 2 mm). Os cimentos foram: 1) não fotoativados (ativação química = grupos quimicamente ativados) ou 2) fotoativados através de tira de poliéster (ativação química e foto = grupos duais) (n = 10). Após armazenamento por 24 horas em água destilada a 37ºC, os espécimes foram submetidos a forças de compressão. Um cimento resinoso de ativação química (Cement-It) e um de fosfato de zinco serviram como grupos controle. Foram feitas as seguintes comparações: 1) entre os métodos de ativação (grupos quimicamente ativados e grupos duais), para cada cimento resinoso dual, por meio do testet de Student; 2) entre os grupos quimicamente ativados dos cimentos resinosos duais e os grupos controle, empregando-se ANOVA e teste de Tukey (a = 0,05). Os grupos duais do Scotchbond Resin Cement (53,3 MPa), Variolink II (48,4 MPa) e Rely X (51,6 MPa) tiveram maior RTD do que os seus grupos quimicamente ativados (44,6; 40,4 e 44,5 MPa, respectivamente) (p < 0,05). Para o Enforce (48,5 e 47,8 MPa) e para o Panavia F (44,0 e 43,3 MPa), não houve diferença significativa entre os métodos de ativação (p > 0,05). Os grupos quimicamente ativados dos cimentos duais apresentaram RTD estatisticamente semelhante à do Cement-It (44,1 MPa) (p > 0,05), e maior que a do fosfato de zinco (4,2 MPa). Scotchbond Resin Cement, Variolink II e Rely X dependeram da fotoativação para alcançar valores máximos de RTD. Na ausência de luz, todos os cimentos duais apresentaram maior RTD que a do fosfato de zinco, e RTD estatisticamente semelhante à do Cement-It (p > 0,05).

Analysis of the microtensile bond strength to enamel of two adhesive systems polymerized by halogen light or LED

Com a grande busca pelo desenvolvimento das técnicas de polimerização das resinas compostas e dos sistemas adesivos, foram introduzidos no mercado os LEDs. Com base na literatura estudada, neste trabalho é avaliada a força de união da resina composta ao esmalte associado a um sistema adesivo convencional e a um sistema autocondicionante polimerizados por luz halógena e LED, por meio do teste de microtração. Os dentes bovinos foram divididos em 4 grupos com 10 dentes em cada um (n = 10), para aplicação do adesivo Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (3M-ESPE) e do Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray) conforme orientação do fabricante, ambos polimerizados por 10 s tanto pela luz halógena (Degulux Soft Start – Degussa Hulls) com potência de 550 mW/cm2 como pelo LED (Kerr Demetron) com potência de 600 mW/cm2. A resina composta Filtek Z-250 foi aplicada em 4 incrementos de 1 mm com auxílio de uma matriz de silicona de condensação de formato quadrado com dimensões de 5 mm x 5 mm; sendo polimerizada tanto pela luz halógena como pelo LED por 40 s. O adesivo Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus polimerizado com luz halógena apresentou os maiores valores de adesão (39,69 ± 7,07 MPa) e os outros grupos não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante entre si: Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus polimerizado por LED (22,28 ± 2,63 MPa), Clearfil SE Bond polimerizado por luz halógena (27,82 ± 2,65 MPa) e por LED (22,89 ± 5,09 MPa).

Effects of sodium hypochlorite gel and sodium hypochlorite solution on dentin bond strength.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 10% NaOCl gel and 10% NaOCl solution on dentin bond strengths of four adhesive systems. One hundred eighty bovine incisors were ground to achieve a flat polished surface, then divided into 12 groups: Gluma One Bond [G1-control; G2-NaOCl solution; G3-NaOCl gel]; Prime & Bond 2.1 [G4-control; G5-NaOCl solution; G6-NaOCl gel]; Single Bond [G7-control; G8-NaOCl solution; G9-NaOCl gel]; Prime & Bond NT [G10-control; G11-NaOCl solution; G12-NaOCl gel]. Dentin was etched, rinsed, and blot dried. For the experimental groups, after acid etching, 10% NaOCl solution or 10% NaOCl gel was applied for 60 s, rinsed, and blot dried. Composite resin was inserted and light cured. Shear bond strengths were tested with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The mean values MPa (SD) were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (alpha < 0.01). Ten percent NaOCl solution significantly increased Gluma One Bond strength. No effect was observed for the other adhesives. The 10% NaOCl gel did not affect bond strengths. Ten percent NaOCl gel was less effective on collagen removal as compared to 10% NaOCl solution. The influence of collagen removal on bond strength is dependent on adhesive system, where both the solvent and the monomer can influence the results.

Influence of activation modes on diametral tensile strength of dual-curing resin cements.

In metallic restorations, the polymerization of dual-curing resin cements depends exclusively on chemical activation. The effect of the lack of photoactivation on the strength of these cements has been rarely studied. This study evaluated the influence of activation modes on the diametral tensile strength (DTS) of dual-curing resin cements. Base and catalyst pastes of Panavia F, Variolink II, Scotchbond Resin Cement, Rely X and Enforce were mixed and inserted into cylindrical metal moulds (4 x 2 mm). Cements were either: 1) not exposed to light (chemical activation = self-cured groups) or 2) photoactivated through mylar strips (chemical and photo-activation = dual-cured groups) (n = 10). After a 24 h storage in 37 masculineC distilled water, specimens were subjected to compressive load in a testing machine. A self-curing resin cement (Cement-It) and a zinc phosphate cement served as controls. Comparative analyses were performed: 1) between the activation modes for each dual-curing resin cement, using Students t test; 2) among the self-cured groups of the dual-curing resin cements and the control groups, using one-way ANOVA and Tukeys test (alpha = 0.05). The dual-cured groups of Scotchbond Resin Cement (53.3 MPa), Variolink II (48.4 MPa) and Rely X (51.6 MPa) showed higher DTS than that of self-cured groups (44.6, 40.4 and 44.5 MPa respectively) (p < 0.05). For Enforce (48.5 and 47.8 MPa) and Panavia F (44.0 and 43.3 MPa), no significant difference was found between the activation modes (p > 0.05). The self-cured groups of all the dual-curing resin cements presented statistically the same DTS as that of Cement-It (44.1 MPa) (p > 0.05), and higher DTS than that of zinc phosphate (4.2 MPa). Scotchbond Resin Cement, Variolink II and Rely X depended on photoactivation to achieve maximum DTS. In the absence of light, all the dual-curing resin cements presented higher DTS than that of zinc phosphate and statistically the same as that of Cement-It (p > 0.05).

Analysis of the microtensile bond strength to enamel of two adhesive systems polymerized by halogen light or LED.

With the development of composite resin polymerization techniques, LEDs were introduced to the market place. Based on the studied literature, the aim of this study was to evaluate, through microtensile testing, the bond strength to enamel of a composite resin associated to a conventional (multi-bottle) adhesive system or to a self etching primer adhesive system, polymerized by halogen light or LED (light emitting diode). Bovine teeth were divided into 4 groups with 10 teeth each (n = 10). Then the adhesives Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (3M-ESPE) and Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray) were applied following the manufacturers instructions. Both systems were polymerized for 10 s by halogen light (Degulux Soft Start-Degussa Hulls) set at 550 mW/cm(2) or by LED (Kerr Demetron) set at 600 mW/cm(2). The composite resin Filtek Z-250 was applied in four 1 mm increments with the aid of a square, condensation silicon, 5 mm x 5 mm matrix, and polymerized by either of light sources for 40 s. Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus polymerized by halogen light presented the highest bond strength values (39.69 +/- 7.07 MPa), and the other groups did not present statistically significant differences: Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus polymerized by LED (22.28 +/- 2.63 MPa), Clearfil SE Bond polymerized by halogen light (27.82 +/- 2.65 MPa) and by LED (22.89 +/- 5.09 MPa).

Influência da espessura da cerâmica na fotopolimerização de cimentos resinosos / Influence of ceramic thickness on light curing of resin cement

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar, por meio de validação da microdureza, a interferência de diferentes espessuras (0,1 e 2mm) de cerâmica IPS Empressll na fotopolimerização dos cimentos resinosos duais Variolink (V) e Enforce (E). As amostras foram divididas em seis grupos (n= 12) de acordo com o cimento e a espessura da barreira cerâmica: VO - sem barreira; V1 - 1mm; V2- 2mm; EO - sem barreira; E1 - 1mm; E2 - 2mm. As médias (± desvio - padrão) obtidas foram: VO - 47,88 ± 2,24; V1 - 44,42 ± 2,71; V2 - 39,15 ± 1,98; E0 - 54,70 ± 3,36; E1 - 50,34 ± 2,68; E2 - 44,16 ± 2,95. Concluiu-se que a interposição da cerâmica reduziu microdureza dos cimentos e que o Enforce apresentou uma microdureza superior ao Variolinkll.