Everolimus as a possible prenatal treatment of in utero diagnosed subependymal lesions in tuberous sclerosis complex: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: The association between cardiac rhabdomyoma and intraventricular tumors and/or subcortical nodules is characteristic of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Patients with TSC may have refractory seizures, autistic behavior, and cognitive decline. CASE REPORT: The patient received the fetal diagnosis of TSC at the age of 19 weeks of gestations, where presented at prenatal ultrasound cardiac and brain tumors. Fetal MRI showed a lesion in the right and left lateral ventricles near the foramen of Monro associated with subependymal lesions along the entire ependyma of the lateral ventricles and several subcortical tubercles, and the fetal Doppler echocardiogram revealed three cardiac lesions. The fetus underwent intrauterine treatment with everolimus and presented regression and subsequent stabilization of the cardiac and brain lesions; additionally, the patient did not develop seizures or autism and presented good neuropsychomotor development. CONCLUSION: It is the first evidence that mTOR inhibitors may help to prevent neurological complications associated with TSC.

Everolimus for cardiac rhabdomyomas in children with tuberous sclerosis. The ORACLE study protocol (everOlimus for caRdiac rhAbdomyomas in tuberous sCLErosis): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase II trial.

INTRODUCTION: Tuberous sclerosis complex is a rare genetic disorder leading to the growth of hamartomas in multiple organs, including cardiac rhabdomyomas. Children with symptomatic cardiac rhabdomyoma require frequent admissions to intensive care units, have major complications, namely, arrhythmias, cardiac outflow tract obstruction and heart failure, affecting the quality of life and taking on high healthcare cost. Currently, there is no standard pharmacological treatment for this condition, and the management includes a conservative approach and supportive care. Everolimus has shown positive effects on subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, renal angiomyolipoma and refractory seizures associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. However, evidence supporting efficacy in symptomatic cardiac rhabdomyoma is limited to case reports. The ORACLE trial is the first randomised clinical trial assessing the efficacy of everolimus as a specific therapy for symptomatic cardiac rhabdomyoma. METHODS: ORACLE is a phase II, prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre protocol trial. A total of 40 children with symptomatic cardiac rhabdomyoma secondary to tuberous sclerosis complex will be randomised to receive oral everolimus or placebo for 3 months. The primary outcome is 50% or more reduction in the tumour size related to baseline. As secondary outcomes we include the presence of arrhythmias, pericardial effusion, intracardiac obstruction, adverse events, progression of tumour reduction and effect on heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: ORACLE protocol addresses a relevant unmet need in children with tuberous sclerosis complex and cardiac rhabdomyoma. The results of the trial will potentially support the first evidence-based therapy for this condition.

Diagnóstico prenatal de rabdomioma fetal asociado a esclerosis tuberosa: a propósito de un caso / Prenatal diagnosis of fetal rhabdomyoma associated with tuberous sclerosis

Los rabdomiomas son los tumores benignos cardíacos más frecuentes encontrados en vida fetal y postnatal, asociándose frecuentemente a esclerosis tuberosa. A propósito de un caso manejado en nuestra maternidad el año 2014 se revisó la literatura existente sobre su diagnóstico, manejo, implicancias pronósticas. Se trata de una embarazada de 23 años que fue referida a las 25 semanas a nuestro servicio, el estudio ecográfico revela tres imágenes cardiacas concordantes con rabdomiomas en las paredes ventriculares y el septum. No se detectan otras anormalidades y se controla en forma seriada con ultrasonido. Se realiza a las 33 semanas resonancia nuclear magnética fetal con el objetivo de evidenciar signos de esclerosis tuberosa los cuales se evidencian en el examen y se confirman en exámenes postnatales. Se comenta el diagnóstico diferencial con otros neoplasias benignas cardiacas como teratomas, fibromas y hemangiomas. Las posibles complicaciones de los rabdomiomas dependerán de su ubicación y tamaño, produciendo alteraciones en flujo o bien menos frecuentemente arritmias. La asociación más importante de esta patología es con esclerosis tuberosa de manera que se debe realizar una cuidadosa anamnesis familiar, estudios de imágenes que deben abarcar el SNC, corazón y riñones. Finalmente en ese contexto realizar la mejor consejería a los padres.

Rhabdomyomas are the most common benign cardiac tumors found in fetal and postnatal life, frequently being associated with tuberous sclerosis. In relation to a case handled in our maternity unit in 2014, existing literature on cardiac rhabdomyomas diagnosis, management and prognostic implications, was revised. The case concerned a 25 week pregnant 23 year old patient, who was referred to our facility; ultrasound examination reveals three cardiac images consistent with rhabdomyomas in the ventricular walls and the septum. No other abnormalities are detected and the patient is monitored with a series of ultrasound. At 33 weeks a fetal magnetic resonance imaging is performed in order to show signs of tuberous sclerosis which are noted in the examination and confirmed in post natal tests. Differential diagnosis with other benign cardiac neoplasms such as teratomas, fibromas and hemangiomas is discussed. Possible complications of the rhabdomyomas will depend on its location and size, producing changes in flow or less frequent arrhythmias. The most important association of this pathology is with tuberous sclerosis, therefore the family medical history must be carefully evaluated, and imaging controls that should include the CNS, heart and kidneys. Finally in this context give the best counseling to the parents.

[Multiple cardiac rhabdomyoma associated to intrauterine death]. / Rabdomioma cardiaco múltiple asociado a muerte intrauterina.

Rhabdomyoma is the most common cardiac tumor detected during fetal life and childhood; nevertheless its incidence is very low. This is a histologically benign tumor, but in some cases may cause hemodynamic repercussion with date of low cardiac output, arrhythmias and exceptionally intrauterine death as occurred in our case, which was detected by obstetric ultrasound and fetal echocardiogram and corroborated by histological study.

Arritmia cardíaca fetal como manifestação inicial de rabdomioma na esclerose tuberosa / Fetal cardiac arrhythmia as an initial indication of rhabdomyoma in tuberous sclerosis

Relata-se caso de esclerose tuberosa (ET) diagnosticada a partir de arritmia cardíaca fetal e múltiplos rabdomiomas cardíacos. A ET é doença autossômica dominante, multissistêmica, com incidência de 1:10000 nascimentos, caracterizada por múltiplos hamartomas em órgãos de origem mesodérmica e ectodérmica. O rabdomioma é o tumor primário do coração mais frequênte na infância, associando-se à ET em 50 por cento dos casos. Outras manifestações incluem epilepsia, retardo mental e alterações compressivas nos órgãos acometidos. A ET tem graves manifestações físicas e psicológicas, exigindo acompanhamento multidisciplinar. Objetiva-se propiciar o entendimento e o reconhecimento da doença, integrando os profissionais envolvidos no seu manejo.

[Fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma as a rare cause of hydrops fetalis. A report of a case]. / Rabdomioma cardiaco fetal como causa rara de hydrops fetalis. Reporte de un caso.

Cardiac tumors are rare entities at any age. The reported incidence in fetal echocardiograms is 0.17%. This case report presents the detection of a cardiac rhabdomyoma in a 27.5 weeks of gestational age (WGA) fetus during a routine sonogram. Treatment with terbutaline, as a cardiac inotropic and chronotropic agent, was started because of fetal bradichardia of 86 beats per minute, as well as fetal lung maturity inductors. At 30 WGA furosemide was added because of fetal hydrops. At 32 WGA a cesarean section was performed. The fetal development at the time of birth was in accordance to the gestational age, the newborn weight was 1,820 g and the Apgar score was 1-0, at one and five minutes after delivery. The newborn died immediately after the interruption of the umbilical circulation, because of a 90% obstruction of the left ventricular cavity caused by the tumor. The present case is an evidence of the utility of a medical treatment in a severely ill fetus, that allowed it to continue with its normal development for four weeks after the diagnosis and opens the possibility for fetal medical therapy in the future for similar cases.

Cambios electrocardiogáficos y arritmias en pacientes pediátricos con rabdomioma / Electrocardiographical changes and arrhythmias in pediatric patients with rabdomiome

La incidencia de tumores cardíacos en pediatría es menor de 0,1%, en su mayoría son de carácter benigno y más de la mitad rabdomiomas. La historia natural de estos tumores es de regresión y la mayoría no produce síntomas. Revisamos nuestra experiencia en pacientes diagnosticados con rabdomioma asociados a arritmias y su evolución. 18 pacientes, nueve de ellos varones diagnosticados con tumoración cardíaca y etiquetados como rabdomioma por imagenología, a una edad media de 7,7 meses (uno prenatalmente). 22% (4) presentaban esclerosis tuberosa asociada. La media de seguimiento es de 17 años. De los 18 pacientes, siete presentaban bloqueo de rama derecha (dos aislado, tres con bloqueo aurículo-ventricular de primer grado, dos con bloqueo aurículo-ventricular de segundo grado y extrasístoles ventriculares), tres debutaron con taquicardia o fibrilación ventricular, uno con bradicardia neonatal y siete con preexcitación intermitente (cuatro con taquicardia supraventricular), cinco fallecieron durante meses posteriores al diagnóstico, dos de ellos tempranamente en relación con arritmias ventriculares incontrolables, uno por problemas hemodinámicos obstructivos previo a cirugía y dos en el postoperatorio inmediato (ninguno de ellos tenía el diagnóstico de esclerosis tuberosa). De los 13 pacientes restantes, seis requirieron ser intervenidos por obstrucción tumoral. En uno se implantó un marcapasos AAI por disfunción sinusal evolutiva postoperatoria y en un paciente persiste preexcitación electrocardiográfica, sin taquicardia y en tratamiento con betabloqueantes, y en dos bloqueo de rama derecha, uno de ellos asociado a bloqueo aurículo ventricular de primer grado; en el resto, tres fueron operados y seis presentaron regresión de imagen tumoral ecocardiográfica con trazados electrocardiográficos normales.

The incidence of cardiac tumors in children is < 0,1%; most of them are benign and more than half of them are rhabdomyosarcoma. The majority regresses without symptoms. Frequently, depending on the tumors location, electrocardiographic changes can be seen, occasionally with ventricular tachyarrhythmia, auricular-ventricular blockage and supraventricular tachyarrhythmia due to accessory pathways. Our experience with patients who had rhabdomyosarcoma with arrhythmias and their evolution is described in this paper. 18 patients were included, nine boys with the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma through image with an age average of 7,7 months old (one was done prenatal). Four patients (22%) had tuberous sclerosis associated. Followûup was done for an average of 17 years. Of the 18 patients, seven had sinoatrial block (two isolated, three with first degree AV block, two with second degree block and ventricular extrasystoles), three started with VT/VF, one had neonatal bradyarrhythmia and seven with intermitent preexcitement (four with SVT), five died months after the diagnosis, two died prematurely due to uncontrollable ventricular arrhythmias, one had preoperative hemodynamic problems and two died inmedialtely after surgery (none had tuberous sclerosis)

Cambios electrocardiogáficos y arritmias en pacientes pediátricos con rabdomioma / Electrocardiographical changes and arrhythmias in pediatric patients with rabdomiome

La incidencia de tumores cardíacos en pediatría es menor de 0,1%, en su mayoría son de carácter benigno y másde la mitad rabdomiomas. La historia natural de estos tumores es de regresión y la mayoría no produce síntomas. No es infrecuente la asociación con cambios electrocardiográficos, dependiendo de la localización tumoral, y ocasionalmente su presentación concomitante con taquicardias ventriculares, bloqueos aurículo-ventriculares y supraventriculares por vías anómalas.Revisamos nuestra experiencia en pacientes diagnosticados con rabdomioma asociados a arritmias y suevolución. 18 pacientes, nueve de ellos varones diagnosticados con tumoración cardíaca y etiquetados como rabdomioma por imagenología, a una edad media de 7,7 meses (uno prenatalmente). 22% (4) presentaban esclerosis tuberosa asociada. La media de seguimiento es de 17 años. De los 18 pacientes, siete presentaban bloqueo de rama derecha (dos aislado, tres con bloqueo aurículo-ventricular de primer grado, dos con bloqueo aurículo-ventricular de segundo grado y extrasístoles ventriculares), tres debutaron con taquicardia o fibrilación ventricular, uno con bradicardia neonatal y siete con preexcitación intermitente (cuatro con taquicardia supraventricular), cinco fallecieron durante meses posteriores al diagnóstico, dos de ellos tempranamente en relación con arritmias ventriculares incontrolables, uno por problemas hemodinámicos obstructivos previo a cirugía y dos en el postoperatorio inmediato (ninguno de ellos tenía el diagnóstico de esclerosis tuberosa). De los 13 pacientes restantes, seis requirieron ser intervenidos por obstrucción tumoral. En uno se implantó un marcapasos AAI por disfunción sinusal evolutiva postoperatoria y en un paciente persiste preexcitación electrocardiográfica, sin taquicardia y en tratamiento con betabloqueantes, y en dos bloqueo de rama derecha, uno de ellos asociado a bloqueo aurículo ventricular de primer grado...

The incidence of cardiac tumors in children is < 0,1%; most of them are benign and more than half of them arerhabdomyosarcoma. The majority regresses without symptoms. Frequently, depending on the tumors location, electrocardiographic changes can be seen, occasionally with ventricular tachyarrhythmia, auricular-ventricular blockage and supraventricular tachyarrhythmia due to accessory pathways. Our experience with patients who had rhabdomyosarcoma with arrhythmias and their evolution is described in thispaper. 18 patients were included, nine boys with the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma through image with an age average of 7,7 months old (one was done prenatal). Four patients (22%) had tuberous sclerosis associated. Follow–up was done for an average of 17 years. Of the 18 patients, seven had sinoatrial block (two isolated, three with first degree AV block, two with second degree block and ventricular extrasystoles), three started with VT/VF, one had neonatal bradyarrhythmia and seven with intermitent preexcitement (four with SVT), five died months after the diagnosis, two died prematurelydue to uncontrollable ventricular arrhythmias, one had preoperative hemodynamic problems and two diedinmedialtely after surgery (none had tuberous sclerosis). Of the 13 patients left, six needed surgery due to tumoralobstruction. One patient needed a cardiac pacing and another patient persist with electrocardiographicpreexcitation, without tachyarrhythmia who is treated with â-blockers. Two have sinoatrial block, one of them firstdegree block. Of the rest three were operated and 16 had tumoral regression.Electrocardiographic alterations and arrythmias associated to tumors are frequent, malignant arrythmias can befatal but most of them dissapear when surgery of the tumor is practiced.

Giant aortic aneurysm and rhabdomyomas in infant with tuberous sclerosis (Case report) / Aneurisma gigante de la aorta abdominal y rabdomiomas en un lactante con esclerosis tuberosa

We present the case of a giant aneurysm and dissection of the abdominal aorta in an eight month old infant. Imaging studies especially a helicoid computerized axial tomography with 3D reconstruction, showed a lesion which extended from the diaphragm to the iliac arteries. The clinical findings and the above mentioned studies revealed non-obstructive heart rhabdomyomas, tubers in the brain and the abdominal aortic aneurysm, all of which were consistent with the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis.

Presentamos el caso, de un niño de 8 meses con un aneurisma gigante de la aorta abdominal. La imagen de la tomografía axial computarizada helicoidal con reconstrucción tridimensional, mostró que dicha lesión iniciaba a nivel del diafragma y llegaba hasta las arterias ilíacas con disección de su pared. El cuadro clínico y los estudios apoyaron el diagnóstico de esclerosis tuberosa con rabdomiomas cardíacos, no obstructivos. Por la gravedad de dicha lesión, el desenlace fue fatal.

Giant aortic aneurysm and rhabdomyomas in infant with tuberous sclerosis (case report).

We present the case of a giant aneurysm and dissection of the abdominal aorta in an eight month old infant. Imaging studies especially a helicoid computerized axial tomography with 3D reconstruction, showed a lesion which extended from the diaphragm to the iliac arteries. The clinical findings and the above mentioned studies revealed non-obstructive heart rhabdomyomas, tubers in the brain and the abdominal aortic aneurysm, all of which were consistent with the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis.

Left ventricular outflow obstruction in rhabdomyoma of infancy: meta-analysis of the literature.

Primary heart tumors are exceptional in infants and children. Most common is the rhabdomyoma, often associated with tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville's disease). This tumor is generally believed to have no hemodynamic effects in the majority of cases. Recently, severe obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract by a solitary tumor was diagnosed during pregnancy and emergency surgery was needed soon after birth.

Rabdomioma cardíaco y esclerosis tuberosa: diagnóstico prenatal / Rhabdomyoma cardiac and tuberous sclerosis: prenatal diagnosis

Se presenta un caso de diagnóstico y manejo prenatal de tumor intracardíaco catalogado por clínica y ultrasonografía como rabdomioma cardíaco. Se estudió una paciente embarazada de 37 semanas con un tumor cardíaco ecogénico, multifocal, que evolucionó in útero sin arritmia ni falla cardíaca. El parto se resolvió por vía vaginal a las 39 semanas y en la evolución del recién nacido se confirmó por tomografía computada (TC) y fondo de ojo el diagnóstico de esclerosis tuberosa. Se realiza revisión del tema destacando la conducta frente al parto según las condiciones de la función cardíaca fetal y el riesgo de esclerosis tuberosa en su evolución post natal.

Tumores cardíacos y pericárdicos en el niño: revisión de 15 años / Cardiac and pericardial tumors in children: review of 15 years

Rvisión de 14 casos de tumores cardiacos y pericárdicos en niños diagnosticados desde 1985 hasta 1999, en el Servicio de Cardiovascular del Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna. Objetivo: evaluar el tipo de tumor, forma de presentación y pronóstico. El diagnóstico es mediante la ecocardiografía. Los tumores fueron rabdomiomas en 71 por ciento, mixoma, lipoma, teratoma quístico y sarcoma de Ewing. Edad de presentación: período antenatal en 3 pacientes y hasta 15 años; 50 por ciento en menores de 3 meses. Los síntomas má frecuentes fueron soplos cardiacos y arritmias. La mayoría de los rabdomiomas eran múltiples, ubicados en las distintas cavidades cardiacas. Un tercio de ellos se asoció con esclerosis tuberosa. El pronóstico dependió del tipo de tumor y de su ubicación. Fallecieron dos pacientes, un niño con sarcoma de Ewing y otro con rabdomioma intramural con foco arritmogénico ventricular

[Right ventricular rhabdomyoma causing pulmonary stenosis]. / Rabdomioma do ventrículo direito causando estenose pulmonar.

The authors report a case of rhabdomyoma of the right ventricular cavity with outlet obstruction in a three-months old infant. The diagnosis was established by echocardiography. Bidimensional echocardiography study showed a polypoid tumor of the right ventricle. During the systole it was projected through the pulmonary valve, obstructing part of it. The Doppler study showed an important gradient between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. The resection was performed with success. The diagnosis of cardiac rhabdomyoma was made by microscopic study. It is emphasized the importance of the echocardiographic study in an infant with oligosymptomatic cardiac murmurs.

Tumores cardíacos / Cardiac tumors

A incidência dos tumores primários do coraçäo e pericárdio varia de 0,02 a 0,28%. Os mais freqüentes na infância säo os rabdomiomas, que, com os teratomas, säo responsáveis por mais de 75% das neoplasias em crianças com menos com menos de 1 ano. Suas manifestaçöes clínicas estäo relacionadas à sua localizaçäo no coraçäo. Sua forma, fixaçäo e crescimento determinam sua classificaçäo. A ecocardiografia está indicada na avaliaçäo do crescimento de rabdomiomas cardíacas, a longo prazo. A esclerose tuberosa destaca-se entre anomalias congênitas associadas ao rabdomioma. Clones cromossomicamente anormais e associaçöes teloméricas säo identificadas em mixomas cardiácos. Os aspectos genético e molecular dos tumores cardíacos necessitam ainda de ser melhor explorados

[Tuberous sclerosis associated with left ventricle rhabdomyoma]. / Esclerose tuberosa com rabdomioma de ventrículo esquerdo.

Female infant, presenting with flexion spasms, skin hypochromatic spots and systolic ejection murmur. A clinical diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis, supported by computerized brain tomography and neurosonographic data, was made. Echocardiographic and cineangiocardiographic studies disclosed an associated tumor in left ventricle outlet. After resection of the rhabdomyoma, the patient is asymptomatic with neural manifestations controlled under valproic acid.

Esclerose tuberosa com rabdomioma de ventrículo esquerdo / Tuberous sclerosis associated with a left ventricle rabdomioma

Lactente do sexo feminino com espasmos em flexäo, manchas hipocrômicas na pele e sopro sistólico de ejeçäo. O diagnóstico clínico, apoiado por tomografia de crânio e neurossonografia, foi de esclerose tuberosa. Ecocardiograma e cineangiocardiografia revelaram tumor em via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo associado. Após a ressecçäo do rabdomioma a paciente evoluiu assintomática, controlado o quadro neurológico com ácido valpróico

Female infant, presenting with flexion spasms, skin hypochromatic spots and systolic ejection murmur. A clinical diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis, supported by computerized brain tomography and neurossonographic data, was made. Echocardiographic and cineangiocardiographic studies disclosed an associated tumor in left ventricle outlet. After ressection of the rhabdomyoma, the patient is assymptomatic with neural manifestations controlled under valproic acid.