Effects of Different Scleral Photo-Crosslinking Modalities on Scleral Stiffness and Hydration.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical and hydration differences in scleral tissue after two modalities of collagen cross-linking. Methods: Scleral tissue from 40 adult white rabbit eyes was crosslinked by application of 0.1% Rose Bengal solution followed by 80 J/cm2 green light irradiation (RGX) or by application of 0.1% riboflavin solution followed by 5.4 J/cm2 ultraviolet A irradiation (UVX). Posterior scleral strips were excised from treated and untreated sclera for tensile and hydration-tensile tests. For tensile tests, the strips were subjected to uniaxial extension after excision. For hydration-tensile tests, the strips were dehydrated, rehydrated, and then tested. Young's modulus at 8% strain and swelling rate were estimated. ANOVAs were used to test treated-induced differences in scleral biomechanical and hydration properties. Results: Photo-crosslinked sclera tissue was stiffer (Young's modulus at 8% strain: 10.7 ± 4.5 MPa, on average across treatments) than untreated scleral tissue (7.1 ± 4.0 MPa). Scleral stiffness increased 132% after RGX and 90% after UVX compared to untreated sclera. Scleral swelling rate was reduced by 11% after RGX and by 13% after UVX. The stiffness of the treated sclera was also associated with the tissue hydration level. The lower the swelling, the higher the Young's modulus of RGX (-3.8% swelling/MPa) and UVX (-3.5% swelling/MPa) treated sclera. Conclusions: Cross-linking with RGX and UVX impacted the stiffness and hydration of rabbit posterior sclera. The Rose Bengal with green light irradiation may be an alternative method to determine the efficacy and suitability of inducing scleral tissue stiffening in the treatment of myopia.

Rose Bengal diacetate-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation: potentiation by potassium iodide and acceleration of wound healing in MRSA-infected diabetic mice.

Previous studies have shown that antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) can be strongly potentiated by the addition of the non-toxic inorganic salt, potassium iodide (KI). This approach was shown to apply to many different photosensitizers, including the xanthene dye Rose Bengal (RB) excited by green light (540 nm). Rose Bengal diacetate (RBDA) is a lipophilic RB derivative that is easily taken up by cells and hydrolyzed to produce an active photosensitizer. Because KI is not taken up by microbial cells, it was of interest to see if aPDI mediated by RBDA could also be potentiated by KI. The addition of 100 mM KI strongly potentiated the killing of Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylocccus aureus, Gram-negative Eschericia coli, and fungal yeast Candida albicans when treated with RBDA (up to 15 µM) for 2 hours followed by green light (540 nm, 10 J/cm2). Both RBDA aPDI regimens (400 µM RBDA with or without 400 mM KI followed by 20 J/cm2 green light) accelerated the healing of MRSA-infected excisional wounds in diabetic mice, without damaging the host tissue.

Site-specific thrombus formation: advancements in photothrombosis-on-a-chip technology.

Thrombosis, characterized by blood clot formation within vessels, poses a significant medical challenge. Despite extensive research, the development of effective thrombosis therapies is hindered by substantial costs, lengthy development times, and high failure rates in medication commercialization. Conventional pre-clinical models often oversimplify cardiovascular disease, leading to a disparity between experimental results and human physiological responses. In response, we have engineered a photothrombosis-on-a-chip system. This microfluidic model integrates human endothelium, human whole blood, and blood flow dynamics and employs the photothrombotic method. It enables precise, site-specific thrombus induction through controlled laser irradiation, effectively mimicking both normal and thrombotic physiological conditions on a single chip. Additionally, the system allows for the fine-tuning of thrombus occlusion levels via laser parameter adjustments, offering a flexible thrombus model with varying degrees of obstruction. Additionally, the formation and progression of thrombosis noted on the chip closely resemble the thrombotic conditions observed in mice in previous studies. In the experiments, we perfused recalcified whole blood with Rose Bengal into an endothelialized microchannel and initiated photothrombosis using green laser irradiation. Various imaging methods verified the model's ability to precisely control thrombus formation and occlusion levels. The effectiveness of clinical drugs, including heparin and rt-PA, was assessed, confirming the chip's potential in drug screening applications. In summary, the photothrombosis-on-a-chip system significantly advances human thrombosis modeling. Its precise control over thrombus formation, flexibility in the thrombus severity levels, and capability to simulate dual physiological states on a single platform make it an invaluable tool for targeted drug testing, furthering the development of organ-on-a-chip drug screening techniques.

A photoactivatable upconverting nanodevice boosts the lysosomal escape of PROTAC degraders for enhanced combination therapy.

PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras have received increasing attention due to their capability to induce potent degradation of various disease-related proteins. However, the effective and controlled cytosolic delivery of current small-molecule PROTACs remains a challenge, primarily due to their intrinsic shortcomings, including unfavorable solubility, poor cell permeability, and limited spatiotemporal precision. Here, we develop a near-infrared light-controlled PROTAC delivery device (abbreviated as USDPR) that allows the efficient photoactivation of PROTAC function to achieve enhanced protein degradation. The nanodevice is constructed by encapsulating the commercial BRD4-targeting PROTACs (dBET6) in the hollow cavity of mesoporous silica-coated upconversion nanoparticles, followed by coating a Rose Bengal (RB) photosensitizer conjugated poly-L-lysine (PLL-RB). This composition enables NIR light-activatable generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species due to the energy transfer from the UCNPs to PLL-RB, which boosts the endo/lysosomal escape and subsequent cytosolic release of dBET6. We demonstrate that USDPR is capable of effectively degrading BRD4 in a NIR light-controlled manner. This in combination with NIR light-triggered photodynamic therapy enables an enhanced antitumor effect both in vitro and in vivo. This work thus presents a versatile strategy for controlled release of PROTACs and codelivery with photosensitizers using an NIR-responsive nanodevice, providing important insight into the design of effective PROTAC-based combination therapy.

Rose Bengal Labeled Bovine Serum Albumin for Protein Transport Imaging in Subcutaneous Tissues Using Computed Tomography and Fluorescence Microscopy.

Subcutaneous (SC) injection of protein-based therapeutics is a convenient and clinically established drug delivery method. However, progress is needed to increase the bioavailability. Transport of low molecular weight (Mw) biotherapeutics such as insulin and small molecule contrast agents such as lipiodol has been studied using X-ray computed tomography (CT). This analysis, however, does not translate to the investigation of higher Mw therapeutics, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), due to differences in molecular and formulation properties. In this study, an iodinated fluorescein analog rose bengal (RB) was used as a radiopaque and fluorescent label to track the distribution of bovine serum albumin (BSA) compared against unconjugated RB and sodium iodide (NaI) via CT and confocal microscopy following injection into ex vivo porcine SC tissue. Importantly, the high concentration BSA-RB exhibited viscosities more like that of viscous biologics than the small molecule contrast agents, suggesting that the labeled protein may serve as a more suitable formulation for the investigation of injection plumes. Three-dimensional (3D) renderings of the injection plumes showed that the BSA-RB distribution was markedly different from unconjugated RB and NaI, indicating the need for direct visualization of large protein therapeutics using conjugated tags rather than using small molecule tracers. Whereas this proof-of-concept study shows the novel use of RB as a label for tracking BSA distribution, our experimental approach may be applied to high Mw biologics, including mAbs. These studies could provide crucial information about diffusion in SC tissue and the influence of injection parameters on distribution, transport, and downstream bioavailability.

Rapid photocatalytic dye degradation, enhanced antibacterial and antifungal activities of silver stacked zinc oxide garnished on carbon nanotubes.

A composite of Zinc oxide loaded with 5-weight % silver decorated on carbon nanotubes (Ag-loaded ZnO: CNT) was synthesized using a simple refluxed chemical method. The influence of deviation in the weight % of carbon nanotube loading on photocatalytic dye degradation (methylene blue and rose bengal) and antibiotic (antimicrobial and antifungal) performance was investigated in this study. The light capture ability of Ag-loaded ZnO:CNT in the visible region was higher in photocatalytic activity than that of Ag-loaded ZnO and ZnO:CNT. The bandgap of the Ag-loaded ZnO: CNT was tuned owing to the surface plasmon resonance effect. The photocatalytic degradation investigations were optimized by varying the wt% in CNTs, pH of dye solution, concentration of the dye solution, and amount of catalytic dose. Around 100% photocatalytic efficiency in 2 min against MB dye was observed for Ag doped ZnO with 10 wt% CNT composite at pH 9, at a rate constant 1.48 min-1. Bipolaris sorokiniana fungus was first time tested against a composite material, which demonstrated optimum fungal inhibition efficiency of 48%. They were also tested against the bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cerius, Proteus vulgaris, and Salmonella typhimurium, which showed promising antibacterial activity compared to commercially available drugs. The composite of Ag doped ZnO with 5 wt% CNT has shown competitive zone inhibition efficacy of 21.66 ± 0.57, 15.66 ± 0.57, 13.66 ± 0.57 against bacterial strains Bacillus cerius, Proteus vulgaris, and Salmonella typhimurium which were tested for the first time against Ag-loaded ZnO:CNT.

Miniature wireless LED-device for photodynamic-induced cell pyroptosis.

The inability of visible light to penetrate far through biological tissue limits its use for phototherapy and photodiagnosis of deep-tissue sites of disease. This is unfortunate because many visible dyes are excellent photosensitizers and photocatalysts that can induce a wide range of photochemical processes, including photogeneration of reactive oxygen species. One potential solution is to bring the light source closer to the site of disease by using a miniature implantable LED. With this goal in mind, we fabricated a wireless LED-based device (volume of 23 mm3) that is powered by RF energy and emits light with a wavelength of 573 nm. It has the capacity to excite the green absorbing dye Rose Bengal, which is an efficient type II photosensitizer. The wireless transfer of RF power is effective even when the device is buried in chicken breast and located 6 cm from the transmitting antenna. The combination of a wireless device as light source and Rose Bengal as photosensitizer was found to induce cell death of cultured HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Time-dependent generation of protruding bubbles was observed in the photoactivated cells suggesting cell death by light-induced pyroptosis and supporting evidence was gained by cell staining with the fluorescence probes Annexin-V FITC and Propidium Iodide. The results reveal a future path towards a wireless implanted LED-based device that can trigger photodynamic immunogenic cell death in deep-seated cancerous tissue.

Integrin αvß3-targeted self-assembled polypeptide nanomicelles for efficacious sonodynamic therapy against breast cancer.

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an advanced non-invasive cancer treatment strategy with moderate tissue penetration, less invasiveness and a reliable curative effect. However, due to the low stability, potential bio-toxicity and lack of tumor targeting capability of most sonosensitizers, the vast clinical application of SDT has been challenging and limited. Therefore, it is desirable to develop a novel approach to implement sonosensitizers to SDT for cancer treatments. In this study, an amphiphilic polypeptide was designed to effectively encapsulate rose bengal (RB) as a model sonosensitizer to form peptido-nanomicelles (REPNs). The as-fabricated REPNs demonstrated satisfactory tumor targeting and fluorescence performances, which made them superb imaging tracers in vivo. In the meantime, they generated considerable amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to promote tumor cell apoptosis under ultrasound irradiation and showed excellent anti-tumor performance without obvious side effects. These engineered nanomicelles in combination with medical ultrasound may be used to achieve integrin αvß3-targeted sonodynamic therapy against breast cancer, and it is also a promising non-invasive cancer treatment strategy for clinical translations.

Rose Bengal Photodynamic Therapy (RB-PDT) Modulates the Inflammatory Response in LPS-Stimulated Human Corneal Fibroblasts By Influencing NF-κB and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathways.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of rose bengal photodynamic therapy on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in human corneal fibroblasts. Furthermore, to analyze potential involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways in this process. METHODS: Human corneal fibroblast cultures underwent 0-2.0 µg/mL lipopolysaccharide treatment, and 24 h later rose bengal photodynamic therapy (0.001% RB, 565 nm wavelength illumination, 0.17 J/cm2 fluence). Interleukin-6, interleukin-8, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, interferon regulatory factor-3, interferon α2, and interferon ß1 gene expressions were determined by quantitative PCR. Interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and C-C motif chemokine ligand-4 concentrations in the cell culture supernatant were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 protein level in human corneal fibroblasts by western blot. In addition, the nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways were investigated by quantitative PCR and phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B p65 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by western blot. RESULTS: Rose bengal photodynamic therapy in 2.0 µg/mL lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human corneal fibroblasts triggered interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 mRNA (p < .0001) and interleukin-6 protein increase (p < .0001), and downregulated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression (p < .001). C-C motif chemokine ligand-4, interferon regulatory factor-3, interferon α2, and interferon ß1 expressions remained unchanged (p ≥ .2). Rose bengal photodynamic therapy increased IκB kinase subunit beta, nuclear factor kappa B p65, extracellular signal-regulated kinases-2, c-Jun amino terminal kinase, and p38 transcription (p ≤ .01), and triggered nuclear factor kappa B p65 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation (p ≤ .04) in lipopolysaccharide treated human corneal fibroblasts. CONCLUSION: Rose bengal photodynamic therapy of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human corneal fibroblasts can modify the inflammatory response by inducing interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 expression, and decreasing intercellular adhesion molecule-1 production. C-C motif chemokine ligand-4, interferon regulatory factor-3, and interferon α and ß expressions are not affected by rose bengal photodynamic therapy in these cells. The underlying mechanisms may be associated with nuclear factor kappa B and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation.

Induction of Petite Colonies in Candida glabrate via Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy.

Facing a 40% mortality rate in candidemia patients, drug-resistant Candida and their petite mutants remain a major treatment challenge. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) targets multiple fungal structures, unlike antibiotics/antifungals, potentially thwarting resistance. Traditional methods for inducing petite colonies rely on ethidium bromide or fluconazole, which can influence drug susceptibility and stress responses. This study investigated the application of green light (peak 520 nm) and rose bengal (RB) photosensitizer to combat a drug-resistant Candida glabrata isolate. The findings revealed that aPDT treatment significantly inhibited cell growth (≥99.9% reduction) and effectively induced petite colony formation, as evidenced by reduced size and loss of mitochondrial redox indicator staining. This study provides initial evidence that aPDT can induce petite colonies in a multidrug-resistant C. glabrata strain in vitro, offering a potentially transformative approach for combating resistant fungal infections.

Unveiling the Spatiotemporal and Dose Responses within a Single Live Cancer Cell to Photoswitchable Upconversion Nanoparticle Therapeutics Using Hybrid Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering and Transient Absorption Microscopy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) provides an alternative approach to targeted cancer treatment, but the therapeutic mechanism of advanced nanodrugs applied to live cells and tissue is still not well understood. Herein, we employ the hybrid hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and transient absorption (TA) microscopy developed for real-time in vivo visualization of the dynamic interplay between the unique photoswichable lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticle-conjugated rose bengal and triphenylphosphonium (LD-UCNP@CS-Rb-TPP) probe synthesized and live cancer cells. The Langmuir pharmacokinetic model associated with SRS/TA imaging is built to quantitatively track the uptakes and pharmacokinetics of LD-UCNP@CS-Rb-TPP within cancer cells. Rapid SRS/TA imaging quantifies the endocytic internalization rates of the LD-UCNP@CS-Rb-TPP probe in individual HeLa cells, and the translocation of LD-UCNP@CS-Rb-TPP from mitochondria to cell nuclei monitored during PDT can be associated with mitochondria fragmentations and the increased nuclear membrane permeability, cascading the dual organelle ablations in cancer cells. The real-time SRS spectral changes of cellular components (e.g., proteins, lipids, and DNA) observed reflect the PDT-induced oxidative damage and the dose-dependent death pattern within a single live cancer cell, thereby facilitating the real-time screening of optimal light dose and illumination duration controls in PDT. This study provides new insights into the further understanding of drug delivery and therapeutic mechanisms of photoswitchable LD-UCNP nanomedicine in live cancer cells, which are critical in the optimization of nanodrug formulations and development of precision cancer treatment in PDT.

Molecular engineering of a spheroid-penetrating phage nanovector for photodynamic treatment of colon cancer cells.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents an emerging strategy to treat various malignancies, including colorectal cancer (CC), the third most common cancer type. This work presents an engineered M13 phage retargeted towards CC cells through pentavalent display of a disulfide-constrained peptide nonamer. The M13CC nanovector was conjugated with the photosensitizer Rose Bengal (RB), and the photodynamic anticancer effects of the resulting M13CC-RB bioconjugate were investigated on CC cells. We show that upon irradiation M13CC-RB is able to impair CC cell viability, and that this effect depends on i) photosensitizer concentration and ii) targeting efficiency towards CC cell lines, proving the specificity of the vector compared to unmodified M13 phage. We also demonstrate that M13CC-RB enhances generation and intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggering CC cell death. To further investigate the anticancer potential of M13CC-RB, we performed PDT experiments on 3D CC spheroids, proving, for the first time, the ability of engineered M13 phage conjugates to deeply penetrate multicellular spheroids. Moreover, significant photodynamic effects, including spheroid disruption and cytotoxicity, were readily triggered at picomolar concentrations of the phage vector. Taken together, our results promote engineered M13 phages as promising nanovector platform for targeted photosensitization, paving the way to novel adjuvant approaches to fight CC malignancies.

Diagnosis of human brucellosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Brucellosis, a widely spread zoonotic disease, poses significant diagnostic challenges due to its non-specific symptoms and underreporting. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective patient management and public health control. However, a comprehensive comparative review of available diagnostic tests is lacking. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This systematic review addressed the following question: 'What is the accuracy of the available tests to confirm human brucellosis?' Two independent reviewers examined articles published up to January 2023. The review included original studies reporting symptomatic patients with brucellosis suspicion, through any index test, with sensitivity and/or specificity as outcomes. As exclusion criteria were considered: sample size smaller than 10 patients, studies focusing on complicated brucellosis, and those lacking essential information about index or comparator tests. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed, with consideration for the index test, and 'culture' and 'culture and standard tube agglutination test (SAT)' were used as reference standards. Bias assessment and certainty of evidence were carried out using the QUADAS-2 and GRADE tools, respectively. A total of 38 studies reporting diagnostic test performance for human brucellosis were included. However, the evidence available is limited, and significant variability was observed among studies. Regarding the reference test, culture and/or SAT are deemed more appropriate than culture alone. Rose Bengal, IgG/IgM ELISA, and PCR exhibited equally high performances, indicating superior overall diagnostic accuracy, with very low certainty of the evidence. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This systematic review underscores the potential of the Rose Bengal test, IgG/IgM ELISA, and PCR as promising diagnostic tools for brucellosis. However, the successful implementation and recommendations for their use should consider the local context and available resources. The findings highlight the pressing need for standardization, improved reporting, and ongoing advancements in test development to enhance the accuracy and accessibility of brucellosis diagnosis.

Antibacterial Properties of Rose Bengal Conjugated to Hyaluronic Acid.

Dental diseases, including conditions affecting oral structures, have become more common due to unhealthy lifestyle choices. Traditional antibiotic treatments face challenges related to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Photodynamic antibacterial chemotherapy is emerging as a promising alternative using photosensitizers to generate reactive oxygen species upon exposure to light. This article examines the photosensitizer Rose Bengal (RB) immobilized in hyaluronic acid (HA) for prolonged antibacterial action. The RB-HA conjugate demonstrated a molar ratio of approximately three RB residues to each of the ten units of HA. RB-HA exhibited a high singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΔΦ = 0.90), suggesting its efficacy in photodynamic treatment. A photostability analysis revealed slower photobleaching of RB-HA, which is essential for prolonged application. Under visible light and ultrasonic treatment, RB-HA exhibited effective antibacterial activity against Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli bacteria for at least 80 days. The gradual release of RB ensured sustained bactericidal concentration. The study establishes RB-HA as a promising candidate for antimicrobial photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy in dental and other medical fields, providing enhanced stability and prolonged antibacterial efficacy.

Photo-Excited Dyes: Emerging Technique Against Tau Protein Aggregation.

Tau aggregates are considered a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. The screening of molecules against Tau aggregation is a novel strategy for Alzheimer's disease. The photo-excited molecules have proven to be effective as a therapeutic agent in several diseases. In recent studies, the photo-excited dyes showed an inhibitory effect on Alzheimer's disease-related Tau protein aggregation and toxicity. The present chapter deals with the effect of rose bengal on the aggregation of Tau. The in vitro studies carried out with the help of electron microscopy, ThS fluorescence, and circular dichroism suggested that RB attenuated the Tau aggregation under in vitro conditions, whereas PE-RB disaggregated the mature Tau fibrils. Photo-excited rose bengal and the classical rose bengal induced a low degree of toxicity in cells. Thus, for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, the rose bengal could be considered a potential molecule.

A Cell-Permeable Photosensitizer for Selective Proximity Labeling and Crosslinking of Aggregated Proteome.

Intracellular proteome aggregation is a ubiquitous disease hallmark with its composition associated with pathogenicity. Herein, this work reports on a cell-permeable photosensitizer (P8, Rose Bengal derivative) for selective photo induced proximity labeling and crosslinking of cellular aggregated proteome. Rose Bengal is identified out of common photosensitizer scaffolds for its unique intrinsic binding affinity to various protein aggregates driven by the hydrophobic effect. Further acetylation permeabilizes Rose Bengal to selectively image, label, and crosslink aggregated proteome in live stressed cells. A combination of photo-chemical, tandem mass spectrometry, and protein biochemistry characterizations reveals the complexity in photosensitizing pathways (both Type I & II), modification sites and labeling mechanisms. The diverse labeling sites and reaction types result in highly effective enrichment and identification of aggregated proteome. Finally, aggregated proteomics and interaction analyses thereby reveal extensive entangling of proteostasis network components mediated by HSP70 chaperone (HSPA1B) and active participation of autophagy pathway in combating proteasome inhibition. Overall, this work exemplifies the first photo induced proximity labeling and crosslinking method (namely AggID) to profile intracellular aggregated proteome and analyze its interactions.

Improved pharmacokinetic and lymphatic uptake of Rose Bengal after transfersome intradermal deposition using hollow microneedles.

The lymphatic system is active in several processes that regulate human diseases, among which cancer progression stands out. Thus, various drug delivery systems have been investigated to promote lymphatic drug targeting for cancer therapy; mainly, nanosized particles in the 10-150 nm range quickly achieve lymphatic vessels after an interstitial administration. Herein, a strategy to boost the lymphotropic delivery of Rose Bengal (RB), a hydrosoluble chemotherapeutic, is proposed, and it is based on the loading into Transfersomes (RBTF) and their intradermal deposition in vivo by microneedles. RBTF of 96.27 ± 13.96 nm (PDI = 0.29 ± 0.02) were prepared by a green reverse-phase evaporation technique, and they showed an RB encapsulation efficiency of 98.54 ± 0.09%. In vitro, RBTF remained physically stable under physiological conditions and avoided the release of RB. In vivo, intravenous injection of RBTF prolonged RB half-life of 50 min in healthy rats compared to RB intravenous injection; the RB half-life in rat body was further increased after intradermal injection reaching 24 h, regardless of the formulation used. Regarding lymphatic targeting, RBTF administered intravenously provided an RB accumulation in the lymph nodes of 12.3 ± 0.14 ng/mL after 2 h, whereas no RB accumulation was observed after RB intravenous injection. Intradermally administered RBTF resulted in the highest RB amount detected in lymph nodes after 2 h from the injection (84.2 ± 25.10 ng/mL), which was even visible to the naked eye based on the pink colouration of the drug. In the case of intradermally administered RB, RB in lymph node was detected only at 24 h (13.3 ± 1.41 ng/mL). In conclusion, RBTF proved an efficient carrier for RB delivery, enhancing its pharmacokinetics and promoting lymph-targeted delivery. Thus, RBTF represents a promising nanomedicine product for potentially facing the medical need for novel strategies for cancer therapy.

Sero-prevalence and risk factors associated with occurrence of anti-Brucella antibodies among slaughterhouse workers in Uganda.

INTRODUCTION: Brucellosis is a febrile zoonosis occurring among high-risk groups such as livestock keepers and abattoir workers and is a public health priority in Uganda. The technical complexities of bacteriological and molecular methods make serological approaches the cornerstone of diagnosis of human brucellosis in resource limited settings. Therefore, proper application and interpretation of serological tests is central to achieve a correct diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the seroprevalence and factors associated with anti-Brucella antibodies among slaughterhouse workers processing ruminants and pigs in three regions of the country with serial testing using a combination of the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and the BrucellaCapt test. An authorized clinician collected 543 blood samples from consenting abattoir workers as well as attribute medical and social demographic data. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to determine factors associated with anti-Brucella sero-positivity. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The sero-prevalence among ruminant slaughterhouse workers ranged from 7.3% (95% CI: 4.8-10.7) using BrucellaCapt to 9.0% (95% CI: 6.3-12.7) using RBT. Slaughterhouse workers from the Eastern regions (AOR = 9.84, 95%CI 2.27-69.2, p = 0.006) and those who graze animals for alternative income (AOR = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.91-6.63, p = 0.040) were at a higher risk of exposure to Brucella. Similarly, those who wore Personal Protective Equipment (AOR = 4.83, 95%CI:1.63-18.0, p = 0.009) and those who slaughter cattle (AOR = 2.12, 95%CI: 1.25-6.0, p = 0.006) were at a higher risk of exposure to Brucella. Those who slaughter small ruminants (AOR = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.32-4.01, p = 0.048) were also at a higher risk of exposure to Brucella. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Our study demonstrates the combined practical application of the RBT and BrucellaCapt in the diagnosis of human brucellosis in endemic settings. Both pharmaceutical (e.g., routine testing and timely therapeutic intervention), and non-pharmaceutical (e.g., higher index of suspicion of brucellosis when investigating fevers of unknown origin and observation of strict abattoir hygiene) countermeasures should be considered for control of the disease in high-risk groups.

Variations in irradiation energy and rose bengal concentration for photodynamic antimicrobial therapy of fungal keratitis isolates.

The purpose is to assess the efficacy of rose bengal photodynamic antimicrobial therapy (PDAT) using different irradiation energy levels and photosensitizer concentrations for the inhibition of fungal keratitis isolates. Seven different fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium keratoplasticum, Fusarium solani, Paecilomyces variotii, and Pseudallescheria boydii) were isolated from patients with confirmed infectious keratitis. Experiments were performed in triplicate with suspensions of each fungus exposed to different PDAT parameters including a control, green light exposure of 5.4 J/cm2, 2.7 J/cm2 (continuous and pulsed), and 1.8 J/cm2 and rose bengal concentrations of 0.1%, 0.05%, and 0.01%. Plates were photographed 72 h after experimentation, and analysis was performed to assess fungal growth inhibition. PDAT using 5.4 J/cm2 of irradiation and 0.1% rose bengal completely inhibited growth of five of the seven fungal species. Candida albicans and Fusarium keratoplasticum were the most susceptible organisms, with growth inhibited with the lowest fluence and minimum rose bengal concentration. Fusarium solani, Pseudallescheria boydii, and Paecilomyces variotii were inhibited by lower light exposures and photosensitizer concentrations. Aspergillus fumigatus and Curvularia lunata were not inhibited by any PDAT parameters tested. Continuous and pulsed irradiation using 2.7 J/cm2 produced similar results. Rose bengal PDAT successfully inhibits the in vitro growth of five fungi known to cause infectious keratitis. Differences in growth inhibition of the various fungi to multiple PDAT parameters suggest that susceptibilities to PDAT are unique among fungal species. These findings support modifying PDAT parameters based on the infectious etiology.

Morphology and morphometry of sperm in Kurdish stallions, a local breed from western Iran.

The present work was designed for a thorough investigation into the sperm morphology and morphometry of Kurdish stallions. The semen samples were collected from 10 Kurdish stallions. Three preparations from each ejaculate were stained with eosin-nigrosin (EN), Diff-Quik (DQ) and Rose Bengal (RB). The area, perimeter, length and width of the sperm head as well as tail length and total sperm length were measured. The parameters ellipticity, elongation, roughness and regularity were calculated. The morphology of sperm was also investigated under scanning and transmission electron microscopes. DQ and RB provided more clarified images for examining sperm structures compared to the EN method. The head length, head width, area and perimeter in EN were significantly higher than those in DQ and RB (p ≤ .05). Furthermore, the difference in head width, head area and head perimeter between DQ and RB was not significant (p ≥ .05). The tail length and total sperm length in all methods were close together (p ≥ .05). The highest percentage of normal sperm was seen in DQ and RB methods (82.55 ± 2.88 and 88.31 ± 5.19) respectively. The highest values for ellipticity, elongation and regularity were found in RB, whereas the highest value for roughness was measured in EN. Tail defects including coiled tails, and folded midpieces were the most frequent. Scanning electron microscope revealed two types of head shapes: heads with round anterior border, and heads with flat anterior border. The results indicated that despite the routine use of EN for morphological assessment of stallion sperm, RB and DQ can be considered for more clarified details of sperm structure including acrosome and midpiece. Furthermore, the Kurdish stallion sperm has morphometric traits in the normal range established for stallions; yet, some traits were larger than those reported for other breeds. It seems that the sperm of the Kurdish stallion has a longer head and tail in comparison with other horse breeds.