ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Rubella is a contagious viral infection that has garnered significant attention in the field of public health due to its potential consequences, especially during pregnancy. In recent decades, it has been recommended that non-immune women receive immunization during the preconceptional and/or postpartum periods. The goal of this strategy is to prevent primary rubella infection in order to protect pregnant women against congenital rubella syndrome. In November 2022, the WHO's Regional Verification Commission declared the elimination of rubella infection in Italy. In recent years, the main migration flows to Italy have originated from regions where rubella has not yet been eliminated and where no program is in place to achieve this goal. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to retrospectively assess rubella immunity in pregnant women who have attended three delivery centers in Rome over the past three years, from January 2021 to May 2023. METHODS: Data about the rubella serological status of 7937 non-consecutive pregnant women were collected. Univariate analysis was performed to verify any difference between the study groups in terms of age distribution. RESULTS: Anti-rubella IgG antibodies were found in 7224 (91%) women while 713 (9%) were susceptible to rubella (IgG negative), without differences in terms of immunity rate between Italian and non-Italian women. Age analysis showed a statistically significant older age of immune women than receptive women and of Italian immune women than non-Italian immune women. CONCLUSIONS: The National Plan for the Elimination of Measles and Congenital Rubella aimed to achieve a percentage of susceptible women of childbearing age below 5%. These data indicate the relevance of maintaining the recommendation for preconceptional rubella vaccination in Italy.
Subject(s)
Disease Eradication , Preconception Care , Rubella Vaccine , Rubella , Preconception Care/standards , Rubella/epidemiology , Rubella/prevention & control , Rubella Vaccine/standards , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Italy/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Rubella infection during pregnancy can result in miscarriage or infants with a constellation of birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). When coverage is inadequate, rubella vaccination can increase CRS cases by increasing the average age of infection. Thus, the World Health Organisation recommends that countries introducing rubella vaccine be able to vaccinate at least 80% of each birth cohort. Previous studies have focused on national-level analyses and have overlooked sub-national variation in introduction risk. We characterised the sub-national heterogeneity in rubella transmission within Nigeria and modelled local rubella vaccine introduction under different scenarios to refine the set of conditions and strategies required for safe rubella vaccine use. Across Nigeria, the basic reproduction number ranged from 2.6 to 6.2. Consequently, the conditions for safe vaccination varied across states with low-risk areas requiring coverage levels well below 80 %. In high-risk settings, inadequate routine coverage needed to be supplemented by campaigns that allowed for gradual improvements in vaccination coverage over time. Understanding local heterogeneities in both short-term and long-term epidemic dynamics can permit earlier nationwide introduction of rubella vaccination and identify sub-national areas suitable for program monitoring, program improvement and campaign support.
Subject(s)
Immunization Programs , Rubella Vaccine , Rubella , Vaccination Coverage , Humans , Nigeria/epidemiology , Rubella Vaccine/administration & dosage , Rubella Vaccine/immunology , Rubella/prevention & control , Rubella/epidemiology , Female , Vaccination Coverage/statistics & numerical data , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Pregnancy , Demography , Infant , Adolescent , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/prevention & control , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/epidemiology , Male , Young Adult , AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Microneedle patches (MNPs) have been ranked as the highest global priority innovation for overcoming immunisation barriers in low-income and middle-income countries. This trial aimed to provide the first data on the tolerability, safety, and immunogenicity of a measles and rubella vaccine (MRV)-MNP in children. METHODS: This single-centre, phase 1/2, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, active-controlled, age de-escalation trial was conducted in The Gambia. To be eligible, all participants had to be healthy according to prespecified criteria, aged 18-40 years for the adult cohort, 15-18 months for toddlers, or 9-10 months for infants, and to be available for visits throughout the follow-up period. The three age cohorts were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio (adults) or 1:1 ratio (toddlers and infants) to receive either an MRV-MNP (Micron Biomedical, Atlanta, GA, USA) and a placebo (0·9% sodium chloride) subcutaneous injection, or a placebo-MNP and an MRV subcutaneous injection (MRV-SC; Serum Institute of India, Pune, India). Unmasked staff ransomly assigned the participants using an online application, and they prepared visually identical preparations of the MRV-MNP or placebo-MNP and MRV-SC or placebo-SC, but were not involved in collecting endpoint data. Staff administering the study interventions, participants, parents, and study staff assessing trial endpoints were masked to treatment allocation. The safety population consists of all vaccinated participants, and analysis was conducted according to route of MRV administration, irrespective of subsequent protocol deviations. The immunogenicity population consisted of all vaccinated participants who had a baseline and day 42 visit result available, and who had no protocol deviations considered to substantially affect the immunogenicity endpoints. Solicited local and systemic adverse events were collected for 14 days following vaccination. Unsolicited adverse events were collected to day 180. Age de-escalation between cohorts was based on the review of the safety data to day 14 by an independent data monitoring committee. Serum neutralising antibodies to measles and rubella were measured at baseline, day 42, and day 180. Analysis was descriptive and included safety events, seroprotection and seroconversion rates, and geometric mean antibody concentrations. The trial was registered with the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry PACTR202008836432905, and is complete. FINDINGS: Recruitment took place between May 18, 2021, and May 27, 2022. 45 adults, 120 toddlers, and 120 infants were randomly allocated and vaccinated. There were no safety concerns in the first 14 days following vaccination in either adults or toddlers, and age de-escalation proceeded accordingly. In infants, 93% (52/56; 95% CI 83·0-97·2) seroconverted to measles and 100% (58/58; 93·8-100) seroconverted to rubella following MRV-MNP administration, while 90% (52/58; 79·2-95·2) and 100% (59/59; 93·9-100) seroconverted to measles and rubella respectively, following MRV-SC. Induration at the MRV-MNP application site was the most frequent local reaction occurring in 46 (77%) of 60 toddlers and 39 (65%) of 60 infants. Related unsolicited adverse events, most commonly discolouration at the application site, were reported in 35 (58%) of 60 toddlers and 57 (95%) of 60 infants that had received the MRV-MNP. All local reactions were mild. There were no related severe or serious adverse events. INTERPRETATION: The safety and immunogenicity data support the accelerated development of the MRV-MNP. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Subject(s)
Measles Vaccine , Rubella Vaccine , Rubella , Humans , Double-Blind Method , Gambia , Female , Male , Rubella Vaccine/administration & dosage , Rubella Vaccine/immunology , Rubella Vaccine/adverse effects , Infant , Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage , Measles Vaccine/immunology , Adult , Adolescent , Rubella/prevention & control , Young Adult , Measles/prevention & control , Needles , Antibodies, Viral/bloodABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Rubella is a viral infectious disease, and humans are the only reservoir of the virus. In 2020, all WHO member countries conducted epidemiological surveillance for rubella, and almost all (99%) had access to rubella testing at laboratories operating under the WHO Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate epidemiological indicators of rubella in Poland in 2021 compared to previous years, taking into account the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The assessment of the epidemiological situation was based on a review of data from the bulletin , "Infectious Diseases and Poisons in Poland in 2021" (5), and the assessment of the immunization status of the population was based on data from the bulletin , "Immunization in Poland in 2021" (6). Classification of cases was made based on the definition used in the 2021 surveillance (7). Data from the epidemiological surveillance system "EpiBase" were also used. RESULTS: In 2021, 50 cases of rubella were registered, 48 fewer than in 2020 (98 cases). There was also a decrease in incidence to 0.13 per 100,000, compared to 0.26 per 100,000 in 2020. The highest incidence, regardless of gender and residential environment, was recorded in the 0-4 age group (1.23 per 100 thousand). No cases of congenital rubella syndrome were reported in 2021. CONCLUSIONS: In 2021, there was a decrease in the number of rubella cases in Poland, which could be a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the introduced restrictions. In addition, rubella was registered 99% on the basis of clinical diagnoses, without the required laboratory confirmation, which means that other rash diseases could be registered as rubella.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Rubella , Humans , Rubella/epidemiology , Rubella/prevention & control , Poland/epidemiology , Female , Male , Adolescent , Child , Adult , Child, Preschool , Infant , COVID-19/epidemiology , Incidence , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Infant, Newborn , Age Distribution , SARS-CoV-2 , Registries , Sex Distribution , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data , Rubella Vaccine/therapeutic useSubject(s)
Measles Vaccine , Measles , Needles , Rubella Vaccine , Rubella , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Injections, Subcutaneous , Rubella Vaccine/administration & dosage , Rubella Vaccine/immunology , Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage , Measles Vaccine/immunology , Infant , Gambia , West African People , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Measles/prevention & control , Rubella/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Rubella is a major cause of congenital defects, and the presence of rubella infection in a pregnant woman may lead to fetal death or congenital defects known as congenital rubella syndrome(CRS). Since China has not yet established a national CRS surveillance system, the true incidence cannot be determined. To understand the disease burden and epidemiological characteristics of CRS cases in China, the article reports the first case of CRS in Quzhou, China, and conducts a retrospective analysis of related cases that have been reported in China over the past decade. Because the availability of rubella-containing vaccines (RCV) was not widespread in China before 2008, women of childbearing age born before 2008 are generally unvaccinated against RCV. Due to the lack of routine CRS monitoring and screening, CRS is underreported in China. Vaccination of nonimmune women of childbearing age with RCV and establishing a sensitive and timely case-based CRS surveillance system can accelerate the elimination of rubella and CRS.
Subject(s)
Rubella Syndrome, Congenital , Rubella , Pregnancy , Humans , Female , Infant , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/epidemiology , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/prevention & control , Retrospective Studies , Rubella/epidemiology , Rubella/prevention & control , Rubella Vaccine , Rubella virusABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Vietnam continues to have measles and rubella outbreaks following supplementary immunization activities (SIA) and routine immunization despite both having high reported coverage. To evaluate immunization activities, age-specific immunity against measles and rubella, and the number of averted Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) cases, must be estimated. METHODS: Dried blood spots were collected from 2091 randomly selected individuals aged 1-39 years. Measles and rubella virus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Results were considered positive at ≥120 mIU/mL for measles and ≥10 IU/mL for rubella. The number of CRS cases averted by immunization since 2014 were estimated using mathematical modelling. RESULTS: Overall IgG seroprevalence was 99.7% (95%CI: 99.2-99.9) for measles and 83.6% (95%CI: 79.3-87.1) for rubella. Rubella IgG seroprevalence was higher among age groups targeted in the SIA than in non-targeted young adults (95.4% [95%CI: 92.9-97.0] vs 72.4% [95%CI: 63.1-80.1]; P < 0.001). The estimated number of CRS cases averted in 2019 by immunization activities since 2014 ranged from 126 (95%CI: 0-460) to 883 (95%CI: 0-2271) depending on the assumed postvaccination reduction in the force of infection. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the SIA was effective, while young adults born before 1998 who remain unprotected for rubella require further vaccination.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral , Immunoglobulin G , Measles , Rubella , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Measles/epidemiology , Measles/prevention & control , Measles/immunology , Adolescent , Child, Preschool , Child , Rubella/epidemiology , Rubella/immunology , Rubella/prevention & control , Adult , Male , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Female , Young Adult , Infant , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Models, Theoretical , Rubella Vaccine/immunology , Rubella Vaccine/administration & dosage , Rubella virus/immunology , Prevalence , Measles Vaccine/immunology , Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage , Age Factors , Vaccination , Immunization Programs , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/epidemiology , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/prevention & control , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/immunologySubject(s)
Measles , Mumps , Humans , Infant , Mumps Vaccine , Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine , Mumps/epidemiology , Mumps/prevention & control , Mumps virus , Rubella Vaccine , Measles VaccineSubject(s)
Mumps , Rubella , Vaccines , Humans , Rubella Vaccine , Mumps/epidemiology , Mumps/prevention & control , Primary Health Care , Rubella/prevention & controlABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In alignment with the Measles and Rubella (MR) Strategic Elimination plan, India conducted a mass measles and rubella vaccination campaign across the country between 2017 and 2020 to provide a dose of MR containing vaccine to all children aged 9 months to 15 years. We estimated campaign vaccination coverage in five districts in India and assessed campaign awareness and factors associated with vaccination during the campaign to better understand reasons for not receiving the dose. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Community-based cross-sectional serosurveys were conducted in five districts of India among children aged 9 months to 15 years after the vaccination campaign. Campaign coverage was estimated based on home-based immunization record or caregiver recall. Campaign coverage was stratified by child- and household-level risk factors and descriptive analyses were performed to assess reasons for not receiving the campaign dose. Three thousand three hundred and fifty-seven children aged 9 months to 15 years at the time of the campaign were enrolled. Campaign coverage among children aged 9 months to 5 years documented or by recall ranged from 74.2% in Kanpur Nagar District to 90.4% in Dibrugarh District, Assam. Similar coverage was observed for older children. Caregiver awareness of the campaign varied from 88.3% in Hoshiarpur District, Punjab to 97.6% in Dibrugarh District, Assam, although 8% of children whose caregivers were aware of the campaign were not vaccinated during the campaign. Failure to receive the campaign dose was associated with urban settings, low maternal education, and lack of school attendance although the associations varied by district. CONCLUSION: Awareness of the MR vaccination campaign was high; however, campaign coverage varied by district and did not reach the elimination target of 95% coverage in any of the districts studied. Areas with lower coverage among younger children must be prioritized by strengthening the routine immunization programme and implementing strategies to identify and reach under-vaccinated children.
Subject(s)
Measles , Rubella , Humans , Infant , Child , Adolescent , Cross-Sectional Studies , Measles/prevention & control , Rubella/prevention & control , Measles Vaccine/therapeutic use , Vaccination , Rubella Vaccine/therapeutic use , India/epidemiology , Immunization ProgramsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Ghana witnessed an outbreak of measles in 2022 following the COVID-19 pandemic, and Savannah Region was among the regions severely impacted. The objective of this study was to conduct trend analysis of measles case incidence and measles-rubella (MR) vaccination coverage in the Savannah Region to identify gaps and propose remedial actions to mitigate future outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs). METHODS: Analysis of measles surveillance and measles-rubella vaccination data for 2018-2022 was conducted to assess relationship between immunization coverage and measles case incidence. Data were extracted from the District Health Information Management System (DHIMS) platform and loaded into Microsoft Excel 16.0 spreadsheet for analysis. Coverages for first (MR1) and second (MR2) doses of measles-rubella vaccination, dropout rates, and measles incidence (per 100,000) were calculated. RESULTS: The coverage trend for both vaccine doses followed similar trajectories, increasing from 2018 to a peak in 2019, and declining sequentially thereafter to the lowest (for the study period) in 2022. Generally, MR1/MR2 dropout rate was high across all districts during the entire study period. The regional incidence of confirmed measles rose sharply from less than 1/1,000,000 in 2018-2021 to 94 in 2022. Wide variations in vaccination coverage and dropout rates were observed among the districts. There was moderate to fairly strong negative correlation between MR vaccination coverage and measles case incidence. CONCLUSIONS: The MR vaccination coverage in the Savannah Region declined probably due to pre-existing weaknesses in the immunization programme accentuated by impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The lowered population immunity likely contributed to occurrence of the measles outbreak in 2022. Pragmatic actions are needed to catch-up on missed children, restore coverage to pre-pandemic levels, and strengthen the immunization programme as part of global efforts towards achieving the Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030) trajectory.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Measles , Rubella , Child , Humans , Infant , Vaccination Coverage , Rubella/prevention & control , Measles Vaccine/therapeutic use , Rubella Vaccine , Ghana/epidemiology , Secondary Data Analysis , Pandemics , Measles/epidemiology , Measles/prevention & control , Vaccination , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Rubella virus is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable birth defects. Infection during pregnancy can result in miscarriage, fetal death, stillbirth, or a constellation of birth defects, including cataracts, deafness, heart defects, and developmental delay, known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). A single dose of rubella-containing vaccine can provide lifelong protection against rubella. The Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 included a target to achieve elimination of rubella in at least five of the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions by 2020, and rubella elimination is a critical goal of the Immunization Agenda 2030. This report updates a previous report and describes progress toward rubella and CRS elimination during 2012-2022. During 2012-2022, among 194 WHO countries, the number that included rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) in their immunization schedules increased from 132 (68%) to 175 (90%) and the percentage of the world's infants vaccinated against rubella increased from 40% to 68%. Reported rubella cases declined 81%, from 93,816 in 2012 to 17,407 in 2022. Verification of rubella elimination was achieved in 98 (51%) of 194 countries by 2022, an increase from 84 (43%) countries in 2019. Despite significant progress in the introduction of RCV into routine immunization programs worldwide, approximately 25 million infants annually still do not have access to RCV. Nevertheless, even in complex settings, the increasing number of countries that have achieved and sustained rubella elimination demonstrates progress toward global rubella elimination.
Subject(s)
Rubella Syndrome, Congenital , Rubella , Infant , Pregnancy , Female , Humans , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/epidemiology , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/prevention & control , Global Health , Population Surveillance , Rubella/epidemiology , Rubella/prevention & control , Rubella VaccineABSTRACT
As an innovative vaccine delivery technology, vaccine microarray patches could have a meaningful impact on routine immunization coverage in low- and middle-income countries, and vaccine deployment during epidemics and pandemics. This review of the potential use cases for a subset of vaccine microarray patches in various stages of clinical development, including measles-rubella, measles-mumps-rubella, and typhoid conjugate, highlights the breadth of their applicability to support immunization service delivery and their potential scope of utilization within national immunization programs. Definition and assessment of the use cases for this novel vaccine presentation provide important insights for vaccine developers and policymakers into the strengths of the public health and commercial value propositions, and the preparatory requirements for public health systems for the future rollout of vaccine microarray patches. An in-depth understanding of use cases for vaccine microarray patches serves as a foundational input to overcoming the remaining technical, regulatory, and financial challenges. Additional efforts will help to realize the potential of vaccine microarray patches as part of the global effort to improve the coverage and equity of national immunization programs.
Subject(s)
Measles , Mumps , Rubella , Typhoid Fever , Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines , Humans , Infant , Mumps/prevention & control , Vaccines, Conjugate , Typhoid Fever/prevention & control , Rubella/prevention & control , Measles/prevention & control , Rubella Vaccine , Mumps Vaccine , Vaccination , Measles-Mumps-Rubella VaccineABSTRACT
Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) are highly infectious viral diseases affecting young children and have high secondary attack rates. Present MMR vaccines show consistent seroconversion rates for anti-measles and anti-rubella antibodies with variable responses for anti-mumps antibodies. Most common strains for MMR vaccines, currently available in India, are the Edmonston-Zagreb measles strain, Leningrad Zagreb (L-Z) mumps strain, and the RA 27/3 rubella strain. L-Z strain of mumps virus has been found to be associated with aseptic meningitis by different studies from different parts of the world including India. Recently, a novel freeze-dried MMR vaccine developed by Zydus Lifesciences (Zyvac MMR) contains Edmonston Zagreb measles strain, Hoshino mumps strain, and RA 27/3 rubella strain. The Hoshino strain is WHO approved and was found to induce interferon gamma production. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive appraisal of the data available on the safety and immunogenicity of the novel MMR vaccine.
Subject(s)
Measles , Mumps , Rubella , Child , Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Mumps/prevention & control , Rubella Vaccine , Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine/adverse effects , Measles/prevention & control , Rubella/prevention & control , Mumps virus , Antibodies, Viral , Measles VaccineABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of rubella elimination publicity and communication project intervention activities on rubella related knowledge attitudes and practices (KAP) on parents of 0 to 2 year old children in Chongqing, and to provide basis for the formulation of rubella elimination strategies and measures. METHOD: We choose 7 townships (streets) of parents of 0 to 2 year old children who live for more than 6 months in Chongqing to investigate the status of rubella knowledge, attitude and practice. Parents' cognition and behavior related to rubella, congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and rubella component vaccine (RCV) were analyzed and evaluated before and after intervention. RESULTS: 420 people were surveyed before and after the intervention. The awareness rate of rubella prevention knowledge of parents after intervention was significantly higher than that before intervention, with statistical significance (Pâ <â .05). After intervention, parents' support rate of "rubella antibody test before pregnancy" and "RCV vaccination for children" were 89.52% and 72.14%, respectively, which were higher than those of parents before intervention (84.05% and 27.38%, Pâ <â .05). The RCV timely vaccination rate of children after intervention was 92.78%, which was higher than that of children before intervention (83.90%, Pâ <â .05). CONCLUSION: Targeted publicity and communication methods should be adopted for urban and rural areas to create a good publicity atmosphere, popularize rubella and CRS related popular science knowledge, and improve the RCV timely vaccination rate of school-age children and high-risk population.
Subject(s)
Rubella Syndrome, Congenital , Rubella , Pregnancy , Female , Humans , Child, Preschool , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Rubella/prevention & control , Rubella/epidemiology , Rubella Vaccine , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/prevention & control , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/epidemiology , Parents , China/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Since 1969, rubella and its harmful effect on fetuses infected in utero can be prevented by rubella vaccine, usually given in combination with measles vaccine. The rubella vaccine is highly protective both in children and in adults including women intending to become pregnant. Owing to the use of combined measles and rubella vaccines, congenital rubella infection has been eliminated from the Western Hemisphere and nearly all of Europe. Such combined vaccination is now being applied throughout the world, posing the possibility of eventual rubella eradication. The existence of viruses of animals related to rubella does not appear to be a barrier to eradication of the human virus. However, persistent rubella virus in infants infected in utero and of immunosuppressed patients with granulomas may pose a problem for eradication. Nevertheless, this review posits that eradication of rubella is now feasible if routine vaccination of infants and surveillance for chronic infection are correctly applied.
Subject(s)
Measles , Rubella , Child , Infant , Pregnancy , Adult , Humans , Female , Rubella Vaccine/therapeutic use , Measles/epidemiology , Measles Vaccine , Rubella virus , Vaccination , Measles-Mumps-Rubella VaccineABSTRACT
In 2019, Indonesia and the other countries in the World Health Organization South-East Asia Region adopted the goal of measles and rubella elimination by 2023. This report describes Indonesia's progress toward measles and rubella elimination during 2013-2022. During this period, coverage with a first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) decreased from 87% to 84%, and coverage with a second MCV dose decreased from 76% to 67%. After rubella vaccine was introduced in 2017, coverage with the first dose of rubella-containing vaccine increased approximately fivefold, from 15% in 2017 to 84% in 2022. During 2013-2021, annual reported measles incidence decreased by 95%, from 33.2 to 1.4 cases per million population; reported rubella incidence decreased 89%, from 9.3 to 1.0 cases per million population. However, a large surge in measles and rubella cases occurred in 2022, with a reported measles incidence of 29 cases per million and a reported rubella incidence of 3 per million, primarily related to disruption in immunization services caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, approximately 26 million children (an estimated 73% of the target population) received a combined measles- and rubella-containing vaccine during supplementary immunization activities completed in 32 provinces. Progress toward measles and rubella elimination in Indonesia has been made; however, continued and urgent efforts are needed to restore routine immunization services that were adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and close immunity gaps to accelerate progress toward measles and rubella elimination.
Subject(s)
Disease Eradication , Measles Vaccine , Measles , Rubella Vaccine , Rubella , Child , Humans , Infant , COVID-19/epidemiology , Disease Eradication/trends , Immunization Programs , Incidence , Indonesia/epidemiology , Measles/epidemiology , Measles/prevention & control , Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage , Pandemics , Population Surveillance , Rubella/epidemiology , Rubella/prevention & control , Rubella Vaccine/administration & dosageSubject(s)
Measles , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital , Rubella , Humans , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/epidemiology , Rubella Syndrome, Congenital/prevention & control , Rubella/epidemiology , Rubella/prevention & control , Measles/epidemiology , Measles/prevention & control , Rubella Vaccine , Disease Eradication , Measles VaccineABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of rubella antibodies and factors associated with antibody seropositivity after vaccination among healthy children aged 14 and below. A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was employed to recruit participants for the rubella serological test. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method was used to detect human IgG antibodies with avidity for rubella virus in the sera of participants. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyze associations between variables. A total of 778 subjects were included in the subsequent analysis. The overall positive rate of rubella antibody was 83.0% (95%CI: 80.2-85.5%), and the overall geometric mean concentration (GMC) was 58.05 IU/ml. In multivariate analysis, gender, residence, birth year group, and time since the last rubella-containing vaccines (RCV) vaccination were significantly associated with the seroprevalence of rubella antibodies. Our study showed a decreasing trend in rubella antibody positivity and GMC in the population aged five to 14 years. Therefore, we recommend a catch-up dose of RCV for adolescents and young people aged over 14 years not yet vaccinated.