ABSTRACT
The widespread distribution of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) is a major concern due to their potential effects on human health and the environment. The insufficient sewage treatment plant infrastructures is a global problem most accentuated in less developed countries and results in the discharge of CECs to water bodies. Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) is a ray-finned freshwater fish species native to the Paraná basin. It is also the most produced aquaculture fish species in Argentina since 2012. Though uninvestigated to date, the occurrence of CECs in pacu may be of high relevance due to production volumes and relevance to human exposure through fish consumption. In this study, we applied a high-resolution mass spectrometry screening method to qualitatively analyze over 100 CECs in pacu. Four extraction/cleanup methods were tested on pooled pacu fillet, including solid-phase extraction and QuEChERS. The method that produced the highest number of detections was selected for further analysis of pacu purchased in supermarkets and fish markets in Argentina between 2017 and 2020. Residues of pesticides, antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, plasticizers, sweeteners, drug metabolites, stimulants, and illegal drugs were detected in the samples. A total of 38 CECs were detected, ranging between 24 and 35 CECs per individual sample. 100% of the samples had positive detections of caffeine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, xanthine, benzoylecgonine, methylparaben, ethylparaben, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), metolachlor, carbendazim, salicylic acid, 2,4-D, saccharin, cyclamate, and dodecanedioic acid. Mappings generated with correspondence analysis were used to explore similarities/dissimilarities among the detected compounds. To our knowledge this is the first report of saccharin, cyclamate, 2,4 - D, carbendazim, metolachlor, ethylparaben, propylparben, bisphenol A, DEHP, and benzotriazole in fish from Argentina, and the first report on the presence of lisinopril, metropolol acid and dodecanedioic acid in fish worldwide.
Subject(s)
Illicit Drugs , Pesticides , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid , Anti-Bacterial Agents/analysis , Argentina , Caffeine/analysis , Cyclamates/analysis , Diethylhexyl Phthalate , Environmental Monitoring , Illicit Drugs/analysis , Lisinopril , Pesticides/analysis , Plasticizers/analysis , Saccharin/analysis , Salicylic Acid/analysis , Sewage/analysis , Sweetening Agents/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysisABSTRACT
The exogenous application of salicylic acid can induce plant resistance against pathogens. However, little is known about the potential uses of this bioregulator for controlling coffee diseases. In this study, we assessed the effect of applying salicylic acid (SA 150 mg L-1) on the management of coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in a 7-year-old coffee plantation with low crop load (651.6 kg ha-1 in 2017). For comparison, plants were sprayed with protectant fungicide (copper hydroxide CH) and standard fungicides (SF) used by local farmers (boscalid, pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole, and copper hydroxide). Non-treated plants were included as a negative control. Five monthly applications were performed from November 2016 to March 2017. Rust incidence and severity, defoliation, and growth of plagiotropic branches were evaluated monthly. The activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total proteins was assessed one day after the first, third, and fifth product applications. Compared to untreated plants, SA reduced the severity and incidence of rust from 36.3 to 54.7%, while CH and SF reduced disease from 31.8 to 54.6% and from 83.8 to 88%, respectively. SA reduced defoliation by 54.1%. SA increased the concentration of CAT, APX, and SOD after the first application. However, this effect was not observed after subsequent applications. Foliar application of SA reduces the severity and incidence of coffee rust and defoliation in plants with a low crop load.(AU)
Subject(s)
Coffee/chemistry , Salicylic Acid/analysis , CoffeaABSTRACT
The exogenous application of salicylic acid can induce plant resistance against pathogens. However, little is known about the potential uses of this bioregulator for controlling coffee diseases. In this study, we assessed the effect of applying salicylic acid (SA 150 mg L-1) on the management of coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in a 7-year-old coffee plantation with low crop load (651.6 kg ha-1 in 2017). For comparison, plants were sprayed with protectant fungicide (copper hydroxide CH) and standard fungicides (SF) used by local farmers (boscalid, pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole, and copper hydroxide). Non-treated plants were included as a negative control. Five monthly applications were performed from November 2016 to March 2017. Rust incidence and severity, defoliation, and growth of plagiotropic branches were evaluated monthly. The activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total proteins was assessed one day after the first, third, and fifth product applications. Compared to untreated plants, SA reduced the severity and incidence of rust from 36.3 to 54.7%, while CH and SF reduced disease from 31.8 to 54.6% and from 83.8 to 88%, respectively. SA reduced defoliation by 54.1%. SA increased the concentration of CAT, APX, and SOD after the first application. However, this effect was not observed after subsequent applications. Foliar application of SA reduces the severity and incidence of coffee rust and defoliation in plants with a low crop load.
Subject(s)
Coffee/chemistry , Coffea , Salicylic Acid/analysisABSTRACT
Salicylic acid is an emerging environmental contaminant, usually found at ng/L concentrations in natural waters. Its quantification usually involves liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, which requires complex and costly instrumentation as well as time-consuming sample pretreatment, typically involving large solvent volumes. In this work, sequential injection chromatography was exploited to develop a fast, green, cost-effective, and highly sensitive procedure for fluorimetric determination of salicylic acid in natural waters. Analyte preconcentration directly on the chromatographic column (on-column preconcentration) was exploited to improve detectability, yielding an enrichment factor of 122 (1.75 mL of sample) and takes only 8.5 min per determination. A detection limit of 20 ng/L, a linear response range from 0.06 to 5.00 µg/L, coefficients of variation lower than 3.0% (n = 10), and recoveries within 86 and 114% were estimated. The procedure was applied for the analyses of freshwater samples and results agreed with those obtained by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry at the 95% confidence level. The proposed procedure encompasses in-line concentration, isolation/separation, and detection, without the need for sample clean-up, thus minimizing the consumption of organic solvents and risk of analyte losse.
Subject(s)
Environmental Pollutants/analysis , Fresh Water/chemistry , Salicylic Acid/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , FluorometryABSTRACT
Phytohormones and reactive oxygen species mediate processes such as germination and dormancy. The elucidation of the physiological and biochemical events implicated in the transition from dormancy to germination in different plant species such as sunflower becomes a topic of interest. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal variation of salicylic acid (SA), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and the activity of two antioxidant enzymes (catalase, CAT - EC 1.11.1.6 and ascorbate peroxidase - EC 1.11.1.11) in embryonic axis and cotyledons of dry and imbibed seeds of dormant (B123) and non-dormant (B91) sunflower lines. The results showed that embryonic axis had higher level of SA and H2 O2 than cotyledons in both lines. In dry seeds, B123 embryo (embryonic axis + cotyledons) showed a higher SA content than B91. After dry storage at room temperature, SA decreased in B123 embryos to a value close to that registered in B91 embryos. B123 embryonic axis of dry seeds presented higher H2 O2 levels than B91. Dry storage led to an increase of H2 O2 levels and a decrease of CAT activity in B123 embryonic axis. During imbibition, B123 seeds stored for 33 days displayed an increase in SA level in the embryonic axis (3 h of imbibition) and this lower level correlated with a decrease in H2 O2 (6 h of imbibition). Thus, the embryo-imposed dormancy in B123 dry seeds was associated with high levels of SA and low H2 O2 , whereas the dormancy release was linked with SA decrease and increase of H2 O2 as a consequence of lower CAT activity.
Subject(s)
Germination , Helianthus/physiology , Hydrogen Peroxide/analysis , Plant Dormancy , Salicylic Acid/analysis , Ascorbate Peroxidases , Catalase , Helianthus/chemistry , Seeds/chemistry , Spatio-Temporal AnalysisABSTRACT
The determination of salicylic acid (SA), an important phytohormone responsible for stress signaling in plants, is of great importance in agricultural studies. However, a critical evaluation of the procedures for the extraction of the analytes and hydrolysis of the conjugated forms of SA is lacking in the literature and the available alternatives are complex, time-consuming, and laborious. In this study, the sample preparation methods for SA fractionation were critically evaluated to develop a simpler and faster alternative procedure. Microwave-assisted extractions were carried out with 2.0â¯g of fresh leaves and 8.0â¯mL of a 75% v/v ethanol:water solution at 40⯰C for 10â¯min, followed by alkaline hydrolysis using 100⯵L of 0.1â¯molâ¯L-1 NaOH at 80⯰C for 60â¯min. Free and total SA were determined in crude and hydrolyzed extracts, respectively, by fluorimetry after chromatographic separation of the sample matrix under isocratic elution (25% v/v acetonitrile/phosphate buffer) using a C18 column. Recovery experiments using methyl salicylate and acetylsalicylic acid model compounds demonstrated that the soft microwave-assisted extraction did not decompose the SA derivatives and that alkaline hydrolysis was quantitative. The proposed procedure was successfully applied for fractionation of SA in sugarcane, corn, and soybean leaves with extraction and hydrolysis yields up to 70 and 20% higher than those achieved in previously proposed approaches, respectively. The developed procedure is a simple, fast, and reliable alternative for SA fractionation in crude extracts without sample clean-up, and utilizes dilute reagents and green solvents.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/isolation & purification , Chemical Fractionation/methods , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Salicylic Acid/isolation & purification , Anti-Infective Agents/analysis , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Saccharum/chemistry , Salicylic Acid/analysis , Glycine max/chemistry , Zea mays/chemistryABSTRACT
Abstract The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of Salicylic acid, 2,4-D and 2-iP on the production of total phenolic and flavonoids as well in the levels of fukugetin and 7-epiclusianone in callus of Garcinia brasiliensis zygotic embryos. For this, Bacupari callus were exposed to different concentrations (0.0; 0.1; 1; 10; 100 µM) of Salicylic acid (SA) in the presence or in the absence of 72 μM 2-iP and 28.73 μM 2,4-D. The highest concentration of total phenolic occurred in the treatment with 100 μM SA in callus subcultured in the absence of 2,4-D and 2-iP, and with 10 μM SA in callus subcultured in the presence of these regulators. Concerning flavonoids, 2,4-D and 2-iP supplementation without the presence of the SA was sufficient for the highest levels. Additionally, it was possible to identify the fukugetin and 7-epiclusianone. However, the variation in the levels was very high, especially for the fukugetin. Therefore, in most treatments, there was no statistically difference. Except for the treatment with 10 μM SA + 2,4-D and 2-iP, where there was a significant increase in 7-epiclusianone.
Subject(s)
Salicylic Acid/analysis , Phenols , Flavonoids , GarciniaABSTRACT
Phytoprostanes (PhytoPs) and phytofurans (PhytoFs) are oxylipins synthesized by nonenzymatic peroxidation of α-linolenic acid. These compounds are biomarkers of oxidative degradation in plant foods. In this research, the effect of environment and supplementation with salicylic acid (SA) on PhytoPs and PhytoFs was monitored by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS) on seven rice genotypes from Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica. The plastic cover environment and spray application with 1 and 15 mM SA produced a reduction in the concentration of most of these newly established stress biomarkers [9-F1t-PhytoP, ent-16-F1t-PhytoP, ent-16- epi-16-F1t-PhytoP, 9-D1t-PhytoP, 9- epi-9-D1t-PhytoP, 16-B1-PhytoP, 9-L1-PhytoP, ent-16( RS)-9- epi-ST-Δ14-10-PhytoF, ent-9( RS)-12- epi-ST-Δ10-13-PhytoF, and ent-16( RS)-13- epi-ST-Δ14-9-PhytoF] by 60.7% on average. The modification observed in the level of PhytoPs and PhytoFs differed according to the specific oxylipins and genotype, demonstrating a close linkage between genetic features and resistance to abiotic stress, to some extent mediated by the sensitivity of plants to the plant hormone SA that participates in the physiological response of higher plants to stress. Thus, in plants exposed to stressing factors, SA contribute to modulating the redox balance, minimizing the oxidation of fatty acids and thus the syntheis of oxylipins. These results indicated that SA could be a promising tool for managing the thermotolerance of rice crop. However, it remains necessary to study the mechanism of action of PhytoPs and PhytoFs in biochemical processes related to the defense of plants and define their role as stress biomarkers through a nonenzymatic pathway.
Subject(s)
Oryza/drug effects , Oryza/growth & development , Oxylipins/metabolism , Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology , Salicylic Acid/pharmacology , Biomarkers/chemistry , Biomarkers/metabolism , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Environment , Oryza/chemistry , Oryza/metabolism , Oxylipins/chemistry , Plant Growth Regulators/analysis , Salicylic Acid/analysis , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
A low-cost methodology using hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with UV-Vis detector was developed to analyze the salicylic acid (SA) in estuarine and riverine waters. The technique is easy-to-use and rapid, and demands little volume of organic solvent. The extraction was carried out using a polypropylene membrane supporting into octan-1-ol. HF-LPME under optimized conditions (donor solution sample pH 2, acceptor solution pH 14, sample volume 25 mL, fiber length 10 cm, acceptor volume 25 µL, extraction time 3 h and stirring speed 350 rpm) presented high enrichment factor (407 times) and good recovery in real water samples (from 88 to 110%). A limit of detection of 2.6 µg L-1 was achieved using CZE with UV-Vis detector as quantification method. The method was applied to direct quantification of SA in environmental complex estuarine and riverine water matrices.
Subject(s)
Electrophoresis, Capillary , Salicylic Acid/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Liquid Phase Microextraction , Solvents , WaterABSTRACT
O produto comercial Antiphlokin é recomendado nos processos de dores musculares. Dentre as substâncias de sua composição, o ácido salicílico e o salicilato de metila são metabolizados no fígado,e seus metabólitos são excretados na urina e detectados nos exames de antidoping. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o produto comercial Antiphlokirr pode ser utilizado com segurança em equinos, sem risco de comprometimento nos exames de antidoping. Para isso, foram utilizados seis machos do Regimento de Cavalaria Alferes Tiradentes - RCAT, com alimentação composta por ração concentrada comercial e feno de gramínea. O Antiphlokin foi aplicado na extensão dos quatro membros dos animais, diariamente, durante 14 dias. Foi realizada coleta de urina utilizando sonda uretral, nos seguintes dias: DO: coleta antes da primeira aplicação do Antiphlokin: D1 : coleta no 79 dia de aplicação do produto; D2: Coleta no 149 dia de aplicação e D3: 7 dias após a última aplicação do Antiphlokin. A urina coletada foi enviada ao laboratório CEMSNSP para análise qualitativa e quantitativa dos compostos ácido salicílico e ácido metilsalicílico através da técnica CLAE-EM/EM (cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a espectrometria de massas do tipo triplo quadrupolo). Os resultados da concentração de ácido salicílico nos 4 tratamentos variaram de 3,2 a 41,8 ug/ml e o ácido metilsalicílico não foi detectado em nenhuma das amostras. As concentrações quantitativas do composto ácido salicílico foram abaixo de 750 ug/ml,limite máximo permitido publicado na relação de substâncias proibidas para animais em competições pela FEI6 (Federation Equestre Internacionale). Portanto, o produto comercial testado pode ser utilizado,no tratamento das lesões dos equinos, em datas próximas a provas, sem que seus componentes resultem em doping positivo.(AU)
The commercial product Antiphlokirr is recommended in the processes of muscular aches. Among the substances of its composition, salicylic acid and methyl salicylate are metabolized in the liver, and its metabolites are excreted in the urine and detected in the antidoping tests. The objective of this paper was to verify if the commercial product Antiphlokin can be used safely in horses without risk of compromise in antidoping tests. For this, six males of the Alferes Tiradentes Cavalry Regiment - RCAT were used, with feed composed of commercial concentrated feed and grass hay. Antiphlokin" was appliedto the extension of the four limbs of the animais daily for fourteen days. Urine collection using a urethral catheter was performed on the following days: DO: collection before the first application of Antiphlokin; D1: after 7 days of product application; D2: after 14 days of application and D3: 7 days after the last application of Antiphlokin". The collected urine was sent to the CEMSNSP laboratory for qualitative and quantitative analysis of salicylic acid and methylsalicylic acid compounds by the high efficiency liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry - HPLC-MS/MS. The results of thesalicylic acid concentration in the experimental treatments ranged from 3.2 to 41.8 ug/ml and methylsalicylic acid was not detected in any of the samples. The quantitative concentrations of salicylic acid compound were below 750 ug/ml, the maximum permissible limit published in the list of substances banned for animais in competitions by the FEI6 (Federation Equestre Internationale). Therefore, the commercial producttested can be used in the treatment of equine lesions on dates close to tests, without its components resulting in positive doping.(AU)
El producto comercial Antiphlokin es recomendado en los procesos de dolor muscular. Entre las sustancias de su composición, el ácido salicílico y el salicilato de metilo son metabolizados en el hígado, y sus metabolitos son excretados en la orina y detectados en las pruebas de dopaje. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar si el producto comercial Antiphlokin puede ser utilizado con seguridad en los equinos y sin riesgo de compromiso en las pruebas anti dopaje. Para eso, se utilizaron seis machos del regimiento de caballería Alferes Tiradentes - RCAT, con alimentación compuesta por ración concentrada comercial y heno de gramíneas. El Antiphlokirr fue aplicado en los cuatro miembros de los animales a diario durante catorce días. Se realizó colecta de orina utilizando una sonda uretral, en los siguientes días: DO: colecta antes de la primera aplicación de Antiphlokirr; D1 : después de 7 días de la aplicación dei producto; D2: después de 14 días de aplicación, D3: 7 días después de la última aplicación de Antiphlokin. La orina recogida fue enviada al laboratorio CEMSNSP para el análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de los compuestos ácido salicílico y ácido metilsalicílico a través del líquido de alta eficacia cromatografía acoplada a espectrometría de masas de triple cuadrupolo - HPLC-MS/MS. Los resultados de la concentración de ácido salicílico en los tratamientos experimentales variaron de 3,2 a 41,8 ug/ml y el ácido metilsalicílico no fue detectado en ninguna de las muestras. Las concentraciones cuantitativas dei compuesto de ácido salicílico estuvieron por debajo de 750 ug/ml, el límite máximo permitido publicado en la lista de sustancias prohibidas para los animales en las competiciones por la FEI6 (Federación Ecuestre Internacional). Por 10 tanto, el producto comercial testeado puede ser utilizado en el tratamiento de lesiones de equinos días antes de las pruebas sin que sus componentes resultan en dopaje positivo.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Horses/physiology , Doping in Sports , Salicylic Acid/analysis , Urine Specimen Collection/veterinaryABSTRACT
O produto comercial Antiphlokin é recomendado nos processos de dores musculares. Dentre as substâncias de sua composição, o ácido salicílico e o salicilato de metila são metabolizados no fígado,e seus metabólitos são excretados na urina e detectados nos exames de antidoping. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o produto comercial Antiphlokirr pode ser utilizado com segurança em equinos, sem risco de comprometimento nos exames de antidoping. Para isso, foram utilizados seis machos do Regimento de Cavalaria Alferes Tiradentes - RCAT, com alimentação composta por ração concentrada comercial e feno de gramínea. O Antiphlokin foi aplicado na extensão dos quatro membros dos animais, diariamente, durante 14 dias. Foi realizada coleta de urina utilizando sonda uretral, nos seguintes dias: DO: coleta antes da primeira aplicação do Antiphlokin: D1 : coleta no 79 dia de aplicação do produto; D2: Coleta no 149 dia de aplicação e D3: 7 dias após a última aplicação do Antiphlokin. A urina coletada foi enviada ao laboratório CEMSNSP para análise qualitativa e quantitativa dos compostos ácido salicílico e ácido metilsalicílico através da técnica CLAE-EM/EM (cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a espectrometria de massas do tipo triplo quadrupolo). Os resultados da concentração de ácido salicílico nos 4 tratamentos variaram de 3,2 a 41,8 ug/ml e o ácido metilsalicílico não foi detectado em nenhuma das amostras. As concentrações quantitativas do composto ácido salicílico foram abaixo de 750 ug/ml,limite máximo permitido publicado na relação de substâncias proibidas para animais em competições pela FEI6 (Federation Equestre Internacionale). Portanto, o produto comercial testado pode ser utilizado,no tratamento das lesões dos equinos, em datas próximas a provas, sem que seus componentes resultem em doping positivo.
The commercial product Antiphlokirr is recommended in the processes of muscular aches. Among the substances of its composition, salicylic acid and methyl salicylate are metabolized in the liver, and its metabolites are excreted in the urine and detected in the antidoping tests. The objective of this paper was to verify if the commercial product Antiphlokin can be used safely in horses without risk of compromise in antidoping tests. For this, six males of the Alferes Tiradentes Cavalry Regiment - RCAT were used, with feed composed of commercial concentrated feed and grass hay. Antiphlokin" was appliedto the extension of the four limbs of the animais daily for fourteen days. Urine collection using a urethral catheter was performed on the following days: DO: collection before the first application of Antiphlokin; D1: after 7 days of product application; D2: after 14 days of application and D3: 7 days after the last application of Antiphlokin". The collected urine was sent to the CEMSNSP laboratory for qualitative and quantitative analysis of salicylic acid and methylsalicylic acid compounds by the high efficiency liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry - HPLC-MS/MS. The results of thesalicylic acid concentration in the experimental treatments ranged from 3.2 to 41.8 ug/ml and methylsalicylic acid was not detected in any of the samples. The quantitative concentrations of salicylic acid compound were below 750 ug/ml, the maximum permissible limit published in the list of substances banned for animais in competitions by the FEI6 (Federation Equestre Internationale). Therefore, the commercial producttested can be used in the treatment of equine lesions on dates close to tests, without its components resulting in positive doping.
El producto comercial Antiphlokin es recomendado en los procesos de dolor muscular. Entre las sustancias de su composición, el ácido salicílico y el salicilato de metilo son metabolizados en el hígado, y sus metabolitos son excretados en la orina y detectados en las pruebas de dopaje. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar si el producto comercial Antiphlokin puede ser utilizado con seguridad en los equinos y sin riesgo de compromiso en las pruebas anti dopaje. Para eso, se utilizaron seis machos del regimiento de caballería Alferes Tiradentes - RCAT, con alimentación compuesta por ración concentrada comercial y heno de gramíneas. El Antiphlokirr fue aplicado en los cuatro miembros de los animales a diario durante catorce días. Se realizó colecta de orina utilizando una sonda uretral, en los siguientes días: DO: colecta antes de la primera aplicación de Antiphlokirr; D1 : después de 7 días de la aplicación dei producto; D2: después de 14 días de aplicación, D3: 7 días después de la última aplicación de Antiphlokin. La orina recogida fue enviada al laboratorio CEMSNSP para el análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de los compuestos ácido salicílico y ácido metilsalicílico a través del líquido de alta eficacia cromatografía acoplada a espectrometría de masas de triple cuadrupolo - HPLC-MS/MS. Los resultados de la concentración de ácido salicílico en los tratamientos experimentales variaron de 3,2 a 41,8 ug/ml y el ácido metilsalicílico no fue detectado en ninguna de las muestras. Las concentraciones cuantitativas dei compuesto de ácido salicílico estuvieron por debajo de 750 ug/ml, el límite máximo permitido publicado en la lista de sustancias prohibidas para los animales en las competiciones por la FEI6 (Federación Ecuestre Internacional). Por 10 tanto, el producto comercial testeado puede ser utilizado en el tratamiento de lesiones de equinos días antes de las pruebas sin que sus componentes resultan en dopaje positivo.
Subject(s)
Animals , Horses/physiology , Doping in Sports , Salicylic Acid/analysis , Urine Specimen Collection/veterinaryABSTRACT
The damping off is the main disease that affects the beet crop during the seedling production. The aim of this study was to evaluate different salicylic acid (SA) concentrations for resistance induction against damping-off in beet seedling and its antifungal activity against Fusarium sp., in vitro condition. Treatment of beet seed was with SA solution by immersion during 5 minutes in the 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM concentrations and control (distilled water). It was used four replications with 20 cells by experimental unit. The experiment was carried out for 14 days in cultivate chamber with temperature (23 oC ± 2C), lighting (12 hours photoperiod) and humidity (70% ± 10%) controlled. After this time, the germination, damping off incidence, seedling length and fresh mass matter weight were evaluated. It was evaluated also in the seedling tissue the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), β-1.3 glucanase and chitinase level enzymes. In the in vitro the SA was putted in PDA (potato-dextrose-agar) medium, where the Fusarium sp. mycelial growth was evaluated. The SA applied for seeds treatment didnt had effect significant on damping off of beet seedlings, but it induced the activity of β-1.3 glucanase enzyme, it being this higher in nine times when compared the treatment control. The SA acted in the Fusarium sp. in vitro control with fungitoxic action, suppressed mycelial growth in 28% if compared to control.(AU)
O tombamento de plântulas é a principal doença que afeta a cultura da beterraba no processo de produção de mudas. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar diferentes concentrações de ácido salicílico (AS) na indução de resistência ao tombamento de plântulas de beterraba e a atividade antifúngica contra Fusarium sp., in vitro. O tratamento das sementes de beterraba foi realizado com imersão em solução de AS nas concentrações de 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 mM e a testemunha (água destilada). Em seguida foram semeadas em substrato previamente esterilizado e inoculado com Fusarium sp. O experimento foi conduzido por 14 dias em câmara de cultivo com controle de temperatura (23 oC ±2 C), luminosidade (fotoperíodo de 12 h) e umidade (70% ± 10%). Após esse período foram avaliados a germinação das sementes, incidência de tombamento, comprimento de plântula e massa da matéria fresca. Foi também avaliada nos tecidos das plântulas a atividade das enzimas fenilalanina amônia-liase (FAL), β-1,3- glucanase e quitinase. No experimento in vitro o AS foi incorporado ao meio BDA (batata-dextrose e ágar) e avaliado o crescimento micelial de Fusarium sp. A aplicação de AS em tratamento de sementes não atuou significativamente sobre o tombamento de plântulas de beterraba, mas induziu a atividade da enzima β-1,3-glucanase, sendo esta aumentada em nove vezes em relação à testemunha. O AS atuou no controle de Fusarium sp, in vitro com ação fungitóxica, com supressão do crescimento micelial em 28% se comparado à testemunha.(AU)
Subject(s)
Beta vulgaris , Seedlings , Salicylic Acid/analysis , Antifungal Agents/analysis , FusariumABSTRACT
The damping off is the main disease that affects the beet crop during the seedling production. The aim of this study was to evaluate different salicylic acid (SA) concentrations for resistance induction against damping-off in beet seedling and its antifungal activity against Fusarium sp., in vitro condition. Treatment of beet seed was with SA solution by immersion during 5 minutes in the 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM concentrations and control (distilled water). It was used four replications with 20 cells by experimental unit. The experiment was carried out for 14 days in cultivate chamber with temperature (23 oC ± 2C), lighting (12 hours photoperiod) and humidity (70% ± 10%) controlled. After this time, the germination, damping off incidence, seedling length and fresh mass matter weight were evaluated. It was evaluated also in the seedling tissue the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), β-1.3 glucanase and chitinase level enzymes. In the in vitro the SA was putted in PDA (potato-dextrose-agar) medium, where the Fusarium sp. mycelial growth was evaluated. The SA applied for seeds treatment didnt had effect significant on damping off of beet seedlings, but it induced the activity of β-1.3 glucanase enzyme, it being this higher in nine times when compared the treatment control. The SA acted in the Fusarium sp. in vitro control with fungitoxic action, suppressed mycelial growth in 28% if compared to control.
O tombamento de plântulas é a principal doença que afeta a cultura da beterraba no processo de produção de mudas. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar diferentes concentrações de ácido salicílico (AS) na indução de resistência ao tombamento de plântulas de beterraba e a atividade antifúngica contra Fusarium sp., in vitro. O tratamento das sementes de beterraba foi realizado com imersão em solução de AS nas concentrações de 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 mM e a testemunha (água destilada). Em seguida foram semeadas em substrato previamente esterilizado e inoculado com Fusarium sp. O experimento foi conduzido por 14 dias em câmara de cultivo com controle de temperatura (23 oC ±2 C), luminosidade (fotoperíodo de 12 h) e umidade (70% ± 10%). Após esse período foram avaliados a germinação das sementes, incidência de tombamento, comprimento de plântula e massa da matéria fresca. Foi também avaliada nos tecidos das plântulas a atividade das enzimas fenilalanina amônia-liase (FAL), β-1,3- glucanase e quitinase. No experimento in vitro o AS foi incorporado ao meio BDA (batata-dextrose e ágar) e avaliado o crescimento micelial de Fusarium sp. A aplicação de AS em tratamento de sementes não atuou significativamente sobre o tombamento de plântulas de beterraba, mas induziu a atividade da enzima β-1,3-glucanase, sendo esta aumentada em nove vezes em relação à testemunha. O AS atuou no controle de Fusarium sp, in vitro com ação fungitóxica, com supressão do crescimento micelial em 28% se comparado à testemunha.
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/analysis , Beta vulgaris , Fusarium , Seedlings , Salicylic Acid/analysisABSTRACT
In the present work, we describe the determination of salicylic acid and its major metabolite, salicyluric acid, in spiked human urine samples, using synchronous fluorescence spectra measured in a flow-injection system with a double pH gradient. Because the fluorescent urine background constitutes a potentially interfering signal, it becomes necessary to achieve the second-order advantage. Moreover, due to significant changes in the signal of the analytes in the presence of the urine matrix, mainly for salicyluric acid, standard addition was required in order to obtain appropriate quantifications. Several second-order multivariate calibration models were evaluated for this purpose: PARAFAC and MCR-ALS in two different modes, and PLS/RBL.
Subject(s)
Hippurates/urine , Salicylic Acid/urine , Hippurates/analysis , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Multivariate Analysis , Salicylic Acid/analysis , Salicylic Acid/metabolism , Spectrometry, Fluorescence/methodsABSTRACT
Transgenic tobacco plants capable of over-expressing Xenopus PPARα (xPPARα), a transcription factor known to be required for peroxisome proliferation in animals, were recently generated. These plants (herewith referred to as PPAR-OE) were found to have increased peroxisome abundance, higher peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase and catalase activity and modified fatty acid metabolism. Further characterization of PPAR-OE plants revealed a higher susceptibility to virulent and a partial loss of resistance to avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pathogens, whereas the basal resistance response remained unaffected. Biochemical- and defense-related gene expression analyses showed that increased susceptibility to bacterial invasion coincided with the generalized reduction in H(2)O(2) and salicylic acid (SA) levels observed within the first 24 h of bacterial contact. Decreased H(2)O(2) levels were correlated with modified activity levels of catalase and other antioxidant enzymes. A correspondence between a rapid (within 1-24 hpi; ACCO and AOC) and sustained increase (up to 6 days pi; ACCO) in the expression levels of ethylene (ACCO) and jasmonic acid (AOC) biosynthetic genes and a higher susceptibility to virulent bacterial invasion was also observed in PPAR-OE plants. Conversely, no apparent differences in the short- and/or long-term expression levels of markers for the hypersensitive-response, oxidative burst and systemic-acquired resistance were observed between wild type and PPAR-OE plants. The results suggest that peroxisome proliferation could lead to increased susceptibility to bacterial pathogens in tobacco by altering the redox balance of the plant and the expression pattern of key defense signaling pathway genes.
Subject(s)
Nicotiana/metabolism , Nicotiana/microbiology , PPAR alpha/metabolism , Peroxisomes/metabolism , Plant Diseases/genetics , Pseudomonas syringae/pathogenicity , Acyl-CoA Oxidase , Animals , Ascorbate Peroxidases , Biomarkers/metabolism , Catalase/metabolism , Cyclopentanes/analysis , Disease Susceptibility , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Hydrogen Peroxide/analysis , Oxidoreductases/metabolism , Oxylipins/analysis , PPAR alpha/genetics , Peroxidases/metabolism , Plant Diseases/immunology , Plant Diseases/microbiology , Plant Immunity , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Plant Leaves/microbiology , Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism , Plants, Genetically Modified/microbiology , Salicylic Acid/analysis , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Time Factors , Nicotiana/genetics , Xenopus Proteins/genetics , Xenopus Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
La nación yanomama es un grupo indigena aislado y autosuficiente que reside en la selva lluviosa al sur de Venezuela y norte de Brasil que ha logrado vivir en armonia con su ambiente y que ha mostrado ancestral respecto a la naturaleza sin producir basura ni contaminación. Deparam la sal que necesitan de un àrbol de la misma región llamado Tavarí. El Estudio Intersalt es una investigación observacional que ha demostrado una asociación entre la presión arterial y el consumo de sal de la dieta a través de la medición de su excreción urinaria. Los hallazgos encontrados en este grupo poblacional fueron extraordinarios: Niveles de presión arterial muy bajos que no se incrementaron con la edad, niveles de colesterol muy reducidos, ausencia de alcoholismo u obesidad. Constituyen un experimento de la naturaleza digno de seguir; desafortunadamente el mundo occidental ha tenido un impacto negativo en sus vidas y cultura
The nation yanomami is an isolated and self-sufficient indigenous group who reside in the rainy forest to the south of Venezuela and north of Brazil that has managed to live in harmony with its atmosphere and that has shown ancestral respect to the nature without producing any sweepings or contamination. They obtain the salt that needs from a local tree of called Tavarí. The Intersalt Study is an observational investigation that has demostrated an association between the arterial pressure and the consumption of salt of the diet through the measurement of its urinary excretion. The findings found in this population group were extraordinary: very low levels of pressure arterial that are not increased with the age, cholesterol levels very reduced, absence of alcoholism or obesity, very low sodium excretion. They constitute an experiment of the nature worthy to follow; unfortunately western world had much of a negative impact on their lives or culture
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Salicylic Acid/analysis , Cholesterol/analysis , Ecological Equilibrium/ethnology , Arterial Pressure/immunology , Crop Production , Brazil/ethnology , Diet, Sodium-Restricted/trends , Indigenous PeoplesABSTRACT
Bipolaris oryzae is the causal agent of rice brown spot disease and is responsible for significant economic losses. In order to control this disease, three phenolic antioxidants were tested (salicylic acid, benzoic acid and hydroquinone). The antifungal activity of the tested substances were investigated against B. oryzae at different concentrations in vitro, as well as the efficacy of their exogenous application in controlling rice brown spot disease under field conditions. In vitro, benzoic acid or salicylic acid at 9 mM completely inhibited the growth of B. oryzae. Under field conditions, spraying of benzoic acid at 20 mM led to a significant reduction in disease severity (DS) and disease incidence (DI) on the plant leaves, in addition to a significant increase in the grain yield and its components. Some biochemical responses were also detected, where the application of the previous treatment led to a significant increase in the total photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids) in rice leaves and in the total carbohydrate and protein contents of the yielded grains.
Bipolaris oryzae é o agente causador da doença mancha-parda do arroz e é responsável por significativas perdas econômicas. Três antioxidantes fenólicos (ácido salicílico, ácido benzóico e hidroquinona) foram avaliados para o controle dessa doença do arroz. A atividade antifúngica destes compostos foi avaliada in vitro contra B. oryzae em diferentes concentrações e a eficiência de sua aplicação exógena no controle da mancha-parda foi avaliada em condições de campo. Nos ensaios in vitro, os ácidos benzóico e salicílico a 9 mM inibiram completamente a multiplicação de B. oryzae. Em condições de campo, a aspersão de ácido benzóico a 20 mM causou uma redução significativa na gravidade e incidência da doença na folhas da planta, além de aumentar significativamente o rendimento dos grãos e seus componentes. Algumas respostas bioquímicas foram também observadas, verificando-se que a aplicação do tratamento prévio causou um aumento significativo nos pigmentos fotossintéticos totais (clorofila a e b e carotenóides) nas folhas e no conteúdo de carboidratos e proteínas nos grãos.
Subject(s)
Salicylic Acid/analysis , Antifungal Agents , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Hydroquinones/analysis , In Vitro Techniques , Oryza , Pigments, Biological , Plant Leaves , Methods , MethodsABSTRACT
The optimal conditions for salicylic acid biodegradation by Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44 were determined in this study with the intention to create a microbial sensor. Kinetic experiments permitted a definition of 60 and 30min the time needed to achieve the maximum degradation of salicylic acid presented in a medium with and without yeast extract, respectively. The degradation in medium without yeast extract and the quantification by spectrophotometry 230 nm were selected to be used in further tests. The use of preactivated cells or on the exponential growth phase showed better salicylic acid degradation percentages when compared to nonactivated cells or on the stationary growth state. Finally, the best cellular concentration used on the salicylic acid degradation was 0,1 g.L-1. Strain HK44 shows to be capable of degrade salicylic acid presented in simple aqueous systems, making this strain a promising tool for the application on a luminescent microbial sensor.
Com a intenção de criar um sensor microbiano, as condições ótimas para a biodegradação de ácido salicílico por Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44 foram determinadas neste estudo. Os experimentos cinéticos permitiram a definição dos tempos de 60 e 30 minutos como necessários para atingir a máxima degradação de ácido salicílico presente em meio com ou sem extrato de lêvedo, respectivamente. A degradação no meio sem extrato de lêvedo e a quantificação através de espectrofotometria 230 nm foram selecionadas para serem utilizadas em testes posteriores. O uso de células pré-ativadas ou na fase exponencial de crescimento apresentou melhores porcentagens de degradação de ácido salicílico quando comparadas a células não-ativadas ou no estado estacionário de crescimento. Além disso, a melhor concentração celular utilizada nessa degradação foi 0,1 g.L¹. A cepa HK44 parece ser capaz de degradar o ácido salicílico presente em sistemas aquosos simples, tornando este microrganismo uma ferramenta promissora para aplicação em um sensor microbiano luminescente.
Subject(s)
Salicylic Acid/analysis , In Vitro Techniques , Pseudomonas fluorescens , Biodegradation, Environmental , Methods , Sampling StudiesABSTRACT
It has been suggested that salicylic acid (SA) is a signal in acquired resistance to pathogens in several plants. Also, it has been suggested that infestation of plants causes an increase in the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), a key phenolic biosynthesis enzyme. The purpose of this work was to investigate whether the induction of SA and PAL activity is related to the susceptibility of barley to aphid infestation. The induction of free and conjugated SA in two barley cultivars that differ in susceptibility to aphids was analyzed. Analyses of several physiological parameters showed that cv. UNA-80 was more susceptible to the aphid Schizaphis graminum than cv. LM-109. Salicylic acid was not detected in noninfested plants. Levels of free and conjugated SA in cv. LM-109 and of conjugated SA in cv. UNA-80 increased with aphid infestation, whereas the levels of free SA in cv. UNA-80 remained high under all infestation degrees. Maximum values reached in both cultivars were not significantly different. With respect to PAL activity, cv. LM-109 showed a significantly higher specific activity than cv. UNA-80, the more susceptible cultivar. The relationship between the susceptibility of a plant to aphid and SA induction and PAL activity is discussed.
Subject(s)
Aphids/growth & development , Hordeum/chemistry , Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase/metabolism , Salicylic Acid/analysis , Animals , Hordeum/enzymology , Hordeum/physiology , Seedlings/physiologyABSTRACT
The simultaneous determination of betamethasone dipropionate (BD) and salicylic acid (SA) in both ointment and topical solution was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The method was standardized using a LiChrospher 100 RP-18 (125 x 4 mm, 5 microns) column, acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran-acetic acid 1% (25:20:55 v/v), apparent pH 3.3, as mobile phase, and UV detection at 254 nm. The peak area response versus concentration was linear in a concentration range from 5.0 to 50.0 micrograms/ml of BD and from 20.0 to 200.0 micrograms/ml of SA. The correlation coefficients were 0.9997 for BD and 0.9987 for SA, and the relative standard errors of estimates were 1.38% for BD and 3.27% for SA. The coefficient of variation and the recovery average were, respectively, 0.41-1.15% and 100.09% for BD, and 0.57-0.95% and 99.79% for SA.