Mastectomia a campo em ruminantes - aspectos cirúrgicos e clínico-patológicos / Field mastectomy in ruminants - surgical and clinicopathological aspects

Background: We report the case of 3 cows, 1 ewe, and 1 doe, with chronic mastitis and which underwent a mastectomy. All animals had a history of mastitis, edema with purulent secretion in the udder region, areas of abscess formation, fibrosis, hypogalactia, and agalactia. The animals had already been treated with systemic antibiotic therapy and anti-inflammatory drugs without response. The objective of this work is to describe the surgical and clinicopathological aspects of performing a radical mastectomy in the field in 3 cows and 1 ewe, and a partial mastectomy in a doe, with both procedures performed successfully and considered efficient to maintain the survival of the affected animals, in addition to being economically viable. Cases: In all animals reported in the study, a general and a specific clinical examination were performed, where on palpation of the udder were observed an increase in the region of the mammary apparatus, fluid fluctuation, areas of fibrosis with increased stiffness, and loss of udder functionality. In the case of the doe, there was a functional teat, which was preserved during the surgical procedure. Radical mastectomy was performed in 3 cows and 1 ewe, and the doe underwent a partial mastectomy, with preservation of the functional teat. All animals have fasted for food and water for 48 h. In cows, the anesthetic protocol consisted of 2% xylazine hydrochloride [0.15 mg/kg, intramuscularly (IM)], followed by an epidural block in the lumbosacral region with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride [10 mL]. The midazolam hydrochloride [0.1 mg/kg, intravenously (IV)] and 2% xylazine hydrochloride [0.05 mg/kg, IM] were administered to the ewe and the doe, also associated with lumbosacral epidural anesthesia with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride [5 mL]. The animals were positioned in the right lateral decubitus position and the entire abdominal and udder region were shaved and sanitized for the surgical procedures of radical mastectomy and partial mastectomy, with the use of degerming and topical povidone-iodine. The postoperative period consisted of penicillin-based antibiotic therapy associated with streptomycin [24,000 IU/kg, IM, 10 consecutive days] and flunixin meglumine [2 mg/kg, IM, 3 consecutive days] in cows; enrofloxacin [2.5 mg/kg, IM, 7 consecutive days] and flunixin meglumine [0.5 mg/kg, IM, 5 consecutive days] in the ewe; oxytetracycline [10 mg/kg, IM, 5 applications on alternate days] and flunixin meglumine [0.5 mg/kg, IM, 3 consecutive days] in the doe. In all animals, the cleaning of the surgical wound was performed daily with 10% topical Povidone-iodine and Permethrin ointment, for 14 days, when the stitches were removed. Discussion: The choice of the surgical procedure resulted in improvement of the clinical conditions and increased survival of all animals, and in the case of the doe, partial mastectomy contributed to the preservation of the functional teat, preserving its productive capacity. All anesthetic protocols used and the anatomical positioning of the animals were satisfactory for performing the procedures. Although they are techniques described in the literature with great blood loss, especially in cows, blood transfusion was not required in any of the animals. The stitches were removed 14 days after the surgical procedures, and the surgical wound was completely healed.

Effects of oxygen supplementation in ewes subjected to laparoscopic ovum pick-up under total intravenous anesthesia / Efeitos da suplementação de oxigênio em ovelhas submetidas à aspiração de folículos por laparoscopia sob anestesia intravenosa total

Laparoscopy procedures are useful tools to perform some assisted reproductive biotechnologies in ewes, it requi-res general anesthesia and manoeuvres that might result in alteration of the cardiopulmonary function. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the effects of oxygen supplementation as a therapeutic measure to mitigate these alterations in ewes submitted to laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU) under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). Twenty-four healthy adult ewes were submitted to two LOPUs with a 21 days interval, under ketamine-midazolam anesthesia, and receiving each of the two experimental in random order, oxygen treatment (OT) 50 mL/kg/min of oxygen via endotracheal tube and control treatment (CT) not receive any inhalation treatment. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), mean arterial pressure (MAP), rectal temperature (RT), end-tidal CO2 concentration (EtCO2) and recovery anesthesia time were evaluated during LOPU, arterial blood gases and electrolytes were evaluated after induction of anesthesia and at the end of the LOPU. Variables were compared between groups and moments using ANOVA. MAP, SpO2, PaO2, SaO2 and pH were higher in OT, while EtCO2, PaCO2, temperature loss and recovery time were lower. These results allow to conclude that oxy-gen supplementation in ewes submitted to LOPU under TIVA provides benefits in order to mitigate physiological alterations.(AU)

Os procedimentos de laparoscopia são ferramentas úteis para realizar algumas biotecnologias de reprodução assistida em ovelhas, requer anestesia geral e manobras que podem resultar em alteração da função cardiopulmonar. Por esse motivo, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da suplementação de oxigênio como medida terapêutica para atenuar as alterações em ovelhas submetidas à Aspiração Folicular guiada por Laparoscopia (LOPU) sob anestesia venosa total (TIVA). Vinte e quatro ovelhas adultas saudáveis foram submetidas a duas LOPUs com intervalo de 21 dias, sob anestesia com cetamina-midazolam, recebendo cada um dos dois experimentos em ordem aleatória, tratamento com oxigênio (OT) 50 mL/kg/min de oxigênio via tubo endotraqueal e tratamento de controle (CT) não recebem nenhum tratamento por inalação. Frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2), pressão arterial média (PAM), temperatura retal (TR), concentração expirada de CO2 (EtCO2) e tempo de recuperação da anestesia foram avaliados durante LOPU, arterial gasometria e eletrólitos foram avaliados após a indução da anestesia e ao final da COL. As variáveis foram comparadas entre grupos e momentos por meio de ANOVA. PAM, SpO2, PaO2, SaO2 e pH foram maiores no TO, enquanto EtCO2, PaCO2, perda de temperatura e tempo de recuperação foram menores. Estes resultados permitem concluir que a suplementação de oxigênio em ovelhas submetidas a LOPU sob TIVA proporciona benefícios no sentido de atenuar as alterações fisiológicas.(AU)

Uteropexy in sheep as potential method for prevention of uterine torsion

Background: Uterine torsion is one of many causes of dystocia in sheep. Failure in performing of wright-time diagnostic procedures and treatment by certain obstetric procedures, can result with death of both fetus and ewe. There is sufficient knowledge about risk factors which could contribute to the occurrence of uterine torsion in sheep, but there is insufficient knowledge about measures for prevention of uterine torsion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of performing incorporative uteropexy as potential method for prevention of uterine torsion. Cases: This research was part of the experimental research of changes in the anterior presentation in sheep fetuses due to their ventro-sacral position in the 2nd half of gestation. At the same sheep farm where afore mentioned research was conducted, the farmer has reported the death of 3 pregnant ewes. In all of 3 animals, torsion of the uterus was diagnosed by patho-anatomical examination. This study was conducted on 6 ewes. All of the animals were in the period around the 100th day of pregnancy at the time of clinical examination. The exact day of pregnancy was not determinated because of free mating in the herd. Confirmation of pregnancy in all of 6 ewes was performed by ultrasound examination. Uniparous pregnancy was found in all of 6 ewes. The entire surgical procedures were performed in the field conditions. Laparotomy was performed in the animals positioned in the left lateral recumbency. Surgical procedure of incorporative uteropexy was performed during the closure of muscle layers of abdominal wall. In need for experimental research of changes in the anterior presentation in sheep fetuses due to their ventro-sacral position in the 2nd half of gestation, 14 days after surgical procedures were conducted, all of sheep were positioned by assistants into a sitting position so that their trunks were vertical to the ground and kept in that position for 2 min. Ultrasound examination of surgical place of uteropexy confirmed that, in all of animals, uteruses were in place of surgical procedures. All of 6 ewes included in this study lambed naturally. One of 6 sheep was sent for economic exploitation on the 14th day after lambing. At the slaughter line, the abdominal wall was evaluated at the site where the incorporative uteropexy was performed. Patho-anatomical examination revealed tissue adhesions at the junction of the uterine horn with the abdominal wall. Discussion: Postsurgical tissue adhesions develop during normal healing process of tissue. According to our knowledge, previous studies do not mention effective measures that could contribute to the prevention of uterine torsion in sheep, but attention is focused on prompt diagnosis and treatment of the disease. According to the results of this study, postsurgical tissue adhesions were developed and confirmed by patho-anatomical examination in 1 sheep. Other 5 sheep were not economically exploited or sacrificed, and no studies were performed to establish the presence of postsurgical tissue adhesions. In conclusion, it could be said that incorporative uteropexy could be considered as preventive procedure in order to avoid the development of uterine torsion in ewes which have shown a history of this pathology, but also in ewes with identified risk factors for the disease. In future studies, it is necessary to identify more parameters which will contribute to identification of sheep which have high risk factors to obtain the torsion of uterus. Also, it is necessary to use non-invasive methods of clinical diagnostics, primary ultrasound diagnostic, to evaluate the area of incorporative uteropexy in order to assess newly formed tissue adhesions as well as to assess the vitality of fetus. It is necessary to follow the lambing process of ewes with incorporated uterus, and to provide medical assistance to the animals if complications occur during the lambing time.

Cervicopexia dorsal para correção de prolapso vaginal em um ovino - Relato de Caso / Dorsal cervicopexy for correction of vaginal prolapse in a sheep – Case Report

O presente trabalho relata o caso clínico-cirúrgico de uma ovelha Santa Inês, com 3 anos, primípara de aproximadamente 4 meses e meio de gestação apresentando um prolapso cervicovaginal de grau 4 com evolução de 3 dias. O tratamento inicial baseou-se na utilização de pomada a base de Nitrofurazona e sutura de Wolff captonada dos lábios vulvares. Após aproximadamente 2 semanas de internamento, o animal pariu ocorrendo ruptura natural da sutura anteriormente realizada e subsequente prolapso, sendo optado pela realização da técnica cirúrgica de cervicopexia dorsal na porção muscular do oblíquo interno e musculo transverso do abdômen. Transcorridos um ano do procedimento cirúrgico, a ovelha apresentou nova prenhes, seguida de parto normal, sem recidiva do prolapso cervicovaginal. A opção pela técnica cirúrgica empregada permitiu a manutenção da vida reprodutiva do animal.

The present work reports the clinical and surgical case of a 3 year old Santa Inês sheep, primiparous, with approximately 4 and a half months of gestation, presenting a grade 4 cervicovaginal prolapse with 3 days of evolution. Initial treatment consisted of Nitrofurazone ointment and a wolf suture of the vulvar labia, with stents. After approximately 2 weeks of hospitalization, the animal gave birth with occurrence of the natural rupture of the previously performed suture and subsequent prolapse, and it was decided to perform the surgical technique of dorsal cervicopexy in the muscular portion of the internal oblique and transverse abdominus muscle. One year after the surgical procedure, the sheep presented new pregnancy followed by normal delivery, with no recurrence of cervicovaginal prolapse. The decision for the surgical technique employed allowed the animal to maintain its reproductive life.

Cervicopexia dorsal para correção de prolapso vaginal em um ovino - Relato de Caso / Dorsal cervicopexy for correction of vaginal prolapse in a sheep Case Report

O presente trabalho relata o caso clínico-cirúrgico de uma ovelha Santa Inês, com 3 anos, primípara de aproximadamente 4 meses e meio de gestação apresentando um prolapso cervicovaginal de grau 4 com evolução de 3 dias. O tratamento inicial baseou-se na utilização de pomada a base de Nitrofurazona e sutura de Wolff captonada dos lábios vulvares. Após aproximadamente 2 semanas de internamento, o animal pariu ocorrendo ruptura natural da sutura anteriormente realizada e subsequente prolapso, sendo optado pela realização da técnica cirúrgica de cervicopexia dorsal na porção muscular do oblíquo interno e musculo transverso do abdômen. Transcorridos um ano do procedimento cirúrgico, a ovelha apresentou nova prenhes, seguida de parto normal, sem recidiva do prolapso cervicovaginal. A opção pela técnica cirúrgica empregada permitiu a manutenção da vida reprodutiva do animal.(AU)

The present work reports the clinical and surgical case of a 3 year old Santa Inês sheep, primiparous, with approximately 4 and a half months of gestation, presenting a grade 4 cervicovaginal prolapse with 3 days of evolution. Initial treatment consisted of Nitrofurazone ointment and a wolf suture of the vulvar labia, with stents. After approximately 2 weeks of hospitalization, the animal gave birth with occurrence of the natural rupture of the previously performed suture and subsequent prolapse, and it was decided to perform the surgical technique of dorsal cervicopexy in the muscular portion of the internal oblique and transverse abdominus muscle. One year after the surgical procedure, the sheep presented new pregnancy followed by normal delivery, with no recurrence of cervicovaginal prolapse. The decision for the surgical technique employed allowed the animal to maintain its reproductive life.(AU)

Avaliação histológica e histomorfométrica da regeneração óssea a partir da utilização de biomateriais em tíbias de ovinos / Histological and histomorphometric evaluation of bone regeneration with biomaterial in the tibia of sheep

Falhas ósseas são comumente encontradas na medicina veterinária em diferentes enfermidades, principalmente por traumas em grandes animais. Frequentemente faz-se necessário auxiliar este reparo tecidual para melhor correção desta falha. Os biomateriais foram desenvolvidos para cumprir esta função. A fim de avaliar o comportamento celular perante estes substitutos ósseos, a realização de testes in vivo é fundamental. A partir da observação da unidade morfofuncional do tecido é possível avaliar a quantidade e a qualidade do tecido neoformado. Atualmente, em estudos ortopédicos, os ovinos são considerados animais de escolha como modelo experimental. Falhas ósseas foram realizadas experimentalmente em ovinos, onde foram implantados biomateriais à base de quitosana, hidroxiapatita e colágeno. Após 60 dias foi realizada biopsia no local do reparo tecidual e por meio da histomorfometria da matriz orgânica, da análise descritiva da microscopia de luz e da microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, o tecido neoformado foi avaliado e comparado. Na histomorfometria, não houve diferença significativa quanto à quantidade de tecido neorformado do grupo controle e do grupo com biomaterial, porém quando comparado ao osso pré-existente, retirado no momento da confecção da falha, a área de matriz óssea foi menor. Na descrição da microscopia de luz e em maiores detalhes na análise ultra estrutural, observou-se o biomaterial em contato íntimo com o tecido neoformado, sugerindo boa biocompatibilidade. Foi possível observar o padrão da reparação tecidual, onde o membro controle e o membro com biomaterial não diferiram quanto à arquitetura tecidual, porém nas amostras com o implante do biomaterial foi identificada a presença do mesmo. Todas estas informações sugerem que o biomaterial não prejudicou a regeneração óssea, apresentou boa biocompatibilidade e denota potencial para auxiliar na rotina ortopédica de grandes animais.(AU)

Bone defects are commonly found in veterinary medicine through different disease such as trauma, especially in large animals. Frequently it is necessary to assist this tissue repair for better regeneration. Biomaterials in general are designed to this function. In order to understand the bone cells in the presence of bone substitutes, tests in vivo are essential for these studies. The quantity and quality of new tissue formation can be assessed by observation of tissue morphofunctional unit. Currently, in orthopedic studies sheep are considerated animals of choice for experimental development. Bone defects were performed experimentally in sheep and were implanted chitosan, hydroxyapatite and collagen biomaterials. After 60 days, biopsy was performed at the site of tissue repair and the new tissue formation was described, evaluated and compared by organic matrix bone histomorphometry and electronic transmission microscopy. After hystomorfometry analysis there was no difference between control group and biomaterial group, but when compare with pre-existent tissue, the values are smaller. In descriptive analysis was observed intimate contact with biomaterial and new tissue formation suggesting biocompatibility. It observed the pattern of tissue repair in control group and biomaterial group did not differ in the architecture tissue. However, in the biomaterial group was identified presence of the biomaterial in the specimen. All these data suggest that the biomaterial did not impair bone regeneration, had good biocompatibility and potential to assistant in orthopedic routine of large animals.(AU)

Avaliação histológica e histomorfométrica da regeneração óssea a partir da utilização de biomateriais em tíbias de ovinos / Histological and histomorphometric evaluation of bone regeneration with biomaterial in the tibia of sheep

Falhas ósseas são comumente encontradas na medicina veterinária em diferentes enfermidades, principalmente por traumas em grandes animais. Frequentemente faz-se necessário auxiliar este reparo tecidual para melhor correção desta falha. Os biomateriais foram desenvolvidos para cumprir esta função. A fim de avaliar o comportamento celular perante estes substitutos ósseos, a realização de testes in vivo é fundamental. A partir da observação da unidade morfofuncional do tecido é possível avaliar a quantidade e a qualidade do tecido neoformado. Atualmente, em estudos ortopédicos, os ovinos são considerados animais de escolha como modelo experimental. Falhas ósseas foram realizadas experimentalmente em ovinos, onde foram implantados biomateriais à base de quitosana, hidroxiapatita e colágeno. Após 60 dias foi realizada biopsia no local do reparo tecidual e por meio da histomorfometria da matriz orgânica, da análise descritiva da microscopia de luz e da microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, o tecido neoformado foi avaliado e comparado. Na histomorfometria, não houve diferença significativa quanto à quantidade de tecido neorformado do grupo controle e do grupo com biomaterial, porém quando comparado ao osso pré-existente, retirado no momento da confecção da falha, a área de matriz óssea foi menor. Na descrição da microscopia de luz e em maiores detalhes na análise ultra estrutural, observou-se o biomaterial em contato íntimo com o tecido neoformado, sugerindo boa biocompatibilidade. Foi possível observar o padrão da reparação tecidual, onde o membro controle e o membro com biomaterial não diferiram quanto à arquitetura tecidual, porém nas amostras com o implante do biomaterial foi identificada a presença do mesmo. Todas estas informações sugerem que o biomaterial não prejudicou a regeneração óssea, apresentou boa biocompatibilidade e denota potencial para auxiliar na rotina ortopédica de grandes animais.(AU)

Bone defects are commonly found in veterinary medicine through different disease such as trauma, especially in large animals. Frequently it is necessary to assist this tissue repair for better regeneration. Biomaterials in general are designed to this function. In order to understand the bone cells in the presence of bone substitutes, tests in vivo are essential for these studies. The quantity and quality of new tissue formation can be assessed by observation of tissue morphofunctional unit. Currently, in orthopedic studies sheep are considerated animals of choice for experimental development. Bone defects were performed experimentally in sheep and were implanted chitosan, hydroxyapatite and collagen biomaterials. After 60 days, biopsy was performed at the site of tissue repair and the new tissue formation was described, evaluated and compared by organic matrix bone histomorphometry and electronic transmission microscopy. After hystomorfometry analysis there was no difference between control group and biomaterial group, but when compare with pre-existent tissue, the values are smaller. In descriptive analysis was observed intimate contact with biomaterial and new tissue formation suggesting biocompatibility. It observed the pattern of tissue repair in control group and biomaterial group did not differ in the architecture tissue. However, in the biomaterial group was identified presence of the biomaterial in the specimen. All these data suggest that the biomaterial did not impair bone regeneration, had good biocompatibility and potential to assistant in orthopedic routine of large animals.(AU)

Sheep Model for Uterine Transplantation: The Best Option Before Starting a Human Program.

OBJECTIVE:: This study reports the first four cases of a uterine transplant procedure conducted in sheep in Latin America. The aim of this study was to evaluate the success of uterine transplantation in sheep. METHOD:: The study was conducted at Laboratory of Medical Investigation 37 (LIM 37) at the University of São Paulo School of Medicine. Four healthy mature ewes weighing 40-60 kg were used as both the donor and recipient for a transplant within the same animal (auto-transplant). Institutional guidelines for the care of experimental animals were followed. RESULTS:: The first two cases of auto-transplant were performed to standardize the technique. After complete uterine mobilization and isolation of the blood supply, the unilateral vascular pedicle was sectioned and anastomosed on the external iliac vessels. After standardization, the protocol was implemented. Procurement surgery was performed without complications or bleeding. After isolation of uterine arteries and veins as well as full mobilization of the uterus, ligation of the distal portion of the internal iliac vessels was performed with subsequent division and end-to-side anastomosis of the external iliac vessels. After vaginal anastomosis, the final case presented with arterial thrombosis in the left uterine artery. The left uterine artery anastomosis was re-opened and flushed with saline solution to remove the clot from the artery lumen. Anastomosis was repeated with restoration of blood flow for a few minutes before another uterine artery thrombosis appeared on the same side. All four animals were alive after the surgical procedure and were euthanized after the experimental period. CONCLUSION:: We describe the success of four uterine auto-transplants in sheep models.

Sheep Model for Uterine Transplantation: The Best Option Before Starting a Human Program

OBJECTIVE: This study reports the first four cases of a uterine transplant procedure conducted in sheep in Latin America. The aim of this study was to evaluate the success of uterine transplantation in sheep. METHOD: The study was conducted at Laboratory of Medical Investigation 37 (LIM 37) at the University of São Paulo School of Medicine. Four healthy mature ewes weighing 40-60 kg were used as both the donor and recipient for a transplant within the same animal (auto-transplant). Institutional guidelines for the care of experimental animals were followed. RESULTS: The first two cases of auto-transplant were performed to standardize the technique. After complete uterine mobilization and isolation of the blood supply, the unilateral vascular pedicle was sectioned and anastomosed on the external iliac vessels. After standardization, the protocol was implemented. Procurement surgery was performed without complications or bleeding. After isolation of uterine arteries and veins as well as full mobilization of the uterus, ligation of the distal portion of the internal iliac vessels was performed with subsequent division and end-to-side anastomosis of the external iliac vessels. After vaginal anastomosis, the final case presented with arterial thrombosis in the left uterine artery. The left uterine artery anastomosis was re-opened and flushed with saline solution to remove the clot from the artery lumen. Anastomosis was repeated with restoration of blood flow for a few minutes before another uterine artery thrombosis appeared on the same side. All four animals were alive after the surgical procedure and were euthanized after the experimental period. CONCLUSION: We describe the success of four uterine auto-transplants in sheep models.

Parâmetros cardiopulmonares e hemogasométricos em ovinos sob anestesia inalatória durante alternâncias de decúbito / Cardiopulmonary and blood gas parameters in sheep under inhalational anesthesia during decubitus alternations

Os rebanhos de ovinos do Centro-Oeste do Brasil, principalmente da raça Santa Inês, aumentaram muito nos últimos anos. Dessa forma, a casuística clínica também cresceu e a realização de cirurgias de grande porte sem dor e com segurança se faz presente, associada ao uso da anestesia geral inalatória. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os parâmetros cardiopulmonares e hemogasométricos em ovinos sob anestesia inalatória com ventilação controlada, bem como avaliar a influência de alternâncias de decúbito nos mesmos parâmetros. Os animais foram sedados com acepromazina, induzidos com propofol, intubados e colocados sob anestesia inalatória com isoflurano durante manutenção anestésica. As frequências cardíaca e respiratória, pressão arterial e a concentração de gases sanguíneos foram aferidas a cada cinco minutos por um total de 45 minutos, durante os quais os animais foram alternados entre decúbito lateral direito, dorsal e esquerdo. Os parâmetros aferidos não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os tempos e decúbitos, concluindo-se que a anestesia geral inalatória com isoflurano mostra-se viável e segura na espécie ovina, pois mantém os parâmetros cardiopulmonares e hemogasométricos em níveis seguros(AU)

Sheep herds, especially Santa Ines breed, have grown in the Brazilian Midwest in recent years. Therefore, clinical cases have also grown, and along came the need of conducting major surgeries without pain associated with the use of inhalational anesthesia. This study evaluated the cardiopulmonary and blood gas parameters in sheep under inhalational anesthesia with controlled ventilation, and assessed the effect of decubitus alternations on the parameters. The animals were anesthetized with acepromazine and propofol, intubated and placed on inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane. The respiratory rates, blood pressure and blood gas concentrations were measured every for minutes for a total of 45 minutes during which the animals were alternated right, dorsal and left decubitus. The measured parameters showed no significant differences among the times and positions, concluding that inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane is valid and safe for sheep, as it keeps the cardiopulmonary parameters and arterial blood gases at safe levels(AU)

Parâmetros cardiopulmonares e hemogasométricos em ovinos sob anestesia inalatória durante alternâncias de decúbito / Cardiopulmonary and blood gas parameters in sheep under inhalational anesthesia during decubitus alternations

Os rebanhos de ovinos do Centro-Oeste do Brasil, principalmente da raça Santa Inês, aumentaram muito nos últimos anos. Dessa forma, a casuística clínica também cresceu e a realização de cirurgias de grande porte sem dor e com segurança se faz presente, associada ao uso da anestesia geral inalatória. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os parâmetros cardiopulmonares e hemogasométricos em ovinos sob anestesia inalatória com ventilação controlada, bem como avaliar a influência de alternâncias de decúbito nos mesmos parâmetros. Os animais foram sedados com acepromazina, induzidos com propofol, intubados e colocados sob anestesia inalatória com isoflurano durante manutenção anestésica. As frequências cardíaca e respiratória, pressão arterial e a concentração de gases sanguíneos foram aferidas a cada cinco minutos por um total de 45 minutos, durante os quais os animais foram alternados entre decúbito lateral direito, dorsal e esquerdo. Os parâmetros aferidos não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os tempos e decúbitos, concluindo-se que a anestesia geral inalatória com isoflurano mostra-se viável e segura na espécie ovina, pois mantém os parâmetros cardiopulmonares e hemogasométricos em níveis seguros

Sheep herds, especially Santa Ines breed, have grown in the Brazilian Midwest in recent years. Therefore, clinical cases have also grown, and along came the need of conducting major surgeries without pain associated with the use of inhalational anesthesia. This study evaluated the cardiopulmonary and blood gas parameters in sheep under inhalational anesthesia with controlled ventilation, and assessed the effect of decubitus alternations on the parameters. The animals were anesthetized with acepromazine and propofol, intubated and placed on inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane. The respiratory rates, blood pressure and blood gas concentrations were measured every for minutes for a total of 45 minutes during which the animals were alternated right, dorsal and left decubitus. The measured parameters showed no significant differences among the times and positions, concluding that inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane is valid and safe for sheep, as it keeps the cardiopulmonary parameters and arterial blood gases at safe levels

Tibia ostectomies in sheep in experimental model for bone regeneration study / Ostectomia de tíbia em modelo experimental ovino para estudo de regeneração óssea

The unicortical bone defects in sheep are established model for evaluation of biological properties of graft, but their limitation is related to the defect size and the risk of fracture. However, the models of cortical defects are not well described, defined or patterned. Unicortical Circular Ostectomies in tibias were held in twelve sheep females. The diameter and length of the tibia were measured and filling the bone defect was accompanied by imaging evaluation (X-ray, ultrasound and thermography) for 60 days. In addition, the bone fragment collected was processed for histological study. The sheep of this study had tibias with diameters between 1.2 and 2.0 cm and length from 15.4 to 23.0 centimeters with a 95% confidence interval. By radiographs, ultrasound and thermography were possible to measure and compare the bone defect for up to 60 days. The proposed method can be considered efficient and reproducible.(AU)

Os defeitos ósseos unicorticais em ovinos são modelos muito utilizados para avaliação de propriedades biológicas de enxerto, porém, sua limitação está relacionada com o tamanho do defeito e o risco de fratura. No entanto, alguns modelos de defeitos corticais não estão bem descritos, definidos ou padronizados. Com o objetivo de propor um modelo experimental passível de ser reproduzido em projetos de pesquisa foram realizadas ostectomias circulares unicorticais de 5mm, em tíbias de doze ovinos fêmeas. O diâmetro e o comprimento das tíbias foram mensurados e a realização do defeito ósseo foi acompanhado por meio de exames de imagem (radiográfico, ultrassonográfico e termográfico), no transoperatório e por 60 dias. Um fragmento ósseo foi coletado e avaliado quanto à viabilidade de realização de estudo histológico por meio de microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão. As ovelhas deste estudo possuíam tíbias com diâmetros entre 1,2 e 2,0 centímetros, com comprimento variando de 15,4 a 23,0 centímetros, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Por meio de exames radiográficos, ultrassonográficos e termográficos foi possível mensurar e comparar o defeito ósseo por até 60 dias, e o método proposto pode ser considerado eficaz por ser adequadamente reprodutível.(AU)

Tibia ostectomies in sheep in experimental model for bone regeneration study / Ostectomia de tíbia em modelo experimental ovino para estudo de regeneração óssea

The unicortical bone defects in sheep are established model for evaluation of biological properties of graft, but their limitation is related to the defect size and the risk of fracture. However, the models of cortical defects are not well described, defined or patterned. Unicortical Circular Ostectomies in tibias were held in twelve sheep females. The diameter and length of the tibia were measured and filling the bone defect was accompanied by imaging evaluation (X-ray, ultrasound and thermography) for 60 days. In addition, the bone fragment collected was processed for histological study. The sheep of this study had tibias with diameters between 1.2 and 2.0 cm and length from 15.4 to 23.0 centimeters with a 95% confidence interval. By radiographs, ultrasound and thermography were possible to measure and compare the bone defect for up to 60 days. The proposed method can be considered efficient and reproducible.

Os defeitos ósseos unicorticais em ovinos são modelos muito utilizados para avaliação de propriedades biológicas de enxerto, porém, sua limitação está relacionada com o tamanho do defeito e o risco de fratura. No entanto, alguns modelos de defeitos corticais não estão bem descritos, definidos ou padronizados. Com o objetivo de propor um modelo experimental passível de ser reproduzido em projetos de pesquisa foram realizadas ostectomias circulares unicorticais de 5mm, em tíbias de doze ovinos fêmeas. O diâmetro e o comprimento das tíbias foram mensurados e a realização do defeito ósseo foi acompanhado por meio de exames de imagem (radiográfico, ultrassonográfico e termográfico), no transoperatório e por 60 dias. Um fragmento ósseo foi coletado e avaliado quanto à viabilidade de realização de estudo histológico por meio de microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão. As ovelhas deste estudo possuíam tíbias com diâmetros entre 1,2 e 2,0 centímetros, com comprimento variando de 15,4 a 23,0 centímetros, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Por meio de exames radiográficos, ultrassonográficos e termográficos foi possível mensurar e comparar o defeito ósseo por até 60 dias, e o método proposto pode ser considerado eficaz por ser adequadamente reprodutível.

Laparoscopy of the genitourinary tract of small ruminants

Laparoscopic endosurgery is an important tool for small ruminant breeding especially due to its wide versatility, both in reproductive biotechnologies and therapeutic approach. The purpose of this review is to present the applicability and advantages of endosurgery for routine use in small ruminants. Several endosurgical techniques of the genitourinary tract of small ruminants, including artificial insemination, embryo transfer, and oocyte retrieval for IVF, ovariectomy, cystotomy and renal biopsy are approached. The endoscopic techniques can improve the development of potential zootechnical indexes on the short-term period in comparison to traditional approaches.

Laparoscopy of the genitourinary tract of small ruminants

Laparoscopic endosurgery is an important tool for small ruminant breeding especially due to its wide versatility, both in reproductive biotechnologies and therapeutic approach. The purpose of this review is to present the applicability and advantages of endosurgery for routine use in small ruminants. Several endosurgical techniques of the genitourinary tract of small ruminants, including artificial insemination, embryo transfer, and oocyte retrieval for IVF, ovariectomy, cystotomy and renal biopsy are approached. The endoscopic techniques can improve the development of potential zootechnical indexes on the short-term period in comparison to traditional approaches.(AU)

Ethyl-cyanoacrylate adhesive in skin sutures in sheep / Uso do adesivo etil-cianoacrilato em dermorrafias de ovinos

To evaluate and compare clinically and histologically the use of the ethyl-cyanoacrylate adhesive on repairing of skin surgical wounds, were used 7 adult sheep, clinically healthy. The animals were anaesthetized and two incisions of 5 cm on the skin were made. The skin suture was made with nylon 0, in simple separate pattern (control group) or with ethylcyanoacrylate adhesive (group treatment). The skin wounds were daily assessed until the 10th day post-operative regarding edema, secretion and dehiscence. For histological evaluation of the process, took place biopsy of both experimental wounds to 10, 20 and 30 days after surgery. The surgical procedure lasted on average 16.2 ± 1.92 minutes in the control group and 11.2 ± 2.58 minutes in the treatment group and both groups induced good healing process both macroscopically and histologically. The results showed that the ethyl-cyanoacrylate adhesive has good adhesion, and when employed in the synthesis of skin wounds in sheep, reduced the time of realization of the surgical procedure in 30.9%, not interfering with the scarring procedure and providing excellent aesthetic results without the need for removal the points.(AU)

Para avaliar e comparar clínica e histologicamente o uso do adesivo etil-cianoacrilato na reparação de feridas cirúrgicas de pele foram utilizados sete ovinos adultos, clinicamente sadios. Os animais foram sedados e anestesiados e realizaram-se duas incisões de cinco centímetros na pele, uma em cada fossa paralombar. A dermorrafia foi realizada com fio de náilon monofilamentar número 0, em padrão simples separado (grupo controle) ou com o adesivo de etilcianoacrilato (grupo tratamento). As feridas cutâneas foram avaliadas diariamente até o 10º dia pós-operatório quanto ao edema, secreção e deiscência. Para avaliação histológica do processo cicatricial, foram realizadas biopsias de ambas as feridas experimentais aos 10, 20 e 30 dias após a cirurgia. O procedimento cirúrgico durou em média 16,2±1,92 minutos no grupo controle e 11,2±2,58 minutos no grupo tratamento e ambos os grupos induziram bons processos cicatriciais tanto macroscopicamente como histologicamente. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o adesivo de etil-cianoacrilato possui boa adesividade e quando empregado na síntese de feridas cutâneas na região avaliada em ovinos, reduziu o tempo de realização do procedimento cirúrgico em 30,9%, não interferindo com o processo cicatricial e propiciando excelente resultado estético, sem necessidade de remoção dos pontos.(AU)

Ethyl-cyanoacrylate adhesive in skin sutures in sheep / Uso do adesivo etil-cianoacrilato em dermorrafias de ovinos

To evaluate and compare clinically and histologically the use of the ethyl-cyanoacrylate adhesive on repairing of skin surgical wounds, were used 7 adult sheep, clinically healthy. The animals were anaesthetized and two incisions of 5 cm on the skin were made. The skin suture was made with nylon 0, in simple separate pattern (control group) or with ethylcyanoacrylate adhesive (group treatment). The skin wounds were daily assessed until the 10th day post-operative regarding edema, secretion and dehiscence. For histological evaluation of the process, took place biopsy of both experimental wounds to 10, 20 and 30 days after surgery. The surgical procedure lasted on average 16.2 ± 1.92 minutes in the control group and 11.2 ± 2.58 minutes in the treatment group and both groups induced good healing process both macroscopically and histologically. The results showed that the ethyl-cyanoacrylate adhesive has good adhesion, and when employed in the synthesis of skin wounds in sheep, reduced the time of realization of the surgical procedure in 30.9%, not interfering with the scarring procedure and providing excellent aesthetic results without the need for removal the points.

Para avaliar e comparar clínica e histologicamente o uso do adesivo etil-cianoacrilato na reparação de feridas cirúrgicas de pele foram utilizados sete ovinos adultos, clinicamente sadios. Os animais foram sedados e anestesiados e realizaram-se duas incisões de cinco centímetros na pele, uma em cada fossa paralombar. A dermorrafia foi realizada com fio de náilon monofilamentar número 0, em padrão simples separado (grupo controle) ou com o adesivo de etilcianoacrilato (grupo tratamento). As feridas cutâneas foram avaliadas diariamente até o 10º dia pós-operatório quanto ao edema, secreção e deiscência. Para avaliação histológica do processo cicatricial, foram realizadas biopsias de ambas as feridas experimentais aos 10, 20 e 30 dias após a cirurgia. O procedimento cirúrgico durou em média 16,2±1,92 minutos no grupo controle e 11,2±2,58 minutos no grupo tratamento e ambos os grupos induziram bons processos cicatriciais tanto macroscopicamente como histologicamente. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o adesivo de etil-cianoacrilato possui boa adesividade e quando empregado na síntese de feridas cutâneas na região avaliada em ovinos, reduziu o tempo de realização do procedimento cirúrgico em 30,9%, não interferindo com o processo cicatricial e propiciando excelente resultado estético, sem necessidade de remoção dos pontos.

Avaliação do reparo ósseo em tíbias de ovino implantadas com cerâmicas de fosfato de cálcio

[...] Os enxertos com biomateriais são amplamente utilizados como substitutos ósseos, devido a suas caractrísticas osteoindutoras e de biocompatibilidade, além de movimentar um mercado de milhões de reais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar histologicamente a osteointegração de cerâmicas de fosfato de cálcio ou biocerâmicas como substitutos ósseos, utilizando cirurgias em tíbia de ovinos. Foram utilizadas quatro tíbias, de dois ovinos da raça Santa Inês, machos, na faixa etária de 1 a 2 anos, com peso médio de 25 kg de peso vivo no início do experimento, clinicamente saudáveis. Foram realizados cinco grupos de acordo com o biomaterial utilizado: grupo A – grupo controle (orifício preenchido com sangue), grupo B (esferas de hidroxiapatita com zinco), grupo C (grânulos de hidroxiapatita com zinco), grupo D (esferas de hidroxiapatita com alginato) e grupo E (membrana de hidroxiapatita). Os ovinos foram anestesiados e submetidos ao procedimento cirúrgico para a perfuração da face medial da tíbia com cinco orifícios de 15mm de profundidade e 4 mm de diâmetro com espaçamento de 30mm entre eles para aplicação, de forma aleatória, de biocerâmicas a base de HA e a manutenção de um orifício preenchido com sangue Os procedimentos cirúrgicos foram realizados nas tíbias direita e esquerda de cada animal, com intervalo de 23 dias entre as cirurgias. Após os períodos preconizados, os animais foram submetidos ao procedimento de eutanásia, sendo depois realizada a ressecção e retirada das tíbias. As tíbias livres foram dissecadas e fixadas em solução de formol a 10 % tamponado com o ph 7,0 e processadas para inclusão em parafina, em seguida foram coradas com Hematoxilina e Eosina, Picrocirius e Reticulina. Posteriormente foi realizada análise histopatológica e estrutural das alterações ósseas observadas. Os ovinos apresentaram rápida recuperação no pós-operatório imediato e mediato, facilidade na manipulação, e resistentes aos procedimentos adotados. [...]

Successful transplant of mesenchymal stem cells in induced osteonecrosis of the ovine femoral head: preliminary results / Sucesso no transplante de células tronco mesenquimais em ovinos com osteonecrose induzida da cabeça do fêmur: resultados preliminares

PURPOSE: Evaluate the bone tissue recovery following transplantation of ovine mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from bone marrow and human immature dental-pulp stem cells (hIDPSC) in ovine model of induced osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH). METHODS: Eight sheep were divided in three experimental groups. First group was composed by four animals with ONFH induced by ethanol through central decompression (CD), for control group without any treatment. The second and third group were compose by two animals, six weeks after ONFH induction received transplantation of heterologous ovine MSC (CD + oMSC), and hIDPSC (CD + hIDPSC), respectively. In both experiments the cells were transplanted without application of any type of immunosupression protocol. RESULTS: Our data indicate that both cell types used in experiments were able to proliferate within injured site providing bone tissue recovery. The histological results obtained from CD+hIDPSC suggested that the bone regeneration in such animals was better than that observed in CD animals. CONCLUSION: Mesenchymal stem cell transplant in induced ovine osteonecrosis of femoral head by central decompression technique is safe, and apparently favors bone regeneration of damaged tissues.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Verificar os efeitos das células-tronco mesenquimais da medula óssea de ovinos e da polpa dentária imatura humana em ovinos com osteonecrose induzida, da cabeça do fêmur. MÉTODOS: Oito ovelhas foram distribuídas em três grupos experimentais. O primeiro grupo foi composto por quatro animais com osteonecrose da cabeça do fêmur induzida por etanol através da descompressão central, que não receberam nenhum tratamento. O segundo e o terceiro grupo, cada um composto por dois animais, receberam transplante heterólogo de células tronco mesenquimais de ovinos e polpa dentária imatura humana seis semanas após a indução da osteonecrose da cabeça do fêmur, respectivamente. Em ambos os grupos experimentais as células foram transplantadas sem o uso de drogas imunossupressoras. RESULTADOS: Os achados demonstram que as células-tronco mesenquimais injetadas na cabeça do fêmur se encontravam viáveis após o transplante no novo sítio e proliferaram em pouco tempo. Os dados histológicos sugerem que a regeneração óssea nos animais transplantados com polpa dentária imatura humana foi mais rápida do que nos animais submetidos somente a descompressão central. CONCLUSÃO: O transplante de células tronco mesenquimais na osteonecrose da cabeça do fêmur induzida em ovinos através da técnica de descompressão central é um procedimento seguro, e aparentemente favorece a regeneração óssea de tecidos lesados.(AU)

Intoxicação espontânea por antibióticos ionóforos em ovinos no Rio Grande do Sul / Spontaneous poisoning by ionophores in sheep in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Um surto de intoxicação espontânea por antibióticos ionóforos em ovinos da região Central do Rio Grande do Sul é descrito. Os 16 ovinos afetados estavam em campo nativo e ingeriram acidentalmente um aditivo alimentar para frangos contendo 250g/kg de narasina. Os sinais clínicos consistiam de fraqueza, incoordenação, dispnéia, secreção nasal, decúbito e morte em poucas horas. Um ovino apresentou urina escura. Macroscopicamente havia ascite, hidrotórax, edema pulmonar e palidez hepática. Discreto grau de degeneração muscular na musculatura esquelética dos membros pélvicos e torácicos foi observado histologicamente. O diagnóstico de intoxicação por narasina foi realizado com base no histórico (ingestão de aditivo alimentar contendo narasina) e nos achados clinico-patológicos.

An outbreak of spontaneous ionophore toxicity in sheep grazing in native pasture in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil is described. Sixteen sheep which had accidental access to a chicken feed additive containing 250g/kg of narasin were affected. Clinical signs consisted of weakness, incoordination, dyspnea, nasal discharge, recumbency, and death in a few hours. One sheep showed dark red urine. Grossly there were ascites, hydrothorax, pulmonary edema, and hepatic paleness. Discrete skeletal muscle degeneration was observed histologically in the muscles of the pelvic and thoracic limbs. The diagnostic of narasin toxicosis was based on history (ingestion of feed additive containing narasin), clinical, and pathological findings.