Home blood pressure measurement days and changes in urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio, estimated salt and potassium intakes and blood pressure: 1-year prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: Current international guidelines recommend home blood pressure (BP) measurement and low sodium and high potassium intakes for the management of hypertension. We hypothesized that increased home BP measurement may result in more effective management of sodium and potassium intakes and BP. METHODS: We examined associations of home BP measurement days with changes in the urinary sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio, estimated salt and potassium intakes and BP. We included 209 healthy participants (mean age, 55.9 years; 56.5% women) from a prospective cohort study. We examined 1-year data on self-measured home BP and spot urine samples. RESULTS: Median (interquartile range) days of home BP measurement was 324 (225-358) over 1-year. Baseline mean (SD) Na/K ratio, salt and potassium intakes, morning and evening SBP, and morning and evening DBP were 3.8 (2.3), 8.5 (1.9) g/day, 1833.5 (416.5) mg/day, 120.4 (14.0) mmHg, 118.2 (14.2) mmHg, 79.2 (10.1) mmHg, and 76.2 (10.1) mmHg, respectively. In multivariable-adjusted linear regression , ß (standard error) per 10 days increase in number of home BP measurement were -0.031 (0.017) for Na/K ratio, -0.036 (0.015) for salt intake, -1.357 (2.797) for potassium intake, -0.178 (0.064) for morning SBP, -0.079 (0.041) for morning DBP, -0.109 (0.067) for evening SBP and -0.099 (0.045) for evening DBP. Additionally, relationships persisted for men and women, but changes in salt intake were more pronounced among participants taking antihypertensive medication (interaction P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Continuous measurement of home BP may lead not only to self-monitoring of BP, but also to declines in salt intakes and some BP indices.

Sodium alendronate: proposal and reliability of indicators

Abstract The present study proposes and evaluates the test-retest reliability of indicators of the correct use of sodium alendronate in elderly patients. This is a test-retest reliability study for use of sodium alendronate. Six questions to evaluate the correct use of this medicine were elaborated after analysis of information in the literature. Data collection was performed through questionnaires in face-to-face in-home interviews by previously trained interviewers. The participants were initially interviewed (test) when they agreed to participate in the study, and secondly (retest), after a period of 7 to 14 days from the first interview. The reliability of the questions was evaluated by means of the agreement percentage and the Kappa coefficient. Fifty-seven pairs (test-retest) were obtained. The mean age was 69.3 (SD = 6.9) years, the majority (92.5%) completed elementary education, and declared themselves white (50.9%). All the questions presented high concordance ranging from 79.0% to 98.3%. The Kappa values ranged from 0.1 (low) to 0.83 (very good). The agreement percentage and the Kappa values suggest adequate reliability of the proposed questions. We suggest that they can be used as a simple and quick way to evaluate the quality of sodium alendronate use among the elderly.

Análisis de la ingesta nutricional en corredores de montaña durante una prueba deportiva / Analysis of nutritional intake in trail runners during competition

INTRODUCCIÓN: durante los últimos 20 años se ha producido un incremento en el número de pruebas de deportes de resistencia, así como en el de participantes en las mismas. Un plan nutricional adecuado es esencial para la realización satisfactoria de este tipo de pruebas, tanto en deportistas profesionales como en amateurs. OBJETIVOS: el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar, evaluar y comparar con las recomendaciones científicas actuales el consumo de carbohidratos, agua y sodio por parte de los participantes de una prueba de carrera de montaña. METODOLOGÍA: la competición realizada por los deportistas fue el "Medio Trail de Alcoy 2019" (Alcoy, España), con un recorrido de 30 km. Tras la realización de la prueba, los participantes rellenaron un cuestionario sobre el consumo de alimentos y bebidas realizado durante la misma, además de contestar a otras preguntas sobre hábitos nutricionales en general. En el estudio se incluyeron 11 participantes que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. RESULTADOS: el resultado obtenido para la ingesta media de carbohidratos fue de 14,93 g/h, para la de sodio de 146,42 mg/h y para la de agua de 399,73 mL/h. El 27 % de los participantes acudía al dietista-nutricionista de manera habitual y ninguno de ellos reportó problemas del tracto gastrointestinal durante la prueba. CONCLUSIONES: el consumo de carbohidratos y de sodio realizado por los participantes fue bajo con respecto a las recomendaciones científicas actuales; no obstante, el consumo de agua fue adecuado conforme a las mismas. Se aconseja a los deportistas de resistencia acudir a un dietista-nutricionista especializado para alcanzar un rendimiento óptimo en las competiciones

INTRODUCTION: there has been an increase in the number of endurance sports events during the last 20 years, as well as in the number of their participants. An adequate nutritional plan is essential for a satisfactory performance in this type of events, both in professional and amateur athletes. OBJECTIVES: the objective was to determine, evaluate, and compare with the current scientific recommendations the consumption of carbohydrates, water, and sodium by participants in a trail-running event. METHODS: the competition completed by the athletes was the "Medio Trail de Alcoy 2019" (Alcoy, Spain), with a distance of 30 km. After completing the race, participants filled out a questionnaire about their food and drink consumption during the event, in addition to other questions about their nutritional habits in general. Eleven participants who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. RESULTS: the result obtained for average carbohydrate intake was 14.93 g/h, for sodium intake was 146.42 mg/h, and for water intake was 399.73 mL/h. In all, 27 % of participants visited a dietitian-nutritionist on a regular basis, and none reported gastrointestinal tract issues during the race. CONCLUSIONS: the carbohydrate and sodium consumption of participants was low as compared to current scientific recommendations; however, water consumption was adequate according to them. Our advice for endurance athletes is visit a specialized dietitian-nutritionist to achieve optimal performance in competitions

Monitorización domiciliaria de sodio en niños con diabetes insípida y adipsia / Home monitoring of sodium in children with adipsic diabetes insipidus

No disponible

Validez y limitaciones de los métodos para medir la ingesta y la eliminación de sal / Validity and limitations of methods to measure the intake and elimination of salt

La hipertensión arterial (HTA) es el principal factor de riesgo cardiovascular modificable. La HTA se puede relacionar con el consumo elevado de sal. Para medir la ingesta no todas las encuestas de alimentación son comparables y válidas. El procedimiento de referencia para valorar la ingesta de sal consiste en medir la excreción urinaria de sodio en orina recolectada durante 24 h, aunque se han propuesto métodos alternativos, como las recolecciones de muestras de orina puntuales y cronometradas. En esta revisión analizamos qué instrumentos permiten valorar la ingesta de sal y cuáles de ellos han aportado una mayor validez y fiabilidad a través de los estudios de concordancia con la eliminación de sodio en orina. Las encuestas actuales de consumo de alimentos son inadecuados debido a su amplia variabilidad y relativamente baja correlación con la eliminación de sodio en orina de 24 h. Su principal limitación es la necesidad de validación en diferentes grupos poblacionales. En Atención Primaria se debería valorar la ingesta de sal mediante la utilización de cuestionarios de frecuencia de consumo que recojan alimentos con elevado contenido en sal, el consumo de platos preelaborados y preguntas que cuantifiquen la adición de sal en la preparación de alimentos o en la mesa. Para la validación de estos cuestionarios debe emplearse como gold standard la eliminación de sodio en orina de 24 h ajustada según el aclaramiento de creatinina

High blood pressure (HBP) is the main modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. HBP can be related to high salt intake. To measure intake, not all feeding surveys are comparable and valid. The reference procedure for assessing salt intake consists of measuring the urinary excretion of sodium in urine collected during 24 hours, although alternative methods have been proposed, such as the collection of punctual and timed urine samples. In this review, we analyze which instruments allow the assessment of salt intake and which of them have provided greater validity and reliability through studies of concordance with the elimination of sodium in urine. Current food consumption surveys are inadequate because of their wide variability and relatively low correlation with the elimination of sodium in 24-hour urine. Its main limitation is the need for validation in different population groups. In primary care, salt intake should be assessed by using frequency-of-consumption questionnaires that collect foods with a high salt content, the consumption of preprepared dishes and questions that quantify the addition of salt in the preparation of food or at the table. For the validation of these questionnaires, the standard gold elimination of 24-hour urine sodium adjusted according to creatinine clearance should be used

A sobrecarga intravenosa de fluidos e sódio pode contribuir para a menor infusão de nutrição enteral em pacientes críticos / Intravenous overload of fluids and sodium may contribute to the lower infusion of enteral nutrition in critically ill patients

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da administração intravenosa de fluidos e sódio no primeiro dia de internação com a infusão de nutrição enteral em pacientes de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado com pacientes críticos, não cirúrgicos, em ventilação mecânica internados pelo menos há 5 dias com nutrição enteral. Investigaram-se a quantidade de fluidos e sódio administrados por via venosa no primeiro dia e o volume de nutrição enteral infundido nos primeiros 5 dias. Comparou-se o volume de fluidos intravenosos do primeiro dia > 35mL/kg ou ≤ 35mL/kg de peso corporal e de sódio (acima ou abaixo do percentil 25), com o total de nutrição enteral infundida. Resultados: Estudaram-se 86 pacientes com média (± desvio padrão) de 65 ± 17 anos, sendo 54,7% do sexo feminino. Foram administrados, no primeiro dia, 3.393,7 ± 1.417,0mL de fluidos (48,2 ± 23,0mL/kg) e 12,2 ± 5,1g de sódio. Cinquenta e oito (67,4%) pacientes receberam mais de 35mL/kg de fluidos. Em 5 dias, foram ofertados 67 ± 19,8% (2.993,8 ± 1.324,4mL) da nutrição enteral. Os pacientes que receberam > 35mL/kg de fluidos intravenosos também receberam menos nutrição enteral em 5 dias (2.781,4 ± 1.337,9 versus 3.433,6 ± 1.202,2mL; p = 0,03) versus quem recebeu ≤ 35mL/kg. Pacientes com infusão de sódio intravenoso acima do percentil 25 (≥ 8,73g) no primeiro dia receberam menos volume de nutrição enteral em 5 dias (2.827,2 ± 1.398,0 versus 3.509,3 ± 911,9mL; p = 0,02). Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo apoiam o pressuposto de que a administração de fluidos intravenosos no primeiro dia de internação > 35mL/kg e de sódio ≥ 8,73g pode contribuir para a menor infusão de nutrição enteral em pacientes críticos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effects of intravenous infusion of fluids and sodium on the first day of admission on infusion of enteral nutrition in the first 5 days in intensive care patients. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted with critical nonsurgical patients admitted for at least 5 days who were on mechanical ventilation and receiving enteral nutrition. The amount of intravenous fluids and sodium infused on the first day and the volume of enteral nutrition infused in the first 5 days were investigated. The volume of intravenous fluids > 35mL/kg or ≤ 35mL/kg of body weight and sodium (above or below the 25th percentile) infused on the first day was compared with infused enteral nutrition. Results: A total of 86 patients were studied, with a mean (± standard deviation) of 65 ± 17 years, of which 54.7% were female. On the first day, 3,393.7 ± 1,417.0mL of fluid (48.2 ± 23.0mL/kg) and 12.2 ± 5.1g of sodium were administered. Fifty-eight (67.4%) patients received more than 35mL/kg of fluids. In 5 days, 67 ± 19.8% (2,993.8 ± 1,324.4mL) of the prescribed enteral nutrition was received. Patients who received > 35mL/kg of intravenous fluids also received less enteral nutrition in 5 days (2,781.4 ± 1,337.9 versus 3,433.6 ± 1,202.2mL; p = 0.03) versus those who received ≤ 35mL/kg. Patients with intravenous sodium infusion above the 25th percentile (≥ 8.73g) on the first day received less enteral nutrition volume in 5 days (2,827.2 ± 1,398.0 versus 3,509.3 ± 911.9mL; p = 0.02). Conclusion: The results of this study support the assumption that the administration of intravenous fluids > 35mL/kg and sodium ≥ 8.73g on the first day of hospitalization may contribute to the lower infusion of enteral nutrition in critically ill patients.

Evaluación del contenido nutricional de productos lácteos en programa de alimentación venezolano / Evaluation of the nutritional content of dairy products in the Venezuelan food program

En Venezuela se distribuyen productos lácteos en polvo a través de los Comité Locales de Abastecimiento y Producción (CLAP). Con el objetivo de evaluar la composición nutricional de catorce marcas de productos lácteos provenientes de industrias mexicanas y distribuidos en Venezuela, se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, con muestreo a conveniencia de 14 marcas de lácteos obtenidas en hogares beneficiados del área metropolitana de Caracas-Venezuela. Se cotejó la información presentada en el rotulado del producto y se efectuó un análisis químico de la composición nutricional. Los valores obtenidos se compararon utilizando como referencia a la norma COVENIN. En el etiquetado se encontró que sólo 2 marcas se denominan producto lácteo y el 43% de las marcas expresan el mismo contenido nutricional en el rótulo. En la analítica química se encontró inexactitud con la información presentada en el etiquetado nutricional. El análisis de componentes principales seguido de un conglomerado jerárquico permitió diferenciar 4 clúster o grupos: 2 reales y 2 ideales. La mayoría de los productos analizados son significativamente más altos en carbohidratos y sodio (p<0,05), además de bajos en proteínas y calcio (p<0,05). En conclusión, todas las muestras evaluadas incumplen la normativa correspondiente, al presentar irregularidades en la denominación del producto e informar valores que no se corresponden con el contenido nutricional resultante de los análisis químicos(AU)

In Venezuela, powdered milk products are distributed through the Local Supply and Production Committee (CLAP). The objective was to evaluate the nutritional composition of fourteen brands of dairy products from Mexican industries distributed in Venezuela, a descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted, with convenience sampling of 14 brands of dairy products obtained in households benefiting from the Caracas Metropolitan area - Venezuela. The information presented in the product labeling was checked and a chemical analysis of the nutritional composition was performed. The values obtained were compared using the COVENIN standard as a reference. In the labeling, it was found that only 2 brands are called dairy products and 43% of the brands express the same nutritional content on the label. The chemical analysis showed inaccuracy with the information presented in the nutritional labeling. The analysis of principal components followed by a hierarchical conglomerate allowed us to differentiate 4 clusters or groups: 2 real and 2 ideal. Most of the products analyzed are significantly higher in carbohydrates and sodium (p <0.05), as well as low in protein and calcium (p <0.05). In conclusion, all the samples evaluated fail to comply with the corresponding regulations, presenting irregularities in the product name and reporting values that do not correspond to the nutritional content resulting from chemical analyzes(AU)

Effect of 1% sodium alendronate in the non-surgical treatment of periodontal intraosseous defects: a 6-month clinical trial

Abstract Background and objectives Few studies have evaluated the effect of the topical application of sodium alendronate (ALN) on the treatment of intrabuccal bone defects, especially those caused by periodontitis. This 6-month randomized placebo controlled clinical trial aimed at evaluating the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment associated with the use of 1% ALN, through clinical evaluations and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and Methods Twenty individuals with chronic periodontitis underwent periodontal examination at the baseline as well as 3 and 6 months after periodontal treatment, registering clinical attachment level (CAL), periodontal probing depth (PPD), and bleeding on probing (BOP) as the clinical outcomes. After manual scaling and root planing, 40 bilateral sites with interproximal vertical bone defects were randomly treated with either 1% ALN gel or a placebo. Bone defects were evaluated through CBCT at the baseline and 6 months post-treatment. The clinical and CBCT parameters were compared using the Wilcoxon and Friedman tests (p<0.05). Results Although ALN produced a greater CAL gain when compared to the placebo at 6 months post-treatment (p=0.021), both treatments produced similar effects on the PPD, BOP, and bone height. Significant differences in bone fill were observed only in patients of the ALN group (4.5 to 3.8 mm; p=0.003) at 6 months post-treatment. Conclusions Topical application of 1% ALN might be a beneficial adjuvant to non-surgical periodontal therapy.

Salame com reduzido teor de sódio e iogurte comercial como cultura starter / Salami with reduced sodium content and commercial yogurt as starter culture / Salame reducido en sodio y yogurt comercial como cultura starter

A hipertensão arterial tornou-se na atualidade um dos grandes problemas da saúde pública em vários países, incluindo o Brasil, mudanças no estilo de vida, incluindo os hábitos alimentares são importantes para a prevenção, especificamente a redução do consumo de sódio. Este trabalho objetivou desenvolver e analisar salames desenvolvidos com redução do teor de sódio e emprego de iogurte natural comercial como cultura starter. Foram produzidos salames com adição de 1,5% de cloreto de sódio e com a mesma porcentagem de uma mistura contendo 80% de cloreto de sódio e 20% de cloreto de potássio que foram mantidos por 21 dias em temperatura de 20ºC seguido por mais 23 dias em temperatura de refrigeração. Foram avaliados a composição da massa base dos salames, a variação nos valores de pH e contagem em NMP/g de coliformes termotolerantes. O salame com redução de sódio e cultura starter de iogurte foi vantajosa, pois o produto final manteve as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas preconizadas pela legislação.(AU)

High blood pressure has become one of the major public health concerns in several countries, including Brazil. Thus, some changes in habits are necessary, including eating habits, for prevention, especially by reducing sodium intake. This work aimed at developing and analyzing salamis with reduced sodium content and the use of commercial yoghurt as starter culture. Salamis were produced with the addition of 1.5% sodium chloride, with the same percentage from a mixture containing 80% sodium chloride and 20% potassium chloride. They were stored for 7 days at 20 °C followed by further 23 days under refrigeration. The composition of the salami base mass and the variation of the pH values and the MPN/g count of thermo-tolerant coliforms were analyzed. The results showed that the substitution of 20% sodium chloride by potassium chloride did not present any changes to fermentation characteristics of the salamis, which reached pH values close to the expectations and found in the literature. The microbiological analysis showed that the salamis produced were good for consumption since values were below the maximum threshold allowed by the Brazilian legislation.(AU)

La hipertensión arterial se volvió en la actualidad uno de los grandes problemas de la salud pública en varios países, incluyendo Brasil, y cambios en el estilo de vida, así como los hábitos alimentares son importantes para la prevención, específicamente la reducción de sodio y empleo de yogurt natural comercial como cultura Starter. Se han producido salames con adicción de 1,5% de cloruro de sodio y con el mismo porcentaje de una mezcla conteniendo 80% de cloruro de sodio y 20% de cloruro de potasio que fueron mantenidos por 21 días en temperatura de 20ºC seguido por más 23 días en temperatura de refrigeración. Se evaluó la composición de la masa base de los salames, la variación en los valores del pH y conteo en NMP/g de coliformes termotolerantes. El salame con reducción de sodio y cultura starter de yogurt se hizo ventajoso, pues el producto final mantuvo las características físico químicas y microbiológicas preconizadas por la legislación.(AU)

Análise comparativa do teor de sódio presente em salgadinhos industrializados com os requerimentos para o consumo diário / Comparative analysis of sodium in industrialised snacks with requirementsfor the daily consuption

A população brasileira apresenta um padrão alimentar rico emsal, açúcar e gorduras. Paralelo a isto, observa-se o aumento noconsumo de salgadinhos industrializados em escala mundial,em crianças e em adultos. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificaro teor de sódio em salgadinhos industrializados e compará-locom seus requerimentos para consumo diário. A amostra foicomposta de 10 marcas de salgadinhos industrializados. Foramconsiderados os teores de sódio por porção apresentados nainformação nutricional das embalagens e, a partir deles, foramcalculados o teor de sódio para a quantidade total de produtona embalagem e na porção, padronizada em 25 g. O teor desódio foi comparado, por porção e por embalagem, com seusrequerimentos para consumo diário, considerando-se valores deingestão adequada (AI) e nível de ingestão máximo tolerável(UL). As marcas foram comparadas em relação ao teor de sódiona porção e no conteúdo total da embalagem, ao percentualde valor diário recomendado para sódio por porção, e aopreço. Foram calculados média, desvio padrão e coeficientede variação (CV) para as variáveis, e a relação entre preço eteor de sódio foi analisada por meio do teste de correlação dePearson. O preço e o teor de sódio dos produtos apresentaramCV muito alto, e não foi observada correlação significanteentre preço e teor de sódio. O teor de sódio no conteúdo totalda embalagem ultrapassou os requerimentos de AI e UL emuma das marcas em estudo, e não excedeu os requerimentospor porção em nenhuma delas...

The Brazilian population has a high eating pattern in salt,sugar and fat. Parallel to this, there is a worldwide increase ofmanufactured snack foods consumption in children and adults.The aim of this study was to identify the sodium content inprocessed snacks and compare it with its requirements for dailyconsumption. The sample was composed of 10 industrializedsalty snacks. The content of sodium per serving shown in thepackage’s nutrition facts was used to calculate the total sodiumcontent of the package and in a 25 g standardized portion. Thesodium content was compared, per serving and per package, withits requirements for daily consumption, considering values foradequate intake (AI) and tolerable upper intake level (UL). Thesodium content in a portion and in the package was comparedto the percentage of the recommended daily value for sodiumper serving. A possible correlation between price and sodiumcontent was also investigated. We calculated mean ± standarddeviation and coefficient of variation (CV) for the variables. Therelationship between price and sodium content was analyzed usingthe Pearson’s correlation. The price and the sodium content of theproducts presented a very high CV, and there was no significantcorrelation between price and sodium content. One of the saltysnacks of the study exceeded the requirements of AI and UL fortotal sodium content of the package, but none of them exceed therequirements for a portion...

Efeito antinatriorexigênico e ansiolítico da administração intracerebral de carvacrol em ratos: influência das vias serotoninérgicas, adrenérgicas e possíveis áreas cerebrais envolvidas / Antinatriorexigenic and anxiolytic effect of the intracerebral administration of carvacrol in rats: influence of serotonergic and adrenergic pathways and possible brain Areas involved

O óleo essencial do orégano apresenta entre seus principais constituintes o carvacrol (70%). O extrato de orégano administrado intraperitonealmente em camundongos inibe a recaptação e a degradação de neurotransmissores monoaminérgicos (dopamina, serotonina e noradrenalina) de modo dose dependente, além de aumentar os níveis de serotonina em diversas áreas cerebrais, e esses efeitos foram atribuídos ao carvacrol. O carvacrol administrado por via oral em camundongos demonstrou significativo aumento em todos os parâmetros observados no teste de ansiedade na cruz elevada. O controle central da ingestão de água e do apetite por sódio é feito por uma complexa rede interativa de circuitos inibitórios e estimulatórios. Sabe-se que tanto a noradrenalina quanto a serotonina participam do controle do apetite por sódio e desconhecem-se os efeitos do carvacrol neste comportamento. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito da administração intracerebroventricular de carvacrol no apetite por sódio, na sede, na ansiedade e na atividade locomotora em ratos, bem como detectar a presença de FOS em áreas cerebrais relacionadas com esses comportamentos através de FOS-IR...

The essential oil of oregano has among its main constituents carvacrol (70%). The oregano extract administered intraperitoneally in mice inhibits the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters degradation (dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine) in a dose-dependent manner, and increases serotonin levels in several brain areas. The carvacrol administered orally in mice showed a significant increase in all parameters observed in the anxiety test in elevated plus maze. The control of water intake and sodium appetite is done by a complex interactive network of stimulatory and inhibitory circuits. It is known that norepinephrine, as well as serotonin, is involved in the control of sodium appetite and it is unknown the effects of carvacrol in these behaviors. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of intracerebroventricular administration of carvacrol on sodium appetite, in the anxiety and locomotor activity in rats, as well as the FOS...

Equilibrio sodio-potasio en la regulación de la hipertensión arterial / Sodium-potassium balance in the regulation of high blood pressure

La hipertensión arterial esencial es considerada como la principal causa de muerte por la OMS. La cuarta parte de la población mayor de 15 años es hipertensa, lo que representa aproximadamente un billón de personas, que tendrán un importante aumento en el año 2025 cercano al 60 por ciento. Su prevalencia aumenta en proporción lineal con el aumento de edad. Desafortunadamente, los niveles de detección, tratamiento y control efectivo de la hipertensión arterial, son deficientes a nivel de Chile y mundial, por lo que es aún un problema de salud pública no resuelto y que por tanto necesita urgente atención. La reciente Encuesta Nacional Ministerial de Salud 2009-2010 de Chile reveló una prevalencia de hipertensión arterial nacional de un 26,9 por ciento, con un 65 por ciento de conocimiento de su existencia, 37,6 por ciento en tratamiento y sólo un 16,49 por ciento de control satisfactorio. Además, dicha encuesta revela marcadores de estilos de vida poco saludables, que permiten comprender la epidemia nacional de hipertensión arterial, a través de la existencia de múltiples factores de riesgo para ella. En esta revisión nos centramos especialmente en la importancia de la relación sodio-potasio en la regulación de la presión arterial. Llama la atención que todos los estudios destacan la importancia que tiene el sodio en la génesis de la hipertensión arterial por sus efectos presores, particularmente en sujetos sensibles, y poco o nada se manifieste de las variadas acciones benéficas que posee el potasio en la regulación de la presión arterial.

The World Health Organization considers essential hypertension as a primary cause of death. Twenty-five percent of the population over 15 has high blood pressure (HBP), equivalent to a billion people. It has been predicted that this group will increase by 60 percent, lineal with age increase in the overall population. Unfortunately, detection, treatment and effective control of HBP, are deficient both in Chile and in the rest of the world, making it an unresolved health problem demanding urgent attention. The recently conducted Chilean National Health Survey (2009-2010) revealed a 26.9 percent prevalence of this condition in the population, sixty-five percent of individuals are aware of their condition, 37.6 percent are in treatment and only 16,49 percent are effectively controlled. Furthermore, the survey reveals unhealthy life-style markers, which explains the epidemic that besets the country as there are multiple risk factors at stake. This review focuses mainly on the importance of the sodium-potassium relationship in the regulation of high blood pressure. It must be pointed out that all of the studies underscore the importance of sodium in the genesis of hypertension because of its effects of blood pressure, especially in sensitive individuals, while little attention has been given to the manifold beneficial actions of potassium in the regulation of blood pressure.

Mecanismos neuro-hormonais envolvidos na regulação do apetite ao sódio: alguns aspectos / Neuro-hormonal mechanisms involved within sodium appetite: some aspects

O sódio é o principal íon do líquido extracelular e tem primordial importância para diversas funções fisiológicas. Manter a concentração plasmática do sódio dentro dos limites fisiológicos é vital para diversas espécies de animais, inclusive os humanos. Portanto, é fundamental que hajam mecanismos responsáveis pela monitorização e manutenção de níveis adequados de sódio no plasma. O apetite ao sódio, o comportamento que comanda a ingestão de sal, é estimulado por situações de deficiência sistêmica de sódio. Ao longo de décadas, diversos estudos foram desenvolvidos a fim de compreender os mecanismos neurais e hormonais envolvidos no controle desse comportamento. No entanto, muitas questões relacionadas a esse assunto ainda permanecem desconhecidas e a cada dia surgem novas evidências. Neste trabalho, foram revistos os fatos históricos, mecanismos neurais, hormonais e os achados mais recentes envolvendo apetite ao sódio.

Sodium is the most important ion of the extracellular fluid and plays an important role for many physiological functions. Maintain the sodium concentration in the plasma around of its physiological values is vital for many species of animals, including humans. Therefore, it is important that have responsible mechanisms for monitorization and maintenance of appropriated levels of plasmatic sodium. Sodium appetite, the behavioral drive to ingest salt, is stimulated by systemic sodium deficiency. Over the past decades, several studies have been performed in order to understand the neural and hormonal mechanisms involved in the control of this behavior. However, many questions related to this issue are still unknown and everyday new evidences arise. Here, we review historical facts, neural and hormonal mechanisms and recent findings involving sodium appetite.

Ingesta de sodio en la dieta de un colectivo de adolescentes / Sodium intake in the diet of a group of adolescents

Los cambios en los hábitos alimentarios de la población han conducido a un incremento en la ingesta de sodio, debido, fundamentalmente, al aumento del consumo de alimentos de fabricación industrial, en detrimento de los preparados en el hogar. Estos cambios se acentúan especialmente en el colectivo adolescente, ya que frecuentemente incluyen en su dieta refrescos, snacks o fast-food, con elevado contenido de sal o aditivos con sodio. Es conocida la relación directa entre la ingesta dietética de sodio y la presión sanguínea, asociándose una ingesta elevada a hipertensión y a enfermedades cardiovasculares. Además, el sodio puede incrementar la eliminación de calcio en la orina, potenciando las pérdidas óseas, por lo que puede ser un factor de riesgo importante para el desarrollo de osteoporosis. En este estudio se realizó una encuesta alimentaria a 21 adolescentes varones de 11-14 años, con el fin de estimar la ingesta de sodio en su dieta habitual y la contribución de los distintos grupos de alimentos. Para ello se evaluó la ingesta de tres días, mediante recordatorio de 24 horas y registro de ingesta de dos días. Los datos del consumo de alimentos fueron transformados en valores de energía y nutrientes mediante tablas de composición de los alimentos. Los adolescentes consumieron una media de 4558 mg de sodio/día, superando en gran medida las recomendaciones actuales del micronutriente. Las conservas y precocinados fueron los alimentos que proporcionaron el mayor porcentaje del elemento en la dieta (23,5%). Debido al elevado consumo de sodio entre los adolescentes, se recomienda disminuir su ingesta, evitando especialmente un consumo excesivo de alimentos procesados, ricos en sodio. Con esto se pretende prevenir posibles problemas de salud en el futuro, como hipertensión u osteoporosis(AU)

Changes in the dietary habits of the population have led to an increase of sodium intake, mainly due to the great intake of manufactured products and the low consumption of homemade foods. These changes are especially important among adolescents, since they frequently include soft drinks, snacks or fast-food in their diets, foods with a high salt content or including sodium-rich additives. It is known the strong relationship between dietary sodium intake and blood pressure: a high sodium intake is related with hypertension and also with cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, sodium intake is associated with increased urinary calcium, therefore increasing bone losses. This fact might be an important risk factor for osteoporosis development. In the present study a dietary questionnaire was realized to 21 male adolescents aged 11-14 years, in order to calculate the sodium intake under their habitual diet and the contribution of the different food sources. The food intake was monitored during a 3-day period, by combining a 24-hour diet recall and two-days weighed dietary record. Data of food consumption were transformed into energy and nutrient vales using tables of food composition. Adolescents consumed an average of 4558 mg/day of sodium, overcoming in a great amount the current recommendations for this micronutrient. Canned and precooked foods contributed the highest percentage of the element in the diet (23.5%). According to these data, it would be extremely advisable to reduce sodium intake among adolescents, avoiding especially excessive processed food consumption, rich in sodium. These actions would be aimed to preventing possible diseases in adulthood such as hypertension and osteoporosis(AU)

Hiponatremia: conduta na emergência / Hyponatremia: management in the emergency

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Definir e atualizar protocolos de tratamento e condutas em pacientes com hiponatremia na emergência médica com enfoque no diag¬nóstico causal da doença e métodos de correção do sódio sérico, consultando estudos de revisão sobre hiponatremia e distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos dos últimos 10 anos nas bases de dados LILACS, MedLine, BIREME, N England J Med e Lancet, a fim de estabelecer um protocolo de tratamento de hiponatremia na emergência. A grande prevalência da hiponatremia na emergência e como complicação aguda de inúmeras doenças, justificada pela grande dificuldade encontrada na correção dos eletrólitos de forma eficaz e que melhorem o prognóstico do paciente quando tratado precocemente. CONTEÚDO: A hiponatremia é caracterizada como o valor de sódio sérico menor que 136 mEq/L, sendo o distúrbio eletrolítico mais freqüentemente encontrado na prática clínica, presente em 6% dos pacientes internados. O tratamento da hiponatremia leva em consideração a classificação dos seus tipos, quanto a sua osmolalidade e em alguns casos à relação com a volemia do paciente, sendo feita na maioria dos casos de forma não controlada e com valores aproximados, não levando em conta outras características dos pacientes. Decorrente da grande dificuldade de se estabelecer a forma mais correta de se corrigir a volemia do paciente e a reposição do sódio, a elaboração de um guia de procedimentos e condutas a serem adotadas se justifica meio a grande prevalência da condição em pacientes portadores de doenças agudas e crônicas e frente à dificuldade de se estabelecer o tratamento mais efetivo nessas condições. As terapêuticas disponíveis seja a restrição hídrica, infusão de soluções ou uso de diuréticos são frequentemente ineficazes e com resultados nem sempre previsíveis, com potenciais efeitos secundários como a mielinólise pontina central. CONCLUSÃO: A hiponatremia é uma condição clínica comum na prática médica, sendo uma emergência responsável por altas taxas de complicações em pacientes internados. Pode manifestar-se de diferentes formas e devem ser prontamente reconhecidas pelo médico a fim de se estabelecer a correção do distúrbio eletrolítico, assim como iniciar o tratamento da doença de base do paciente. O objetivo de o tratamento ser a correção dos eletrólitos deve-se tratar cada individuo separadamente, levando em consideração as comorbidades e condições clínicas apresentadas no momento do tratamento.(AU)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Define and up-date treatment protocols and behaviors in patients with hyponatremia in medical emergencies with focus on casual diagnosis of the disease and methods of correction of serum sodium rising review articles on hyponatremia and electrolyte disturbances in the last 10 years in databases such as LILACS, MedLine, N England J Med, and Lancet in order to establish a protocol for treatment of hyponatremia in the emergency. The high prevalence of hyponatremia in emergency and as a complication of many acute diseases, justified by the great difficulties encountered by medical in the correction of electrolyte effectively and to improve the prognosis when treated early. CONTENTS: Hyponatremia is characterized as the value of serum sodium less than 136 mEq/L, being the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice, affecting 6% of hospitalized patients. The treatment of hyponatremia takes into account the classification of types of hyponatremia and its osmolality and in some cases the relationship with the patient blood volume, being made in most cases in an un¬ controlled way and with approximate values, not taking into account other features patients. Due to the great difficulty in establishing the best thing to correct the patient?s blood volume replacement and sodium, the preparation of a guide to procedures and measures to be adopted is justified through the wide prevalence of the condition in patients with acute and chronic and facing difficulty in establishing the most effective treatment in these conditions. The available treatment is fluid restriction, infusion solu¬tions or diuretics are often ineffective and results not always predictable, with potential side effects such as central pon¬tine myelinolysis. CONCLUSION: Hyponatremia is a common clinical problem in medical practice, and an emergency responsible for high rates of complications in hospitalized patients. Hy¬ponatremia can manifest itself in different ways and should be readily recognized by the physician in order to establish the correction of electrolyte disturbances, and initiate treatment of the underlying disease of the patient. Even the goal of treatment is correction of electrolytes should be to treat each individual separately, taking into account comorbidities and clinical conditions presented at the time of treatment.(AU)

Effects of sodium cyclamate on the rat placenta: a morphometric study

RESUMEN: El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar los efectos del ciclamato de sodio en la placenta de ratas, administrado durante el periodo de la embriogénesis. Fue administrado por vía intraperitoneal, en las ratas del grupo tratado, ciclamato de sodio en una dosis de 60 mg/Kg, desde el 10 al 14 día de gestación, siendo inyectado un volumen equivalente de solución salina en el grupo de ratas control. En el 20 día de preñez, 10 fetos (5 de cada grupo) fueron escogidos al azar para su estudio. Fue utilizada la técnica de cariometría para la evaluación de los parámetros nucleares de las células de las capas decidua, esponjosa y de las vellosidades coriónicas de la placenta de las ratas. El peso de los fetos tratados y de sus placentas fue menor que el del grupo control, así como también el funículo umbilical del grupo tratado fue más corto que el de los fetos controles. No hubo alteraciones en la capa de la decidua. En la capa esponjosa placentaria ocurrieron alteraciones de los siguientes parámetros: diámetro mayor, diámetro medio, perímetro, área, volumen, relación volumen/área y excentricidad. Los parámetros alterados en las vellosidades coriónicas fueron: diámetro medio, perímetro, área, volumen y relación volumen/área. El estudio demostró alteración placentaria con el uso del ciclamato de sodio en la rata preñada y su repercusión en el peso fetal y largo del funículo umbilical.

Valvopatia e gravidez / Aortic valve disease and pregnancy

Em nosso país, de 4 a 6% das gestantes apresentam algum tipo de doença cardiovascular. O alto percentual é atribuído à igualmente elevada incidência de doença reumática em mulher na idade fértil. Os riscos impostos pelas modificações hemodinâmicas da gravidez justificaram por muito tempo, a proibição da concepção em mulheres...