Maternal soy protein isolate diet during lactation programs deleterious effects on hepatic lipid metabolism, atherogenic indices, and function of adrenal in adult rat offspring.

The benefits of consuming soy and its protein have been reported in many studies. However, its phytoestrogen content raises concerns about consumption during lactation and gestation We therefore examined the effects of soybean or soy protein isolate on the parameters-related cardiovascular pathophysiology in lactating mothers and their offsprings at weaning and adulthood. Lactating rats were divided: casein control (C); soy protein isolate (SPI); and soybean (S). At weaning, half of the litter received commercial ration up to 150 days. The levels of 17-ß-estradiol and superoxide dismutase were low in the S mothers. For the SPI mothers, we observed a reduction of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). At weaning, atherogenic indices [1 = total cholesterol (TC)/HDL; 2 = LDL/HDL; 3 = TC-HDL/HDL)] decreased in the S and SPI offsprings compared to the casein control group; TBARS and antioxidant enzymes increased in the S offspring, while reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio increased in the SPI offspring, indicating lower oxidative stress. In adulthood, the SPI offspring showed an increase in liver cholesterol and atherogenic index 1 and 3 (vs. C and S) and 2 (vs. S). In addition, we found a decrease in catecholamines in the adrenal medulla and an increase in caffeine-stimulated secretion, but tyrosine hydroxylase expression remained constant. Maternal consumption of SPI during lactation worsened atherogenic indices of the offsprings in adulthood, which was associated with increased liver cholesterol and decreased catecholamines in the adrenal medulla. Soy consumption had no consistent long-term effects on the evaluated parameters compared to casein consumption. The data suggest that the consumption of SPI during lactation should be done with caution.

Soy protein: a food allergen frequently used in the preparation of meat products / Proteína de soya: un alergeno alimentario altamente utilizado en la preparación de productos cárnicos

The addition of soy proteins, currently classified as a food allergen, into meat products is a commonly used practice due to its functional properties and low cost. Its addition to meat products can cause health problems for individuals allergic to these proteins. Allergic individuals can be affected by the ingestion of low amounts of the allergen. In Brazil, limits are set for the addition of soy proteins in meat products in order to avoide fraud. Starting in 2015 reporting the name of the added component became mandatory for all food labelling. Some studies have reported that food processing can reduce the allergenicity, either by irreversible removal of allergens or by modifying the allergen structure. However, the technological approach to decrease allergenicity has largely been empirical. This review describes the use of soy protein in meat products and the health risk for allergic individuals and consumers of these products. Finally, appropriate methodologies for the detection and quantification of these proteins must be further explored and established to avoid fraud and to preserve consumer health.

La adición de proteínas de soya, actualmente clasificadas como alergeno alimentario, en los productos cárnicos es una práctica comúnmente utilizada debido a sus propiedades funcionales y bajo costo. Su adición en productos cárnicos puede causar problemas de salud en personas alérgicas a estas proteínas. Las personas alérgicas pueden verse afectadas por la ingestión de cantidades diminutas de alérgeno. En Brasil, se establecen límites para la adición de proteínas de soya en los productos cárnicos con el objetivo de evitar el fraude. Solo en 2015 se hizo obligatoria la declaración en la etiqueta de todos los alimentos que indicaban la presencia de sustancias alérgicas, así como el nombre del componente. Algunos estudios se refieren al procesamiento de alimentos para reducir la alergenicidad, ya sea mediante la eliminación irreversible de alergenos o modificando la estructura del alergeno; sin embargo, el enfoque tecnológico hasta ahora para disminuir la alergenicidad ha sido en gran medida empírico. Esta revisión describe el uso de proteína de soya en los productos cárnicos y el riesgo que puede causar para la salud de las personas alérgicas y a los consumidores de estos productos. Finalmente, las metodologías apropiadas para la detección y cuantificación de estas proteínas deben explorarse en profundidad y establecerse para evitar el fraude y preservar la salud de los consumidores.

Soybean meal in diets for juveniles of pirarucu / Farelo de soja na dieta de juvenis de pirarucu

In order to assess the effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) protein by soybean meal (SM) for juveniles of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) feeds, five isonitrogenous (46% CP) and isocaloric (4,800 kcal kg-1 GE) diets containing 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% replacement were tested. One hundred and five fish (233.5 ± 11.5 g) were distributed in fifteen 200-L tanks, fed three times daily to apparent satiation for 120 days. The highest growth rates were observed in diets with up to 30% replacement, but no significant difference was detected as regards to specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, mean daily feed intake and mean daily protein intake in fish fed diets with up to 45% FM replacement. Survival rate, condition factor, hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indexes were not influenced by the treatments, just as the biochemical analyses were not, except for cholesterol. Fish fed diets with increasing levels of SM presented lower hematological values, and higher mean corpuscular value, indicating probable anemia at 60% FM replacement and hypocholesterolemia. Diets with 15 and 30% FM replacement were the most cost effective suggesting that SM can replace up to 30% of FM in diets for pirarucu juveniles (200 to 1,200 g), without compromising growth performance, fish health, feed digestibility and feed cost effectiveness.

Para avaliar os efeitos da proteína do farelo de soja (FS), substituindo a proteína da farinha de peixe (FP) na alimentação de juvenis de pirarucu, foram testadas cinco dietas isoproteicas (46% PB) e isocalóricas (4800 kcal kg-1 EB), contendo 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60% de substituição. Cento e cinco exemplares (233,5 ± 11,5 g) foram distribuídos em 15 tanques (200 L), alimentados três vezes ao dia, até saciedade aparente, por 120 dias. Os maiores ganho de peso foram obtidos até 30% de substituição, sem diferenças significativas para taxa de crescimento específico, conversão alimentar aparente, consumo médio diário de ração e consumo médio diário de proteína com até 45% de FS. Não houve diferenças estatísticas para sobrevivência, fator de condição, índice hepatossomático e víscerossomático e nas análises bioquímicas, exceto colesterol. Os valores hematológicos diminuíram com os níveis de substituição, com elevação do volume corpuscular médio, indicando provável quadro de anemia em 60% de FS e de hipocolesterolemia. Dietas com 15 e 30% de FS foram mais viáveis, sugerindo a substituição até 30% da FP pelo FS (inclusão de 22%) em dietas para pirarucu (200 a 1.200 g), sem prejuízos aos parâmetros zootécnicos, saúde dos peixes e menor custo de produção.

Soybean meal in diets for juveniles of pirarucu / Farelo de soja na dieta de juvenis de pirarucu

In order to assess the effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) protein by soybean meal (SM) for juveniles of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) feeds, five isonitrogenous (46% CP) and isocaloric (4,800 kcal kg-1 GE) diets containing 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% replacement were tested. One hundred and five fish (233.5 ± 11.5 g) were distributed in fifteen 200-L tanks, fed three times daily to apparent satiation for 120 days. The highest growth rates were observed in diets with up to 30% replacement, but no significant difference was detected as regards to specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, mean daily feed intake and mean daily protein intake in fish fed diets with up to 45% FM replacement. Survival rate, condition factor, hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indexes were not influenced by the treatments, just as the biochemical analyses were not, except for cholesterol. Fish fed diets with increasing levels of SM presented lower hematological values, and higher mean corpuscular value, indicating probable anemia at 60% FM replacement and hypocholesterolemia. Diets with 15 and 30% FM replacement were the most cost effective suggesting that SM can replace up to 30% of FM in diets for pirarucu juveniles (200 to 1,200 g), without compromising growth performance, fish health, feed digestibility and feed cost effectiveness.(AU)

Para avaliar os efeitos da proteína do farelo de soja (FS), substituindo a proteína da farinha de peixe (FP) na alimentação de juvenis de pirarucu, foram testadas cinco dietas isoproteicas (46% PB) e isocalóricas (4800 kcal kg-1 EB), contendo 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60% de substituição. Cento e cinco exemplares (233,5 ± 11,5 g) foram distribuídos em 15 tanques (200 L), alimentados três vezes ao dia, até saciedade aparente, por 120 dias. Os maiores ganho de peso foram obtidos até 30% de substituição, sem diferenças significativas para taxa de crescimento específico, conversão alimentar aparente, consumo médio diário de ração e consumo médio diário de proteína com até 45% de FS. Não houve diferenças estatísticas para sobrevivência, fator de condição, índice hepatossomático e víscerossomático e nas análises bioquímicas, exceto colesterol. Os valores hematológicos diminuíram com os níveis de substituição, com elevação do volume corpuscular médio, indicando provável quadro de anemia em 60% de FS e de hipocolesterolemia. Dietas com 15 e 30% de FS foram mais viáveis, sugerindo a substituição até 30% da FP pelo FS (inclusão de 22%) em dietas para pirarucu (200 a 1.200 g), sem prejuízos aos parâmetros zootécnicos, saúde dos peixes e menor custo de produção.(AU)

Different protein and derivatives supplementation strategies combined with resistance training in pre-frail and frail elderly: Rationale and protocol for the "Pro-Elderly" Study.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is a multifactorial geriatric syndrome characterized by progressive decline in health and associated with decreased muscle mass, strength, and functional capacity. Resistance training (RT) combined with protein or amino acids supplementation has been shown to be promising for mitigating age-related impairments. AIM: To investigate the chronic effects of different strategies of protein and derivatives supplementation in association with RT on selected health-related parameters in pre-frail and frail elderly. METHODS: This is a series of double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trials. Volunteers will be divided into nine groups, comprising four different sub-studies evaluating the effects of: isolated leucine supplementation (study 1); protein source (whey vs. soy - study 2); combination of whey protein and creatine (study 3); and sexual dimorphism on the response to protein intake and RT (males vs. females - study 4). Muscle cross-sectional area, fiber cross-sectional area, body composition, lower-limb maximal dynamic and isometric strength, functionality, lipid profile, biochemical parameters, renal function, quality of life, and nutritional status will be assessed before and after a 16-week intervention period. Data will be tested for normality and a mixed-model for repeated measures will be conducted to assess within- and between-group effects of the intervention on the dependent variables. Confidence intervals (95%), effect sizes, and relative changes will also be determined, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Evidence for Involvement of IL-9 and IL-22 in Cows' Milk Allergy in Infants.

Although allergic inflammation is characterized by a T helper (Th) 2-dominant immune response, the discovery of a role for new T cell subsets in inflammatory diseases has added an additional layer of complexity to the understanding of the pathogeneses of allergic diseases. We evaluated plasma cytokine profiles in infants with cows' milk allergy (CMA), who were being treated with an elimination diet. In a prospective, randomized and controlled study, infants (aged 8.4 ± 3.9 months) with CMA were treated with an elimination diet for 120 days, which replaced cows' milk with a hydrolysed soy protein formula (n = 26) or a free amino acid formula (n = 20). Blood samples were collected before treatment during active disease (T0) and after 120 days, when symptoms were absent (T1). Plasma cytokine concentrations were measured. Infants with CMA had higher plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 and lower concentrations of IL-9, IL-17A and interferon-γ, compared with healthy breast-fed infants. At T0, there was a positive correlation between blood eosinophil numbers and plasma concentrations of IL-4, IL-9, IL-17A and IL-22. Treatment with a cows' milk elimination diet resulted in a decrease in plasma IL-4, IL-9, IL-13 and IL-22 and an increase in plasma IL-17A. We conclude that IL-4 and IL-13 are elevated in active CMA. The association of IL-9 and IL-22 with eosinophilia, and the decrease in these two cytokines with cows' milk elimination, suggests that they both play a role in the symptoms observed in CMA and may be important targets for future interventions.

Soybean meal induces intestinal inflammation in zebrafish larvae.

The necessary replacement of fish meal with other protein source in diets of commercially important fish has prompted the study of the effect of the inclusion of different vegetable proteins sources on growth performance and on the gastro-intestinal tract. Currently, soybean meal is the primary protein source as a fish meal replacement because of its low price and high availability. Likewise, it is been documented that the ingestion of soybean meal by several fish species, such as salmonids and carp, triggers a type of intestinal inflammation called enteritis. In this paper, we analyzed the effects of the ingestion of soybean meal and two of its components, soy protein and soy saponin, on zebrafish to establish the basis for using zebrafish larvae as a model for fish nutrition. We took advantage of the existence of different transgenic lines, which allowed us to perform in vivo analysis. Our results indicated that larvae that were feed with soybean meal developed a clear intestinal inflammation as early as two day after beginning the diet. Moreover, we determined that is not the soy protein present in the diet but the soy saponin that is primarily responsible for triggering the immune response. These findings support the use of zebrafish screening assays to identify novel ingredients that would to improved current fish diets or would formulate new ones.

Ultrasonographic patterns of reproductive organs in infants fed soy formula: comparisons to infants fed breast milk and milk formula.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if differences exist in hormone-sensitive organ size between infants who were fed soy formula (SF), milk formula (MF), or breast milk (BF). STUDY DESIGN: Breast buds, uterus, ovaries, prostate, and testicular volumes were assessed by ultrasonography in 40 BF, 41 MF, and 39 SF infants at age 4 months. RESULTS: There were no significant feeding group effects in anthropometric or body composition. Among girls, there were no feeding group differences in breast bud or uterine volume. MF infants had greater (P < .05) mean ovarian volume and greater (P < .01) numbers of ovarian cysts per ovary than did BF infants. Among boys, there were no feeding group differences in prostate or breast bud volumes. Mean testicular volume did not differ between SF and MF boys, but both formula-fed groups had lower volumes than BF infants. CONCLUSIONS: Our data do not support major diet-related differences in reproductive organ size as measured by ultrasound in infants at age 4 months, although there is some evidence that ovarian development may be advanced in MF-fed infants and that testicular development may be slower in both MF and SF infants as compared with BF. There was no evidence that feeding SF exerts any estrogenic effects on reproductive organs studied.

Efectos de la inclusión de un concentrado de proteína de soya y dos fuentes de energía en el substituto de leche en el comportamiento productivo de cabritos nubios / Effect of a soy protein concetrate and two energy sources as milk substitutes on productive performance nubian kids

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la inclusión de un concentrado de proteína de soya y dos fuentes de energía en el substituto de leche sobre el comportamiento productivo de cabritos Nubios desde el nacimiento hasta el destete, manejados en la Unidad Caprina de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, México. Se utilizaron sesenta y ocho cabritos (35 hembras y 33 machos) asignados de manera aleatoria a los tratamientos: T1: proteína láctea + sebo de res, T1: 20,0 por ciento de concentrado de proteína de soya + sebo de res, T1: 40,0 por ciento de concentrado de proteína de soya + sebo de res, T1: proteína láctea + sebo de puerco, T1: 20,0 por ciento de concentrado de proteína de soya + sebo de puerco y, T1: 40,0 por ciento de concentrado de proteína de soya + sebo de puerco. El concentrado de proteína de soya no afectó (P>0,05) el consumo de dieta líquida ni la ganancia diaria de peso promedio, pero afectó significativamente (P<0,05) el consumo de concentrado de iniciación (95;95 y 97 g d-¹ animal-¹). Las fuentes de energía no afectaron (P>0,05) el consumo de la dieta líquida ni la ganancia diaria de peso promedio, pero afectaron (P<0,05) el consumo de concentrado de iniciación (97 vs 95 g d-¹ animal-¹). El sexo de los cabritosno afectó (P>0,05) el consumo del substituto de leche ni la ganancia diaria de peso promedio, pero si afectó (P<0,05) el consumo de concentrado de iniciación (100 vs. 92 g d-1animal-1para machos y hembras, respectivamente). El periodo experimental (semanas) afectó significativamente (P<0,05) todas las variables. Los niveles de concentrado de proteína de soya, fuentes de energía y sexo de la cría no afectaron (P>0,05) la conversión de alimento en base a sólidos totales de la leche. Se presentaron algunas interacciones significativas (P<0,05) en el consumo de substituto de leche y concentrado de iniciación.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the inclusion of a concentrate of soy protein and two energy sources as milk substitutes on productive performance of Nubian kids from birth to weaning, managed at the Goat Unit of the Faculty of Agronomy, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, México. Sixty eight kids (35 females and 33 males) were randomly assigned to the treatments: T1 : lactic protein + cow lard, T2 : 20.0% of concentrate of soy protein + cow lard, T3 : 40.0% of concentrate of soy protein + cow lard, T4 : lactic protein + pork lard, T5 : 20.0% concentrate of soy protein + pork lard and, T6 : 40.0% of concentrate of soy protein + pork lard. The concentrate of soy protein did not affect (P>0.05) neither the consumption of liquid diet nor average daily weight gain, but it affected (P<0.05) consumption of the starting concentrate (95; 95, and 97 g d-¹ animal-¹). The energy sources did not affect (P>0.05) neither consumption of the liquid diet nor average daily weight gain, but they affected (P<0.05) consumption of the starting concentrate (97 vs 95 g d-¹ animal-¹). Sex of kid did not affect (P>0.05) neither consumption of the milk substitute nor average daily weight gain, but it affected (P<0.05) consumption of the starting concentrate (100 vs 92 g d-¹ animal-¹ for males and females, respectively). The experimental period (weeks) affected (P<0.05) all variables. The levels of the concentrate of soy protein, energy sources, and sex of kids did not affect (P>0.05) feed conversion based on milk total solids. There were some significant interactions (P<0.05) on consumption of the milk substitute and starting concentrate. It is concluded that it is possible to raise kids with milk substitutes prepared with a concentrate of soy protein, cow and/or pork lard.

The effect of raw full-fat soybean and its lectin on the nutrition and pigmentation of broilers.

This study was aimed at determining the effect of raw full-fat soybean in the digestion/absorption of broilers and to evaluate the role of soybean agglutinin (SBA) in the pathogenesis of the runting and stunting syndrome of broilers. Six broiler groups were fed with six experimental diets for 42 days in which the defatted soybean meal of the basal diet was substituted with increasing raw full-fat soybean percentages ranging from 0 to 100%. The results suggested that SBA included in the raw full-fat soybean can play a role in the pathogenesis of the runting and stunting syndrome in broilers since binding and incorporation of SBA to enterocytes were associated with hyperplasia and dysplasia of the intestinal epithelium, as suggested by the progressive increases (P < 0.001) of mitosis/crypt in the duodenum and in the midintestine, as well as by intestinal villi atrophy (P < 0.001) in the duodenum and the midintestine. Indigestion and malabsorption of proteins induced progressive low weight gain (P < 0.001) up to 50% with 100% of raw full-fat soybean in the diet at 42 days. Xanthophylls in serum and skin yellowness were enhanced linearly in the broilers fed 42 days with increasing percentages of raw full-fat soybean in the diet. Increased xanthophylls absorption and decreased protein absorption can be caused by pathological changes in the epithelial intestine triggered by SBA binding and internalization.

Amenorrea secundaria a ingestión de lecitina de soya / Secondary amenorrhea due to soybean lecithin ingestion

La soya es una legumbre originaria de China, de alta densidad energética cuyo valor aproximado es de 400 Kcal por cada 100 g, tiene en su contenido fitoestrógenos, los cuales son moléculas vegetales no esteroideas cuya estructura difiere de las hormonas gonadales pero con bioactividad tipo estrógeno, ya que son capaces de interactuar con receptores estrogénicos mostrando actividad tanto agonista como antagonista. Se describe un efecto indeseable de la lecitina de soya. Se trata de una paciente del sexo femenino, de 35 años de edad, sana, con menstruaciones regulares 4/30 días, sin ingesta de anticonceptivos. En vista de las bondades nutritivas, antioxidantes y médicas de la lecitina de soya decidió su ingestión lo que dio como posible resultado, la aparición de una amenorrea de 3 meses de evolución, acompañada de calores, insomnio, cefalea frontal de leve a moderada intensidad, vaginitis (irritación y leucorrea) y aumento de peso durante su ingesta

Efeito de caseína, proteína isolada de soja e colestiramina em coelhos hiperlipidêmicos / Effect of casein, isolated protein of soy and cholestyramine in hyperlipidemics rabbits

As anormalidades lipídicas são de grande importância, devido a sua ligação com a doença vascular aterosclerótica e com a doença cardíaca coronariana. Assim, objetivou-se comparar os efeitos da ingestão da caseína e proteína de soja sobre a diminuição do colesterol e suas funções, triglicérides e glicose, deposição lipídica no tecido hepático e redução do peso corporal total. Coelhos da raça albina foram divididos durante 30 dias nos seguintes grupos: colesterol + ácido cólico + ração (hipercolesterolêmico) e ração pura (controle), um para caseína, um para proteimax (proteína isolada de soja) e um outro para a colestiramina. Os níveis de colesterol plasmático, triglicérides, LDL-c e HDL-c foram medidos, no 16º e 31º dias do experimento, utilizando kits enzimáticos e os resultados foram expressos em mg/dL. Foram analisadas amostras de tecido hepático, sendo os cortes fixados em historesina e paraplasto. Observou-se a indução significativa de hipercolesterolemia nos animais que receberam ração + colesterol + ácido cólico. Foi verificado um maior aumento de colesterol, LDL-c e triglicérides no grupo que recebeu caseína, bem como maior deposição de gotículas de gordura nos hepatócitos, em comparação com o grupo que recebeu proteimax. Em contrapartida, houve aumento proporcional aos níveis de colesterol total nos níveis de HDL para o grupo que recebeu proteimax. Observou-se, ainda, redução no peso corporal total desencadeado pela proteína de soja. Verificou-se que a ingestão de maior quantidade de proteína vegetal na dieta, em substituição a proteína animal, pode ser um fator de prevenção ao ganho de peso corporal, aumento do colesterol plasmático e à disposição de triacilgliceróis nos hapatócitos, levando à esteatose e à consequente degeneração hepática

Alergias alimentarias / Food allergies

El concepto actual de alergias alimentarias implica que las manifestaciones clínicas observadas son de naturaleza inmune, debidas pricilpalmente a una falta del fenómeno de tolerancia otral. Existe consenso a nivel mundial que habría un aumento en la frecuencia de diagnóstico de estos cuadros, sin embargo no está claro si se debe a un aumento real de esta patología o bien a un aumento relativo asociado a la disminución de la patología infecciosa. En este capítulo se discuten los factores que determinan la aparición de las alergias alimentarias: el fenómeno de tolerancia oral, la correcta regulación de la respuesta inmune mucosal, el acceso a antígenos dietarios y la susceptibilidad genética de los individuos. Dado que identificar el tipo de respuesta inmune que da origen a las manifestaciones clínicas el fundamental para el diagnóstico, se revisan los cuatro tipos principales de respuesta inmunológica. Posteriormente se analizan las distintas formas clínicas de presentación del cuadro dependiendo de tipo de respuesta inmune involucrada, los requisitos para hacer el diagnóstico, las bases del tratamiento y finalmente se discuten las medidas que actualmente se consideran útiles en la prevención de las alergias alimentarias