Análise ultraestrutural do colágeno de feridas cutâneas de coelhos tratadas com plasma rico em plaquetas de equino / Ultrastructural analysis of the collagen of rabbit skin wounds treated with platelet-rich equine plasma

O colágeno é sintetizado e segregado no espaço extracelular e organizados em fibrilas estriadas de acordo com o tipo de tecido. Utilizaram-se 24 coelhos brancos da raça Nova Zelândia, com idade de 12 meses e com 3,0kg de peso corporal, para avaliar a porcentagem de colágeno das feridas cutâneas tratadas com plasma rico em plaquetas de equino e pomada contendo gentamicina, sulfanilamida, sulfadiazina, ureia e vitamina A. Os animais foram separados em quatro grupos de igual número e submetidos à remoção de pele na região das linhas médias dorsal torácica (feridas tratadas) e lombar (feridas controle). As feridas torácicas foram tratadas com plasma rico em plaqueta de equino e pomada contendo gentamicina, sulfanilamida, sulfadiazina, ureia e vitamina A, e as do grupo controle somente com a pomada. Dos animais do grupo I, foi coletado tecido cutâneo, para a avaliação histológica e a ultraestrutural, com três dias de pós-operatório; dos animais do grupo II, com sete dias; do grupo III, com 14 dias; e do grupo IV, com 21 dias. Decorrido o período de avaliação de cada grupo, foi coletado fragmento de pele para avaliação da porcentagem de colágeno, bem como do diâmetro e da densidade da fibrila de colágeno por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. O tratamento com PRP de equino associado à aplicação tópica da pomada mostrou-se eficaz na maturação das fibrilas colágenas e na antecipação do processo cicatricial.(AU)

Collagen is synthesized and secreted into the extracellular space and organized into striated fibrils according to the tissue type. This study evaluated the concentration of collagen in rabbit skin wounds treated with equine platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and ointment containing gentamicin, sulfanilamide, sulfadiazine, urea, and vitamin A. Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits aged 2 to 12 months and weighing 3.0kg were included. The animals were allocated equally into four groups and the skin was removed from the thoracic dorsal midline (treated wound) and lumbar (control wound) regions. The thoracic wounds were treated with equine PRP and ointment containing gentamicin, sulfanilamide, sulfadiazine, urea, and vitamin A, and the control group was treated with the ointment alone. For histological and ultrastructural assessment, cutaneous tissue was collected on postoperative days 3 (group I), 7 (group II), 14 (group III), and 21 (group IV). After the evaluation period, in each group, a skin fragment was collected for analysis of the collagen concentration, as well as the collagen fibril diameter and density by transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that treatment with equine PRP combined with topical application of the ointment was effective in facilitating the maturation of collagen fibrils and the wound healing process.(AU)

Análise ultraestrutural do colágeno de feridas cutâneas de coelhos tratadas com plasma rico em plaquetas de equino / Ultrastructural analysis of the collagen of rabbit skin wounds treated with platelet-rich equine plasma

O colágeno é sintetizado e segregado no espaço extracelular e organizados em fibrilas estriadas de acordo com o tipo de tecido. Utilizaram-se 24 coelhos brancos da raça Nova Zelândia, com idade de 12 meses e com 3,0kg de peso corporal, para avaliar a porcentagem de colágeno das feridas cutâneas tratadas com plasma rico em plaquetas de equino e pomada contendo gentamicina, sulfanilamida, sulfadiazina, ureia e vitamina A. Os animais foram separados em quatro grupos de igual número e submetidos à remoção de pele na região das linhas médias dorsal torácica (feridas tratadas) e lombar (feridas controle). As feridas torácicas foram tratadas com plasma rico em plaqueta de equino e pomada contendo gentamicina, sulfanilamida, sulfadiazina, ureia e vitamina A, e as do grupo controle somente com a pomada. Dos animais do grupo I, foi coletado tecido cutâneo, para a avaliação histológica e a ultraestrutural, com três dias de pós-operatório; dos animais do grupo II, com sete dias; do grupo III, com 14 dias; e do grupo IV, com 21 dias. Decorrido o período de avaliação de cada grupo, foi coletado fragmento de pele para avaliação da porcentagem de colágeno, bem como do diâmetro e da densidade da fibrila de colágeno por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. O tratamento com PRP de equino associado à aplicação tópica da pomada mostrou-se eficaz na maturação das fibrilas colágenas e na antecipação do processo cicatricial.(AU)

Collagen is synthesized and secreted into the extracellular space and organized into striated fibrils according to the tissue type. This study evaluated the concentration of collagen in rabbit skin wounds treated with equine platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and ointment containing gentamicin, sulfanilamide, sulfadiazine, urea, and vitamin A. Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits aged 2 to 12 months and weighing 3.0kg were included. The animals were allocated equally into four groups and the skin was removed from the thoracic dorsal midline (treated wound) and lumbar (control wound) regions. The thoracic wounds were treated with equine PRP and ointment containing gentamicin, sulfanilamide, sulfadiazine, urea, and vitamin A, and the control group was treated with the ointment alone. For histological and ultrastructural assessment, cutaneous tissue was collected on postoperative days 3 (group I), 7 (group II), 14 (group III), and 21 (group IV). After the evaluation period, in each group, a skin fragment was collected for analysis of the collagen concentration, as well as the collagen fibril diameter and density by transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that treatment with equine PRP combined with topical application of the ointment was effective in facilitating the maturation of collagen fibrils and the wound healing process.(AU)

Stability of extemporaneous sulfadiazine oral suspensions from commercially available tablets for treatment of congenital toxoplasmosis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the physicochemical and microbiological stability of sulfadiazine suspensions (100 mg/mL) in simple syrup (A) and sorbitol (B) formulations prepared from commercially available tablets. METHODS: An ultra-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed and validated to determine the chemical stability of sulfadiazine. Three samples were prepared and stored at 5 and 25 °C and assayed at 0, 7, 14 and 30 days. Physical parameters (appearance, pH, particle size and viscosity) were also monitored. Microbiological examination was performed through the suitable counting method. RESULTS: The formulations presented a sulfadiazine concentration of around 95% at the beginning at both temperatures. There was some variation in pH, viscosity and particle size distribution over time. The samples met the pharmacopoeia criteria of microbiological quality over 30 days, but only sulfadiazine formulated in syrup stored at 25 °C was suitable for use after one week. CONCLUSION: The sulfadiazine suspension in simple syrup was chosen as the most suitable formulation because it demonstrated stability for 14 days at room temperature, providing an alternative liquid dosage form of sulfadiazine for congenital toxoplasmosis treatment.

OBJECTIFS: Déterminer la stabilité physicochimique et microbiologique de suspensions de sulfadiazine (100 mg/mL) dans des formulations de sirop simple (A) et de sorbitol (B) préparées à partir de comprimés disponibles dans le commerce. MÉTHODES: Un test de chromatographie liquide ultra-performante a été développé et validé pour déterminer la stabilité chimique de la sulfadiazine. Trois échantillons ont été préparés et stockés à 5 ºC et à 25 ºC et analysés à 0, 7, 14 et 30 jours. Les paramètres physiques (apparence, pH, granulométrie et viscosité) ont également été contrôlés. Un examen microbiologique a été effectué par la méthode de comptage appropriée. RÉSULTATS: Les formulations présentaient une concentration en sulfadiazine d'environ 95% au début aux deux températures. Il y avait une certaine variation du pH, de la viscosité et de la distribution de la taille des particules au fil du temps. Les échantillons répondaient aux critères de pharmacopée pour la qualité microbiologique aprè 30 jours, mais seule la sulfadiazine formulée dans du sirop conservé à 25 ºC pouvait être utilisée après une semaine. CONCLUSION: La suspension de sulfadiazine dans un sirop simple a été choisie comme la formulation la plus appropriée car elle a démontré une stabilité à 14 jours à température ambiante, fournissant une forme galénique liquide alternative de sulfadiazine pour le traitement de la toxoplasmose congénitale.

Artificial Lipid Membrane Permeability Method for Predicting Intestinal Drug Transport: Probing the Determining Step in the Oral Absorption of Sulfadiazine; Influence of the Formation of Binary and Ternary Complexes with Cyclodextrins.

We propose an in vitro permeability assay by using a modified lipid membrane to predict the in vivo intestinal passive permeability of drugs. Two conditions were tested, one with a gradient pH (pH 5.5 donor/pH 7.4 receptor) and the other with an iso-pH 7.4. The predictability of the method was established by correlating the obtained apparent intestinal permeability coefficients (Papp) and the oral dose fraction absorbed in humans (fa) of 16 drugs with different absorption properties. The Papp values correlated well with the absorption rates under the two conditions, and the method showed high predictability and good reproducibility. On the other hand, with this method, we successfully predicted the transport characteristics of oral sulfadiazine (SDZ). Also, the tradeoff between the increase in the solubility of SDZ by its complex formation with cyclodextrins and/or aminoacids and its oral permeability was assessed. Results suggest that SDZ is transported through the gastrointestinal epithelium by passive diffusion in a pH-dependent manner. These results support the classification of SDZ as a high/low borderline permeability compound and are in agreement with the Biopharmaceutics Classification Systems (BCS). This conclusion is consistent with the in vivo pharmacokinetic properties of SDZ.

Unresolved questions about the most successful known parasite.

Every 3 years, the International Congress on Congenital Toxoplasmosis meeting gathers experts with different backgrounds who are involved in congenital toxoplasmosis: gynecologists, pediatricians, ophthalmologists, microbiologists, epidemiologists and research scientists. Most attendees come from the Americas and Europe, where substantial work has been performed to better understand this disease. Two presentations that stressed major current issues in the field of toxoplasmosis are summarized here.

Brain and muscle of Wistar rats are the main targets of intravenous dendrimeric sulfadiazine.

Cytotoxicity of sulfadiazine (SDZ) complexed with PAMAM dendrimers of fourth generation (SDZ-DG4) determined by MTT assay and LDH leakage, was reduced on covered (with mucins) but not on nude (without mucins) Caco-2 cell line. SDZ-DG4 adsorption and uptake on nude and covered Caco-2 cells, determined by flow cytometry and fluorescence confocal microscopy indicated that positively charged DG4 remained electrostatically attracted to the negatively charged mucins macromolecules. Hence, the in vivo accession of cationic dendrimers to epithelial cells could partly be impaired by their entrapment into mucins. This fact could account for an in vivo decreased cytotoxicity. Besides this finding, when orally administered to Wistar rats, no differences in SDZ biodistribution were found between SDZ-DG4 and free SDZ. However, when intravenously administered at 1.5 mg SDZ per kg body weight, Cmax for free SDZ was 0.7+/-0.2 microg vs. 2.7+/-0.4 microg/ml for SDZ-DG4, whereas AUC0-3 for free SDZ was 0.8+/-0.6 microg/h ml vs. 5.2+/-2 microg/h ml for SDZ-DG4. SDZ-DG4 initial volume distribution (Vd) was 2.6-fold lower than for free SDZ. Remarkably, 3 h upon SDZ-DG4 administration, SDZ concentration in muscle and in brain were 17- and 10-fold higher, respectively, than those achieved with free SDZ.

Farmacodermia associada a reações sistêmicas em um cão Pinscher Miniatura medicado com a associação de trimetoprim e sulfadiazina / Pharmacodermia Associated with Systemic Reactions in a Pinscher Dog Treated with Sulfadiazine-trimethoprim / Farmacodermía Asociada a Reacciones Sistémicas en un Perro Pinscher Miniatura Medicado con Asociación de Trimetoprin y Sulfadiazina

Este artigo visa relatar um caso de farmacodermia em um cão da raça Pinscher Miniatura, fêmea de cinco meses de idade. O animal apresentou apatia, anorexia, ceratoconjuntivite seca, hipertermia, desidratação e uma extensa e dolorosa dermatite ulcerativa desde a região cervical até a região lombar. Verificou-se que o animal havia sido medicado com a associação de trimetoprim e sulfadiazina. A dose utilizada do antibiótico era maior que a dose recomendada. Dentre as alterações laboratoriais encontradas observou-se necrose em toda a espessura da epiderme e derme. Apesar da terapia preconizada houve uma rápida deterioração do estado geral do animal, evoluindo para óbito. Para optar-se por uma antibioticoterapia mais segura, deve-se considerar os relatos prévios de reações a fármacos associadas a algumas raças e, além disso, estar atentos à dose terapêutica e à pesagem correta do animal.

ABSTRACT: This article aims in presenting a pharmacodermia case in a fi ve-month-old female Pinscher dog. The animal has shown apathy, anorexia, dry keratoconjunctivitis, and dehydration, extensive and very painful ulcerating dermatitis since the cervical region until the lumbar region. It has been verifi ed that the animal had been treated with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine association. The antibiotic dose used was bigger than the recommended one. Histopathology analysis showed epidermis and dermis necrosis. Despite of the previous therapy, there was a fast deterioration of the general state of the animal ending up to death. To determine a safer antibiotic therapy the veterinarians might consider the previous resumes of the reactions of drugs associated to some races, besides, they have to be aware of the correct dose and the animal's correct weight.

RESUMEN: Este artículo visa relatar un caso de farmacodermía en un perro de la raza Pinscher miniatura, hembra de cinco meses de edad. El animal presentó apatía, anorexia, queratoconjuntivitis seca, hipertermia, desidratación y una extensa y dolorosa dermatitis ulcerativa desde la región cervical hasta la región del espinazo. Se verifi có que el animal había sido medicado con la asociación de trimetoprin y sulfadiazina. La dosis utilizada del antibiótico era mayor que la dosis recomendada. Dentre las alteraciones laboratoriales encontradas se observó necrosis en todo el espesor de la epiderme y derme. A pesar de la terapia preconizada hubo una rápida deterioración de la condición general del animal progresando para óbito. Para optarse por terapia antibiótica con más seguridad, se debe considerar relatos previos de reacciones a fármacos asociados en algunas razas y además, estar atentos a las dosis terapéuticas y al pesaje correcta del animal.

Farmacodermia associada a reações sistêmicas em um cão Pinscher Miniatura medicado com a associação de trimetoprim e sulfadiazina / Pharmacodermia Associated with Systemic Reactions in a Pinscher Dog Treated with Sulfadiazine-trimethoprim / Farmacodermía asociada a reacciones sistémicas en un perro Pinscher miniatura medicado con asociación de trimetoprin y sulfadiazina

Este artigo visa relatar um caso de farmacodermia em um cão da raça Pinscher Miniatura, fêmea de cinco meses de idade. O animal apresentou apatia, anorexia, ceratoconjuntivite seca, hipertermia, desidratação e uma extensa e dolorosa dermatite ulcerativa desde a região cervical até a região lombar. Verificou-se que o animal havia sido medicado com a associação de trimetoprim e sulfadiazina. A dose utilizada do antibiótico era maior que a dose recomendada. Dentre as alterações laboratoriais encontradas observou-se necrose em toda a espessura da epiderme e derme. Apesar da terapia preconizada houve uma rápida deterioração do estado geral do animal, evoluindo para óbito. Para optar-se por uma antibioticoterapia mais segura, deve-se considerar os relatos prévios de reações a fármacos associadas a algumas raças e, além disso, estar atentos à dose terapêutica e à pesagem correta do animal.(AU)

This article aims in presenting a pharmacodermia case in a fi ve-month-old female Pinscher dog. The animal has shown apathy, anorexia, dry keratoconjunctivitis, and dehydration, extensive and very painful ulcerating dermatitis since the cervical region until the lumbar region. It has been verifi ed that the animal had been treated with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine association. The antibiotic dose used was bigger than the recommended one. Histopathology analysis showed epidermis and dermis necrosis. Despite of the previous therapy, there was a fast deterioration of the general state of the animal ending up to death. To determine a safer antibiotic therapy the veterinarians might consider the previous resumes of the reactions of drugs associated to some races, besides, they have to be aware of the correct dose and the animals correct weight.(AU)

Este artículo visa relatar un caso de farmacodermía en un perro de la raza Pinscher miniatura, hembra de cinco meses de edad. El animal presentó apatía, anorexia, queratoconjuntivitis seca, hipertermia, desidratación y una extensa y dolorosa dermatitis ulcerativa desde la región cervical hasta la región del espinazo. Se verifi có que el animal había sido medicado con la asociación de trimetoprin y sulfadiazina. La dosis utilizada del antibiótico era mayor que la dosis recomendada. Dentre las alteraciones laboratoriales encontradas se observó necrosis en todo el espesor de la epiderme y derme. A pesar de la terapia preconizada hubo una rápida deterioración de la condición general del animal progresando para óbito. Para optarse por terapia antibiótica con más seguridad, se debe considerar relatos previos de reacciones a fármacos asociados en algunas razas y además, estar atentos a las dosis terapéuticas y al pesaje correcta del animal.(AU)

Fetal cataract in congenital toxoplasmosis.

We report a case of the prenatal diagnosis of fetal cataract due to congenital toxoplasmosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of such a case. We discuss the long-term ocular sequelae of the condition and how they should affect prenatal counselling.

Antitumor effects of rhodium (II) complexes on mice bearing Ehrlich tumors.

Rhodium (II) trifluoroacetate (TFARh), rhodium (II) trifluoroacetate adduct with sulfadiazine (TFARh.Sd) and rhodium (II) acetate adduct with sulfisoxazole (RhSx) were tested in mice for acute toxicity, antitumoral activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and for viability of Ehrlich tumor cells in culture. At ip doses up to 60 mumol/kg (40-70 and 59 mg/kg, respectively), these compounds had no toxic effects up to 14 days. At ip doses of 10 mumol kg-1 day-1 for 5 days, TFARh and TFARh.Sd significantly increased the survival rate of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites cells (probability of survival to the end of 34th day, controls = 0.23, TFARh = 0.85, TFARh.Sd = 0.74). No significant effect was observed for RhSx. In vitro, these rhodium complexes at 40 microM significantly increased the number of dead cells in cultured Ehrlich tumor cells.

Antitumor effects of rhodium (II) complexes on mice bearing Ehrlich tumors

Rhodium (II) trifluoracetate (TFARh), rhodium (II) trifluoracetate adduct with sulfadiazine (TFARh.Sd) and rhodium (II) acetate adduct with sulfisoxazole (RhSx) were tested in mice for acute toxicity, antitumoral activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and for viability of Ehrlich tumor cells in culture. At ip doses up to 60 µmg/kg (40-70 and 59 mg/kg, respectively), these coumpounds had no toxic effects up to 14 days. At ip doses of 10 µmol Kg-1 day-1 for 5 days, TFARh and TFARh.Sd significantly increased the survival rate of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites cells (probability of survival to the end of 34th day, controls = 0.23, TFARh = 0.85, TFARh.Sd = 0.74). No significant effect was observed for RhSx. In vitro, these rhodium complexes at 40 µM significantly increased the number of dead cells in cultured Ehrlich tumor cells

Discontinuing rheumatic fever prophylaxis in selected adolescents and young adults. A prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety of discontinuing prophylaxis with antimicrobial agents in patients judged to be at relatively low risk for recurrence of acute rheumatic fever. DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING: Public health clinics in the Southeast Health District of Santiago, Chile. PATIENTS: Fifty-nine patients (19 men, 40 women) ranging in age at study entry from 15 to 44 years (mean, 24.5 years). Forty-eight had completed their prescribed period of prophylaxis. Eleven refused or were allergic to intramuscular benzathine penicillin G and were non-compliant with oral sulfadiazine. INTERVENTION: In patients who did not have carditis during their previous attack(s), prophylaxis was discontinued after 5 years or at age 18, whichever was longer. In those with only mild mitral regurgitation or healed carditis, prophylaxis was stopped after 10 years or at age 25. Symptomatic intercurrent streptococcal throat infections were treated with antibiotics. MEASUREMENTS: Patients were seen every 3 months during the study (July 1982 to September 1988). For the first 4.25 years, throat cultures as well as sera samples for antistreptolysin O and anti-DNAse B assays were obtained at each visit. RESULTS: During laboratory surveillance, significant increases in antibody titers were detected in 56 instances (28.1 [95% CI, 21.7 to 36.5] per 100 patient-years), and 29 isolations of group A streptococci occurred (14.5 [CI, 10.1 to 20.8] per 100 patient-years). The patients were followed for a total of 3349 patient-months, during which time two acute rheumatic fever recurrences were observed (0.7 [CI, 0.2 to 2.6] per 100 patient-years). No recurrences occurred during an outbreak of acute rheumatic fever in 52 patients in the study area in 1986. CONCLUSIONS: These and other data indicate that acute rheumatic fever prophylaxis can safely be discontinued in young adults judged to be at low risk for recurrence and who are maintained under careful prospective surveillance.

Tratamento de toxoplasmose cerebral / Treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis

Foi revista a literatura sobre a terapêutica da toxoplasmose cerebral. Abordou-se a terapêutica do paciente imunocompetente que adquiriu a infecçäo; do paciente imunodeficiente e, especificamente, daquele portador da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida que tem como uma da doenças oportunísticas mais freqüentes a toxoplasmose cerebral; e da gestante e do feto que tenham adquirido a infecçäo aguda. A literatura indica como terapia de primeira escolha o emprego da combinaçäo da pirimetamina com a sulfadiazina. Novos medicamentos, ainda em experimentaçäo, e esquemas alternativos também säo discutidos

Nocardosis sistémica por Nocardia Caviae con signosintomatología preponderantemente hepática / Systemic nocardiosis for Nocardia Caviae with signsymptomatology hepatic

Se presenta un paciente de 52 años de edad, de sexo masculino, que sufrió una nocardiosis sistémica por Nocardia caviae. Clínicamente presentó un cuadro infeccioso general con lesiones pulmonares, pericárdicas, mediastinales y hepáticas, estas últimas fueron las más llamativas en forma de un absceso de 8 cm. de diámetro. Fue exitosamente tratado con cotrimoxazol asociado a amikacina, seguido por un prolongado tratamiento con sulfadiazina por vía oral

Nocardosis sistémica por Nocardia Caviae con signosintomatología preponderantemente hepática / Systemic nocardiosis for Nocardia Caviae with signsymptomatology hepatic

Se presenta un paciente de 52 años de edad, de sexo masculino, que sufrió una nocardiosis sistémica por Nocardia caviae. Clínicamente presentó un cuadro infeccioso general con lesiones pulmonares, pericárdicas, mediastinales y hepáticas, estas últimas fueron las más llamativas en forma de un absceso de 8 cm. de diámetro. Fue exitosamente tratado con cotrimoxazol asociado a amikacina, seguido por un prolongado tratamiento con sulfadiazina por vía oral

Tratamiento y evolución de la toxoplasmosis ganglionar / Treatment and evolution of the lymphadenopatic toxoplasmosis

Se presenta la experiencia clínica y terapéutica en setenta y siete (77) casos de linfadenopatía toxoplasmósica. Se demuestra la independencia entre el tratamiento y la evolución clínica y serológica en pacientes con la forma no febril de la toxoplasmosis ganglionar. Se concluye que el tratamiento específico sólo está indicado en los pacientes febriles

Norfloxacino: estudo comparativo com a associaçäo sulfadiazina-trimetoprim / Norfloxacin: comparative study with the association sulfadiazine-trimethoprim

Foram avaliados 34 pacientes portadores de infecçäo do tratamento urinário näo complicada (cistite ou pielonefrite); idade média 36 anos, 24 mulheres (70,6%) e 10 homens (29,4%). Foram constituídos dois grupos de tratamento: grupo I (10 pacientes) recebeu sulfadiazina/trimetoprim (SDZ/TMP) (410/90mg) duas vezes ao dia, por 10 dias e grupo II (24 pacientes) recebeu norfloxacino (N) 400mg duas vezes ao dia, por sete dias. Avaliaçöes clínicas foram realizadas nos dias zero, três, sete, 14, 24 e 30. Avaliaçöes laboratoriais (urina tipo I com sedimentoscopia e urocultura com antibiograma) foram realizadas no início do tratamento e, nos dias 14 e 24. Os agentes etiológicos mais freqüentes foram E. coli (70,5%) S. faecalis *11,7%), enterobacter sp (5,8%) e outros. Cura bacteriológica foi atingida em 80% dos pacientes do grupo I (SDZ/TMP) e em 96% dos pacientes do grupo II (N). Näo foram observadas reaçöes clínicas adversas durante o estudo. Os autores concluem que o norfloxacino demosntrou ser ótima opçäo para o tratamento de infecçöes urinárias por apresentar amplo espectro, boa atividade antimicrobiana, boa tolerabilidade e comodidade posológica