Functional roles of pantothenic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, and choline in adipocyte browning in chemically induced human brown adipocytes.

Brown fat is a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity-associated metabolic diseases. However, nutritional intervention strategies for increasing the mass and activity of human brown adipocytes have not yet been established. To identify vitamins required for brown adipogenesis and adipocyte browning, chemical compound-induced brown adipocytes (ciBAs) were converted from human dermal fibroblasts under serum-free and vitamin-free conditions. Choline was found to be essential for adipogenesis. Additional treatment with pantothenic acid (PA) provided choline-induced immature adipocytes with browning properties and metabolic maturation, including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression, lipolysis, and mitochondrial respiration. However, treatment with high PA concentrations attenuated these effects along with decreased glycolysis. Transcriptome analysis showed that a low PA concentration activated metabolic genes, including the futile creatine cycle-related thermogenic genes, which was reversed by a high PA concentration. Riboflavin treatment suppressed thermogenic gene expression and increased lipolysis, implying a metabolic pathway different from that of PA. Thiamine treatment slightly activated thermogenic genes along with decreased glycolysis. In summary, our results suggest that specific B vitamins and choline are uniquely involved in the regulation of adipocyte browning via cellular energy metabolism in a concentration-dependent manner.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Benfotiamine in a Sporadic Alzheimer's-Like Disease Rat Model: Insights into Insulin Signaling and Cognitive function.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative process, also considered a metabolic condition due to alterations in glucose metabolism and insulin signaling pathways in the brain, which share similarities with diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of benfotiamine (BFT), a vitamin B1 analog, in the early stages of the neurodegenerative process in a sporadic model of Alzheimer's-like disease induced by intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Supplementation with 150 mg/kg of BFT for 7 days reversed the cognitive impairment in short- and long-term memories caused by STZ in rodents. We attribute these effects to BFT's ability to modulate glucose transporters type 1 and 3 (GLUT1 and GLUT3) in the hippocampus, inhibit GSK3 activity in the hippocampus, and modulate the insulin signaling in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, as well as reduce the activation of apoptotic pathways (BAX) in the hippocampus. Therefore, BFT emerges as a promising and accessible intervention in the initial treatment of conditions similar to AD.

Dietary supplementation of vitamin B1 prevents the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.

As the primary cause for chronic pain and disability in elderly individuals, osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the fastest-growing diseases due to the aging world population. To date, the impact of microenvironmental changes on the pathogenesis of OA remains poorly understood, greatly hindering the development of effective therapeutic approaches against OA. In this study, we profiled the differential metabolites in the synovial fluid from OA patients and identified the downregulation of vitamin B1 (VB1) as a metabolic feature in the OA microenvironment. In a murine destabilization of medial meniscus-induced OA model, supplementation of VB1 significantly mitigated the symptoms of OA. Cytokine array analysis revealed that VB1 treatment remarkably reduced the production of a pro-OA factor-C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2), in macrophages. Further evidence demonstrated that exogenous CCL2 counteracted the anti-OA function of VB1. Hence, our study unveils a unique biological function of VB1 and provides promising clues for the diet-based treatment of OA.

Long term administration of thiamine disulfide improves FOXO1/PEPCK pathway in liver to reduce insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes rat model.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to find if thiamine disulfide (TD) lowers blood glucose level and improves insulin resistance (IR) in liver and muscle in rats with chronic type 1 diabetes (T1DM) using euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique. METHODS: A total of fifty male Wistar rats were assigned to five groups consisted of: non-diabetic control (NDC), diabetic control (DC), diabetic treated with thiamine disulfide (D-TD), diabetic treated with insulin (D-insulin), and diabetic treated with both TD and insulin (D-insulin+TD). Diabetes was induced by a 60 mg/kg dose of streptozotocin. Blood glucose levels, pyruvate tolerance test (PTT), intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), glucose infusion rate (GIR), liver and serum lipid profiles, liver glycogen stores, liver enzymes ([ALT], [AST]), and serum calcium and magnesium levels. were evaluated. Additionally, gene expression levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pepck), forkhead box O1 (Foxo1), and glucose transporter type 4 (Glut4) were assessed in liver and skeletal muscle tissues. RESULTS: Blood glucose level was reduced by TD treatment. In addition, TyG index, HOMA-IR, serum and liver lipid profiles, HbA1c levels, and expressions of Foxo1 and Pepck genes were decreased significantly (P<0.05) in all the treated groups. However, TD did not influence Glut4 gene expression, but GIR as a critical index of IR were 5.0±0.26, 0.29±0.002, 1.5±0.07, 0.9±0.1 and 1.3±0.1 mg.min-1Kg-1 in NDC, DC, D-TD, D-insulin and D-insulin+TD respectively. CONCLUSIONS: TD improved IR in the liver primarily by suppressing gluconeogenic pathways, implying the potential use of TD as a therapeutic agent in diabetes.

Preparation of Vitamin-g-Lignin Nanohybrids with Excellent Biological Activity and Fluorescence Performance.

As a natural renewable biomacromolecule, lignin has some inherently interesting properties such as fluorescence, antioxidation, and antibacterial performance. However, the unsatisfactory fluorescence and biological activities have greatly limited their value-added and large-scale applications. In this work, lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) grafted with vitamin B1 hybrid nanoparticles (LEVs) were obtained by using ethylenediamine and different contents of vitamin B1 through a simple hydrothermal method. The chemical structure, fluorescence properties, and bioactivity were characterized to assess the effects of ethylenediamine and vitamin B1 on the properties of LEVs. It was found that the fluorescence performance of synthesized LEV particles was improved with the increase in the amount of vitamin B1. The free radical scavenging rate (RSA, %) increased to 97.8%, while the antibacterial rates reached up to 99.9%. The antibacterial activity of LEV involved multiple combined mechanisms. The introduction of imine, amide groups, and positively charged VB1 of LEV will make it easier to interact with the negatively charged bacterial phospholipid membranes and cause bacterial lysis and death. Then, the PVA/LEV hydrogel composites were prepared by the freezing-thawing method, and the results showed that PVA/LEV hydrogels had more comprehensive performance such as improved mechanical properties and antioxidant and antibacterial activities, resulting in its great potential to be used as an efficient biomedical material.

Thiazolium salt mimics the non-coenzyme effects of vitamin B1 in rat synaptosomes.

Long-term studies have confirmed a causal relationship between the development of neurodegenerative processes and vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency. However, the biochemical mechanisms underlying the high neurotropic activity of thiamine are not fully understood. At the same time, there is increasing evidence that vitamin B1, in addition to its coenzyme functions, may have non-coenzyme activities that are particularly important for neurons. To elucidate which effects of vitamin B1 in neurons are due to its coenzyme function and which are due to its non-coenzyme activity, we conducted a comparative study of the effects of thiamine and its derivative, 3-decyloxycarbonylmethyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazolium chloride (DMHT), on selected processes in synaptosomes. The ability of DMHT to effectively compete with thiamine for binding to thiamine-binding sites on the plasma membrane of synaptosomes and to participate as a substrate in the thiamine pyrophosphokinase reaction was demonstrated. In experiments with rat brain synaptosomes, unidirectional effects of DMHT and thiamine on the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) and on the incorporation of radiolabeled [2-14C]pyruvate into acetylcholine were demonstrated. The observed effects of thiamine and DMHT on the modulation of acetylcholine synthesis can be explained by suggesting that both compounds, which interact in cells with enzymes of thiamine metabolism, are phosphorylated and exert an inhibitory/activating effect (concentration-dependent) on PDC activity by affecting the regulatory enzymes of the complex. Such effects were not observed in the presence of structural analogues of thiamine and DMHT without a 2-hydroxyethyl substituent at position 5 of the thiazolium cycle. The effect of DMHT on the plasma membrane Ca-ATPase was similar to that of thiamine. At the same time, DMHT showed high cytostatic activity against neuroblastoma cells.

Astragalus Polysaccharide Modulates the Gut Microbiota and Metabolites of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in an In Vitro Fermentation Model.

This study investigated the effect of astragalus polysaccharide (APS, an ingredient with hypoglycemic function in a traditional Chinese herbal medicine) on gut microbiota and metabolites of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients using a simulated fermentation model in vitro. The main components of APS were isolated, purified, and structure characterized. APS fermentation was found to increase the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and decrease the Escherichia-Shigella level in the fecal microbiota of T2DM patients. Apart from increasing propionic acid, APS also caused an increase in all-trans-retinoic acid and thiamine (both have antioxidant properties), with their enrichment in the KEGG pathway associated with thiamine metabolism, etc. Notably, APS could also enhance fecal antioxidant properties. Correlation analysis confirmed a significant positive correlation of Lactobacillus with thiamine and DPPH-clearance rate, suggesting the antioxidant activity of APS was related to its ability to enrich some specific bacteria and upregulate their metabolites.

Benfotiamine improves dystrophic pathology and exercise capacity in mdx mice by reducing inflammation and fibrosis.

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive and fatal neuromuscular disease. Cycles of myofibre degeneration and regeneration are hallmarks of the disease where immune cells infiltrate to repair damaged skeletal muscle. Benfotiamine is a lipid soluble precursor to thiamine, shown clinically to reduce inflammation in diabetic related complications. We assessed whether benfotiamine administration could reduce inflammation related dystrophic pathology. Benfotiamine (10 mg/kg/day) was fed to male mdx mice (n = 7) for 15 weeks from 4 weeks of age. Treated mice had an increased growth weight (5-7 weeks) and myofibre size at treatment completion. Markers of dystrophic pathology (area of damaged necrotic tissue, central nuclei) were reduced in benfotiamine mdx quadriceps. Grip strength was increased and improved exercise capacity was found in mdx treated with benfotiamine for 12 weeks, before being placed into individual cages and allowed access to an exercise wheel for 3 weeks. Global gene expression profiling (RNAseq) in the gastrocnemius revealed benfotiamine regulated signalling pathways relevant to dystrophic pathology (Inflammatory Response, Myogenesis) and fibrotic gene markers (Col1a1, Col1a2, Col4a5, Col5a2, Col6a2, Col6a2, Col6a3, Lum) towards wildtype levels. In addition, we observed a reduction in gene expression of inflammatory gene markers in the quadriceps (Emr1, Cd163, Cd4, Cd8, Ifng). Overall, these data suggest that benfotiamine reduces dystrophic pathology by acting on inflammatory and fibrotic gene markers and signalling pathways. Given benfotiamine's excellent safety profile and current clinical use, it could be used in combination with glucocorticoids to treat DMD patients.

In Vitro and In Silico Studies on Cytotoxic Properties of Oxythiamine and 2'-Methylthiamine.

It is important to search for cytostatic compounds in order to fight cancer. One of them could be 2'-methylthiamine, which is a thiamine antimetabolite with an additional methyl group at the C-2 carbon of thiazole. So far, the cytostatic potential of 2'-methylthiamine has not been studied. We have come forward with a simplified method of synthesis using commercially available substrates and presented a comparison of its effects, as boosted by oxythiamine, on normal skin fibroblasts and HeLa cancer cells, having adopted in vitro culture techniques. Oxythiamine has been found to inhibit the growth and metabolism of cancer cells significantly better than 2'-methylthiamine (GI50 36 and 107 µM, respectively), while 2'-methylthiamine is more selective for cancer cells than oxythiamine (SI = 180 and 153, respectively). Docking analyses have revealed that 2'-methylthiamine (ΔG -8.2 kcal/mol) demonstrates a better affinity with thiamine pyrophosphokinase than thiamine (ΔG -7.5 kcal/mol ) and oxythiamine (ΔG -7.0 kcal/mol), which includes 2'-methylthiamine as a potential cytostatic. Our results suggest that the limited effect of 2'-methylthiamine on HeLa arises from the related arduous transport as compared to oxythiamine. Given that 2'-methylthiamine may possibly inhibit thiamine pyrophosphokinase, it could once again be considered a potential cytostatic. Thus, research should be carried out in order to find the best way to improve the transport of 2'-methylthiamine into cells, which may trigger its cytostatic properties.

Posttranslational Acylations of the Rat Brain Transketolase Discriminate the Enzyme Responses to Inhibitors of ThDP-Dependent Enzymes or Thiamine Transport.

Transketolase (TKT) is an essential thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzyme of the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway, with the glucose-6P flux through the pathway regulated in various medically important conditions. Here, we characterize the brain TKT regulation by acylation in rats with perturbed thiamine-dependent metabolism, known to occur in neurodegenerative diseases. The perturbations are modeled by the administration of oxythiamine inhibiting ThDP-dependent enzymes in vivo or by reduced thiamine availability in the presence of metformin and amprolium, inhibiting intracellular thiamine transporters. Compared to control rats, chronic administration of oxythiamine does not significantly change the modification level of the two detected TKT acetylation sites (K6 and K102) but doubles malonylation of TKT K499, concomitantly decreasing 1.7-fold the level of demalonylase sirtuin 5. The inhibitors of thiamine transporters do not change average levels of TKT acylation or sirtuin 5. TKT structures indicate that the acylated residues are distant from the active sites. The acylations-perturbed electrostatic interactions may be involved in conformational shifts and/or the formation of TKT complexes with other proteins or nucleic acids. Acetylation of K102 may affect the active site entrance/exit and subunit interactions. Correlation analysis reveals that the action of oxythiamine is characterized by significant negative correlations of K499 malonylation or K6 acetylation with TKT activity, not observed upon the action of the inhibitors of thiamine transport. However, the transport inhibitors induce significant negative correlations between the TKT activity and K102 acetylation or TKT expression, absent in the oxythiamine group. Thus, perturbations in the ThDP-dependent catalysis or thiamine transport manifest in the insult-specific patterns of the brain TKT malonylation and acetylations.

Thiamine analogues featuring amino-oxetanes as potent and selective inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc) is suppressed in some cancer types but overexpressed in others. To understand its contrasting oncogenic roles, there is a need for selective PDHc inhibitors. Its E1-subunit (PDH E1) is a thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-dependent enzyme and catalyses the first and rate-limiting step of the complex. In a recent study, we reported a series of ester-based thiamine analogues as selective TPP-competitive PDH E1 inhibitors with low nanomolar affinity. However, when the ester linker was replaced with an amide for stability reasons, the binding affinity was significantly reduced. In this study, we show that an amino-oxetane bioisostere of the amide improves the affinity and maintains stability towards esterase-catalysed hydrolysis.

Ameliorative effects of thiamin on learning behavior and memory dysfunction in a rat model of hypothyroidism: implication of oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase.

Hypothyroidism causes learning and memory impairment. Considering the neuroprotective properties of thiamine (Vitamin B1), this study was conducted to investigate the effects of thiamine on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, oxidative damage, and memory deficits in hypothyroid rats.In this study, 50 rats (21 days old) were randomly divided into 5 groups and treated with propylthiouracil (0.05% in drinking water) and thiamine (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, oral) for 7 weeks. Following that, Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance (PA) tests were performed. Finally, oxidative stress indicators and AChE activity were measured in brain tissue.Treatment of hypothyroid rats with thiamine, especially at 100 and 200 mg/kg, alleviated the ability to remember the location of the platform as reflected by less time spent and distance to reach the platform, during the MWM test (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). In the PA test, the latency to enter the dark chamber and light stay time were increased in rats who received thiamine compared to the hypothyroid group (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). In addition, thiamine increased the levels of total thiol groups and superoxide dismutase while decreasing the levels of malondialdehyde and AChE.Our results suggest that thiamine supplementation could effectively improve memory loss in a rat model of hypothyroidism. The positive effects of thiamin on the learning and memory of hypothyroid rats may be due to amelioration of redox hemostasis and cholinergic disturbance.

Molecular mechanism of thiamine in mitigating drought stress in Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera): Insights from transcriptomics.

Urban garden plants are frequently affected by drought, which can hinder their growth, development, and greening effect. Previous studies have indicated that Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera) responds to drought stress by increasing the expression of thiamine synthesis genes. In this study, it was found that exogenous thiamine can effectively alleviate the negative effects of drought stress on plants. Forward transcriptome sequencing and physiological tests were further conducted to reveal the molecular mechanism of thiamine in alleviating drought stress. Results showed that exogenous thiamine activated the expression of eight chlorophyll synthesis genes in Chinese wingnut under drought stress. Moreover, physiological indicators proved that chlorophyll content increased in leaves of Chinese wingnut with thiamine treatment under drought stress. Photosynthesis genes were also activated in Chinese wingnut treated with exogenous thiamine under drought stress, as supported by photosynthetic indicators PIabs and PItotal. Additionally, exogenous thiamine stimulated the expression of genes in the auxin-activated signaling pathway, thus attenuating the effects of drought stress. This study demonstrates the molecular mechanism of thiamine in mitigating the effects of drought stress on non-model woody plants lacking transgenic systems. This study also provides an effective method to mitigate the negative impacts of drought stress on plants.

Open-chain thiamine analogues as potent inhibitors of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-dependent enzymes.

A common approach to studying thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-dependent enzymes is by chemical inhibition with thiamine/TPP analogues which feature a neutral aromatic ring in place of the positive thiazolium ring of TPP. These are potent inhibitors but their preparation generally involves multiple synthetic steps to construct the central ring. We report efficient syntheses of novel, open-chain thiamine analogues which potently inhibit TPP-dependent enzymes and are predicted to share the same binding mode as TPP. We also report some open-chain analogues that inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-subunit (PDH E1) and are predicted to occupy additional pockets in the enzyme other than the TPP-binding pockets. This opens up new possibilities for increasing the affinity and selectivity of the analogues for PDH, which is an established anti-cancer target.

Synthetic Thioesters of Thiamine: Promising Tools for Slowing Progression of Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Thiamine (vitamin B1) is essential for the brain. This is attributed to the coenzyme role of thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) in glucose and energy metabolism. The synthetic thiamine prodrug, the thioester benfotiamine (BFT), has been extensively studied and has beneficial effects both in rodent models of neurodegeneration and in human clinical studies. BFT has no known adverse effects and improves cognitive outcomes in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease. In cell culture and animal models, BFT has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that seem to be mediated by a mechanism independent of the coenzyme function of ThDP. Recent in vitro studies show that another thiamine thioester, O,S-dibenzoylthiamine (DBT), is even more efficient than BFT, especially with respect to its anti-inflammatory potency, and is effective at lower concentrations. Thiamine thioesters have pleiotropic properties linked to an increase in circulating thiamine concentrations and possibly in hitherto unidentified open thiazole ring derivatives. The identification of the active neuroprotective metabolites and the clarification of their mechanism of action open extremely promising perspectives in the field of neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric conditions. The present review aims to summarize existing data on the neuroprotective effects of thiamine thioesters and give a comprehensive account.

The Effect of Trimethoprim on Thiamine Absorption: A Transporter-Mediated Drug-Nutrient Interaction.

Trimethoprim is predicted to inhibit several thiamine transporters, including the primary thiamine intestinal absorptive transporter, ThTR-2, and the hepatic and renal organic cation transporters, OCT1, OCT2, and MATEs. To investigate the effect of trimethoprim on thiamine absorption, studies were conducted in cells, mice, and healthy volunteers and supported by use of real-world data. In a randomized, crossover clinical study, seven healthy volunteers were given a single oral dose of thiamine or thiamine plus trimethoprim, followed by blood sampling. The thiamine area under the curve (AUC) increased with trimethoprim co-administration (P value = 0.031). Similar results were seen in mice. Trimethoprim appeared to act on thiamine absorption through inhibition of hepatic OCT1 as evidenced from its ability to modulate levels of isobutyrylcarnitine and propionylcarnitine, OCT1 biomarkers identified from metabolomic analyses. Real-world data further supported this finding, showing an association between trimethoprim use and higher levels of triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol, consistent with OCT1 inhibition (P values: 2.2 × 10-16 , 5.75 × 10-7 , and 5.82 × 10-7 , respectively). These findings suggest that trimethoprim increases plasma levels of thiamine by inhibiting hepatic OCT1. Trimethoprim reduced urinary excretion and clearance of biomarkers for OCT2 and MATEs, consistent with inhibition of renal organic cation transporters. This inhibition did not appear to play a role in the observed increases in thiamine levels. This study highlights the potential for drug-nutrient interactions involving transporters, in addition to transporters' established role in drug-drug interactions.

Design of thiamine analogues for inhibition of thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes: Systematic investigation through Scaffold-Hopping and C2-Functionalisation.

Thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), the bioactive form of vitamin B1, is an essential coenzyme needed for processes of cellular metabolism in all organisms. ThDP-dependent enzymes all require ThDP as a coenzyme for catalytic activity, although individual enzymes vary significantly in substrate preferences and biochemical reactions. A popular way to study the role of these enzymes through chemical inhibition is to use thiamine/ThDP analogues, which typically feature a neutral aromatic ring in place of the positively charged thiazolium ring of ThDP. While ThDP analogues have aided work in understanding the structural and mechanistic aspects of the enzyme family, at least two key questions regarding the ligand design strategy remain unresolved: 1) which is the best aromatic ring? and 2) how can we achieve selectivity towards a given ThDP-dependent enzyme? In this work, we synthesise derivatives of these analogues covering all central aromatic rings used in the past decade and make a head-to-head comparison of all the compounds as inhibitors of several ThDP-dependent enzymes. Thus, we establish the relationship between the nature of the central ring and the inhibitory profile of these ThDP-competitive enzyme inhibitors. We also demonstrate that introducing a C2-substituent onto the central ring to explore the unique substrate-binding pocket can further improve both potency and selectivity.

Regulation of PKC/TLR-4/NF-kB signaling by sulbutiamine improves diabetic nephropathy in rats.

One of the serious complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic nephropathy (DN) which may finally lead to renal failure. The current study aimed to explore the effect of sulbutiamine, a synthetic derivative of vitamin B1, in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN and related pathways. Experimental DN was successfully induced 8 weeks after a single low dose of STZ (45 mg/kg, I.P.). Four groups of rats were used in this study and divided randomly into: control group, diabetic group, sulbutiamine control (control + sulbutiamine) group, and sulbutiamine-treated (60 mg/kg) (diabetic + sulbutiamine) group. The fasting blood glucose level (BGL), the levels of kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1), urea and creatinine in serum, as well as the renal content of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein kinase C (PKC), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were determined. Additionally, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) contents were evaluated immunohistochemically. Sulbutiamine treatment decreased fasting BGL and improved the kidney function tests compared to diabetic rats. Moreover, TLR-4, NF-κB, MDA and PKC contents were substantially reduced following sulbutiamine treatment compared to the diabetic group. Sulbutiamine managed to obstruct the production of the pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-1ß and suppressed TGF-ß1 level, in addition to attenuating the histopathological changes associated with DN. This study revealed, for the first time, the ability of sulbutiamine to ameliorate STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. This nephroprotective outcome of sulbutiamine against DN may be attributed to glycemic control in addition to its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects.