Fluoruro de estaño en el control de cavidades sin restauración en dientes temporales / Stannous fluoride in nonrestorative cavity control in primary teeth

Introducción: el control de cavidades sin restauración (NRCC, por sus siglas en inglés), es una opción de tratamiento conservador y no invasivo para dentina cariosa, sobre todo en dentición temporal. Una de las estrategias del NRCC es la remineralización. El fluoruro de estaño (FDE) puede considerarse, como una opción viable ya que existe evidencia de su eficacia cariostática. Objetivo: valorar al FDE como remineralizante alternativo en dentina de molares temporales, asociado al NRCC. Material y métodos: se efectuó un estudio clínico, epidemiológico, y descriptivo con preescolares voluntarios de 3 a 5 años de edad con consentimiento firmado de participación en el estudio, y que presentaron molares con ICDAS 5 y 6. La aplicación del FDE a 0.8%, la evaluación de la dureza de la dentina con los criterios de Nyvad, y el diagnóstico del estado pulpar, la efectuó un operador entrenado para esta finalidad. Se aplicó un análisis estadístico descriptivo y uno no paramétrico. Resultados: el efecto cariostático producido por el FDE a 0.8%, sobre dentina afectada de molares temporales de niños mexicanos fue estadísticamente significativo durante cinco meses. Conclusiones: la aplicación de fluoruro de estaño puede considerarse como una alternativa de tratamiento cariostático asociado al NRCC para niños de 3 a 5 años de edad (AU)

Introduction: nonrestorative cavity control (NRCC), is a conservative and non-invasive treatment option for carious dentin, especially in primary dentition. One of the NRCC strategies is remineralization. Stannous Fluoride (SDF) can be considered as a viable option since there is evidence of its cariostatic efficacy. Objective: to evaluate FDE as an alternative remineralizing agent in the dentin of primary molars, associated with NRCC. Material and methods: a clinical, epidemiological, and descriptive study was carried out with preschool volunteers aged 3 to 5 years with signed consent to participate in the study, and who presented molars with ICDAS 5 and 6. The application of FDE at 0.8%, the evaluation of dentin hardness with the Nyvad criteria, and the diagnosis of pulp status, was carried out by an operator trained for this purpose. A descriptive and non-parametric statistical analysis was applied. Results: the cariostatic effect produced by 0.8% FDE on affected dentin of primary molars of Mexican children was statistically significant for five months. Conclusions: the application of stannous fluoride can be considered as an alternative cariostatic treatment associated with NRCC for children 3 to 5 years of age (AU)

Characteristics of tin-containing fluoride toothpastes related to erosive tooth wear protection.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of different tin-containing toothpastes on the control of erosive tooth wear in enamel and dentin. METHODS: Enamel and dentin slabs were randomly distributed into 7 experimental groups (n = 10/substrate): C-: negative control (Artificial saliva); AmF (regular fluoridated toothpaste without tin); Sn-1 (SnF2/NaF); Sn-2 (SnF2/NaF/SnCl2); Sn-3 (SnCl2/NaF); Sn-4 (SnF2/SnCl2); Sn-5 (SnCl2/AmF/NaF/chitosan). Specimens were submitted to 5-day erosion-abrasion cycling. Surface loss (SL) was determined with an optical profilometer. Tin deposition on the tooth surfaces and some characteristics of the toothpastes (pH, potentially available F-, %weight of solid particles, and RDA) were also assessed. Data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). RESULTS: For enamel, the Sn-2 presented the lowest SL, not differing significantly from AmF, C+, and Sn-3. The SL of these groups was significantly lower than the C-, except for Sn-3. Sn-1 and Sn-4 were also not significantly different from C-. For dentin, C- significantly showed the highest SL values, whilst, Sn-1 presented the lowest SL, not differing significantly from AmF, Sn-2, C+, and Sn-3. There was a significant positive association between enamel SL and the pH and tin deposition. Dentin SL was significantly negatively associated with the %weight of solid particles and RDA. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the tin-toothpastes were able to exhibit some protection against ETW. In this process, the toothpastes characteristics play a role, as lower enamel SL was significantly associated with lower pH values and tin deposition; and lower dentin SL was associated with higher %weight of solid particles and RDA of the toothpastes. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Tin-containing toothpastes can be used for erosive tooth wear protection, but our study showed that their effect depends on the pH, amount of tin deposition, % weight of solid particles and RDA of the toohpastes.

Avaliação de um gel contendo fluoreto e estanho como uma opção de tratamento profissional para o controle da erosão do esmalte e da dentina / Evaluation of a gel containing fluoride and stannous as an option for the professional treatment of enamel and dentin erosion

Este estudo teve o objetivo de desenvolver um gel experimental contendo flúor e estanho, como uma opção de tratamento profissional, para ser utilizado na prevenção da erosão dental. Foram utilizados 50 fragmentos (4mm × 4mm × 2mm) de esmalte e 50 de dentina, obtidos de incisivos bovinos. Os fragmentos foram incluídos em resina acrílica, planificados e polidos. Em seguida, uma fita adesiva foi posicionada sobre a superfície polida desses espécimes, deixando uma janela de 4mm × 1mm exposta aos testes subsequentes. Os espécimes foram previamente erodidos (10min em solução de ácido cítrico a 1%, pH~2,4) e distribuídos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos experimentais (n=10 para cada substrato), de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos: 1. F+Sn+HPMC: Gel de fluoreto de sódio e cloreto de estanho experimental (7500 ppm F- e 15000 ppm Sn2+, pH=4,5); 2. F+HPMC: Gel de fluoreto de sódio experimental (7500 ppm F-, pH=4,5); 3. Comercial: Gel de flúor fosfato acidulado comercial - APF (12300 ppm F-, pH=3,2); 4. Placebo: Gel placebo (Hidroxipropil MetilceluloseHPMC, sem componentes ativos); 5. Controle negativo: sem tratamento; aplicados por 60 s. Na sequência, os espécimes foram submetidos a uma ciclagem de erosão-re-deposição mineral, que consistia em 5 min de imersão em solução de ácido cítrico a 0,3% (pH~2,6), seguido de imersão em saliva artificial por 60min, 4x/dia, durante 5 dias. A perda de superfície dos espécimes (PS em m) foi determinada com um perfilômetro óptico após 5, 10 e 20 dias de ciclagem. Os dados obtidos foram analisados com ANOVA de dois fatores de medidas repetidas, considerando um nível de significância de 5%. Para o esmalte, o placebo não diferiu do controle em nenhum tempo experimental, e ambos apresentaram significativamente a maior PS. Após 5 e 10 dias: (F+Sn+HPMC)=(comercial)<(F+HPMC)<(placebo)=(controle). Após 20 dias: (F+Sn+HPMC)=(F+HPMC)=(comercial)<(controle)=(placebo). Para dentina, no 5º dia: (comercial)=(F+Sn+HPMC)=(F+HPMC)<(controle)=(placebo). No 10º dia, os grupos F+Sn+HMC, comercial e F+HPMC continuaram apresentando menor PS do que o controle e o placebo, porém, F+HPMC não diferiu significativamente desses dois últimos grupos. No 20º dia, somente o comercial apresentou menor PS que controle e placebo. Considerando as limitações desse estudo in vitro, pode-se concluir que o gel de F+Sn+HPMC foi capaz de controlar a progressão da erosão dental de maneira semelhante ao gel comercial, que possui 4800 ppm a mais de fluoreto em sua composição, exceto após 20 dias de desafio erosivo na dentina. Esse gel é uma alternativa clínica viável, podendo ser potencialmente utilizado em conjunto com produtos de uso diário, visando o aumento da proteção contra erosão em indivíduos com alto risco para erosão dental.

The potential of galactomannan from Caesalpinia ferrea on erosive dentin wear reduction in vitro.

Gels containing juca seed galactomannan (JSG) were evaluated for their potential to prevent the progression of dentin erosive wear in an in vitro study with four experimental groups (n = 9). The treatments included distilled water (DW), 0.05% stannous fluoride (121 ppm F), and 0.5% or 1% JSG. The specimens underwent a cycle (3 times/day) consisting of immersion in 1% citric acid (5 minutes), treatment (5 minutes), and artificial saliva exposure (2 hours/overnight) for 5 days. Surface changes were assessed using mechanical profilometry (wear), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-test (p < 0.05). The negative control group exhibited the highest wear (6.0 µm ± 3.5), significantly differing from the group treated with 0.05% stannous fluoride gel (p = 0.007), which showed less dentin loss. The groups treated with 0.5% and 1% JSG showed results similar to the negative control (p = 0.661; p = 0.212, respectively) and the stannous fluoride group (p = 0.103; p = 0.379, respectively). In the SEM images, the specimen treated with stannous fluoride showed obliterated tubules, while the JSG gels formed crystals on the dentin surface, as confirmed by the presence of oxygen and calcium in the EDS analysis. Although the JSG gels showed similar results to the stannous fluoride, did not exhibit superior efficacy at the tested concentrations.

Film-Forming Polymers for Inhibition of Hydroxyapatite Dissolution: A Screening Study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of film-forming polymer solutions of different concentrations and pH values, either associated or not with sodium fluoride (F; 225 ppm F-), when applied during the initial stage of salivary pellicle formation, to prevent the dissolution of hydroxyapatite (HA), which was determined by the pH-stat method. Polyacrylic acid (PA), chitosan, sodium linear polyphosphate (LPP), polyvinyl methyl ether/maleic anhydride (PVM/MA), and propylene glycol alginate (PGA) were tested in three concentrations (lower, medium, and higher), two pH values (native or adjusted), and either associated or not with F. Distilled water, F, and stannous ion+fluoride (Sn/F; 225 ppm F- and 800 ppm Sn2+, as SnCl2) solutions were the controls, totalizing 63 groups. HA crystals were pretreated with human saliva for 1 min to allow pellicle formation, then immersed in the experimental solutions (1 min), and exposed to saliva for another 28 min. Subsequently, they were added to a 0.3% citric acid solution (pH = 3.8), connected to a pH-stat system that added aliquots of 28 µL 0.1 N HCl for a total reaction time of 5 min. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α = 0.05). For PA alone, the concentrations of 0.1% (native pH), 0.06%, and 0.08% (both pH adjusted) showed significantly lower HA dissolution than the negative control. PA concentrations of 0.1% and 0.08%, of both pH values, improved the effect of F against HA dissolution to a near-identical value as Sn/F. All solutions containing chitosan and LPP significantly reduced HA dissolution in comparison with the control. For chitosan, the concentration of 0.5% (in both pH values) improved the effect of F. LPP at 0.5% (native pH) and all associations of LPP with F outperformed the effect of F. Some PVM/MA solutions significantly reduced HA dissolution but PVM/MA could not improve the protection of F. PGA was incapable of reducing HA dissolution or improving F effect. It was concluded that chitosan, LPP, and some PA and PVM/MA solutions used alone were capable of reducing HA dissolution. Only PA, chitosan, and LPP were able to enhance fluoride protection, but for PA and chitosan, this was influenced by the polymer concentration.

How is the quality of the available evidence on molar-incisor hypomineralization treatment? An overview of systematic reviews.

OBJECTIVE: This overview analyzed the quality of the systematic reviews (SRs) available on treatments for molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Six electronic databases were searched (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, Brazilian Bibliography of Dentistry and Cochrane Library) until March 2022. Two reviewers independently performed the selection, the quality assessment (Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 - AMSTAR-2), and the risk of bias assessment of the SR (Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews - ROBIS). RESULTS: Two hundred nine records were retrieved; after removing duplicates and applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 5 SRs remained. Three SRs were rated as showing critically low methodological quality and high risk of bias, and two were rated as moderate methodological quality and low risk of bias. The identified treatments that may be suitable for MIH were classified as (1) non-invasive - casein incorporated into toothpaste and sugar-free chewing gum, toothpaste containing arginine, 0.4% stannous fluoride gel; fluoride varnish; (2) micro-invasive - resin sealants for pits and fissures, microabrasion, dental whitening, resin infiltration; (3) invasive - ART restorations, indirect restorations (metal, composite, or ceramic); and (4) mixed intervention - stainless steel crowns. CONCLUSION: Despite the considerable number of published papers included in this set of systematic reviews, the evidence supporting the effectiveness of treatments for treating MIH is limited due to the methodological quality and risk of bias of the systematic reviews, as well as the quality of the primary studies (PROSPERO: CRD42020144831). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Different treatments have been purposed for MIH treatment, but there is still not enough scientific evidence of good quality for the establishment of a definitive clinical protocol for the treatment of MIH.

Avaliação de um gel contendo fluoreto e estanho como uma opção de tratamento profissional para o controle da erosão do esmalte e da dentina / Evaluation of a gel containing fluoride and stannous as an option for the professional treatment of enamel and dentin erosion

Este estudo teve o objetivo de desenvolver um gel experimental contendo flúor e estanho, como uma opção de tratamento profissional, para ser utilizado na prevenção da erosão dental. Foram utilizados 50 fragmentos (4mm × 4mm × 2mm) de esmalte e 50 de dentina, obtidos de incisivos bovinos. Os fragmentos foram incluídos em resina acrílica, planificados e polidos. Em seguida, uma fita adesiva foi posicionada sobre a superfície polida desses espécimes, deixando uma janela de 4mm × 1mm exposta aos testes subsequentes. Os espécimes foram previamente erodidos (10min em solução de ácido cítrico a 1%, pH~2,4) e distribuídos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos experimentais (n=10 para cada substrato), de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos: 1. F+Sn+HPMC: Gel de fluoreto de sódio e cloreto de estanho experimental (7500 ppm F- e 15000 ppm Sn2+, pH=4,5); 2. F+HPMC: Gel de fluoreto de sódio experimental (7500 ppm F-, pH=4,5); 3. Comercial: Gel de flúor fosfato acidulado comercial - APF (12300 ppm F-, pH=3,2); 4. Placebo: Gel placebo (Hidroxipropil MetilceluloseHPMC, sem componentes ativos); 5. Controle negativo: sem tratamento; aplicados por 60 s. Na sequência, os espécimes foram submetidos a uma ciclagem de erosão-re-deposição mineral, que consistia em 5 min de imersão em solução de ácido cítrico a 0,3% (pH~2,6), seguido de imersão em saliva artificial por 60min, 4x/dia, durante 5 dias. A perda de superfície dos espécimes (PS em m) foi determinada com um perfilômetro óptico após 5, 10 e 20 dias de ciclagem. Os dados obtidos foram analisados com ANOVA de dois fatores de medidas repetidas, considerando um nível de significância de 5%. Para o esmalte, o placebo não diferiu do controle em nenhum tempo experimental, e ambos apresentaram significativamente a maior PS. Após 5 e 10 dias: (F+Sn+HPMC)=(comercial)<(F+HPMC)<(placebo)=(controle). Após 20 dias: (F+Sn+HPMC)=(F+HPMC)=(comercial)<(controle)=(placebo). Para dentina, no 5º dia: (comercial)=(F+Sn+HPMC)=(F+HPMC)<(controle)=(placebo). No 10º dia, os grupos F+Sn+HMC, comercial e F+HPMC continuaram apresentando menor PS do que o controle e o placebo, porém, F+HPMC não diferiu significativamente desses dois últimos grupos. No 20º dia, somente o comercial apresentou menor PS que controle e placebo. Considerando as limitações desse estudo in vitro, pode-se concluir que o gel de F+Sn+HPMC foi capaz de controlar a progressão da erosão dental de maneira semelhante ao gel comercial, que possui 4800 ppm a mais de fluoreto em sua composição, exceto após 20 dias de desafio erosivo na dentina. Esse gel é uma alternativa clínica viável, podendo ser potencialmente utilizado em conjunto com produtos de uso diário, visando o aumento da proteção contra erosão em indivíduos com alto risco para erosão dental.

Effect of CO2 laser combined with AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution on the prevention of human and bovine enamel erosion.

This in vitro study evaluated the potential of CO2 laser (10.6 µm) combined with a stannous/fluoride-containing solution for preventing erosion in human/bovine enamel. Forty-eight samples of each substrate were randomly allocated to four groups (n = 12): W - distilled water; E - AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution; L - CO2 laser; and LE - CO2 laser+AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution. After surface treatments, samples were submitted to a 5-day erosive challenge, alternating immersions in 0.5% citric acid (2 minutes, 6x/day) and in artificial saliva. Optical profilometry (µm) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine surface loss and surface morphology, respectively. Data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (p < 0.05). For human enamel, tissue loss was lower in group L (12.37 ± 4.46) than in group W (16.45 ± 2.76), and higher than in the groups treated with AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution (E-5.44 ± 2.37; LE-5.55 ± 2.31). In group L, SEM images reveled a disorganized surface but fewer projections than in group W and LE showed fewer irregularities than W, E, and L. For bovine enamel, tissue loss in group L (13.90 ± 3.50) did not differ from that in group W (14.10 ± 2.98), and was higher than losses in groups E (5.70 ± 2.12) and LE (8.12 ± 2.56), which were statistically similar to each other. Groups W and L had similar aspects of demineralization, whereas groups E and LE showed homogenous surfaces. Surface-treated samples had no changes in their surfaces. CO2 laser was able to slightly prevent surface loss only on human enamel surface, but did not enhance the AmF/NaF/SnCl2 effect on the prevention of enamel erosion.

Reduction in erosive tooth wear using stannous fluoride-containing dentifrices: a meta-analysis.

Dentifrices containing different active agents may be helpful to allow rehardening and to increase the resistance of the eroded surface to further acids or mechanical impacts. This study aimed to compare the effects of conventional (sodium fluoride [NaF]) and stannous fluoride (SnF2)-containing dentifrices on reducing erosive tooth wear (ETW). The PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS, BBO, EMBASE, TRIP electronic databases, and grey literature were searched until January 2021 to retrieve relevant in vitro and in situ studies related to research question. There were no restrictions on publication year or language. Two authors independently selected the studies, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias. ETW data were pooled to calculate and compare both dentifrices (overall analysis) and in vitro and in situ studies separately (subgroup analysis). Statistical analyses were performed using RevMan5.3 with a random effects model. Of 820 potentially eligible studies, 101 were selected for full-text analysis, and 8 were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. There was a significant difference between SnF2-containing dentifrices and NaF dentifrices only for in vitro studies (p=0.04), showing a higher effect of the SnF2-containing dentifrices against the erosion/abrasion (effect size: -6.80 95%CI: -13.42; -0.19). Most in vitro and in situ studies had high and low risk of bias, respectively. In vitro literature suggests that the ETW reduction is greater when using SnF2-containing dentifrices instead NaF-containing dentifrices. However, the evidence level is insufficient for definitive conclusions. Clinical trials are necessary for a better understanding of the effect of these compounds on ETW.

Efeitos de diferentes dentifrícios na permeabilidade e rugosidade de dentina erodida / Effect of different toothpastes on permeability and roughness of eroded dentin

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a rugosidade, a obliteração dos túbulos dentinários e a permeabilidade da dentina erodida e escovada com diferentes dentifrícios. Noventa dentes bovinos foram seccionadas em blocos, sendo que em trinta a hemiface foi protegida com verniz ácido resistente e sessenta foram submetidos ao teste de permeabilidade. Os espécimes foram divididos de acordo com os dentifrícios: sem flúor (SF), com fluoreto de sódio (NaF) e com fluoreto de estanho (SnF2). Em seguida, os blocos foram submetidos a um protocolo erosivo-abrasivo por 5 dias. As análises de rugosidade superficial e obliteração dos túbulos dentinários (n=10) foram realizadas nas hemifaces controle e teste do mesmo espécime e a análise da permeabilidade (n=20) foi realizada novamente. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes de ANOVA a dois critérios medidas repetidas e pós teste de Tukey (p≤0,05). Os grupos NaF e SnF2 apresentaram maior rugosidade comparando-se ao SF. O grupo SF apresentou a maior quantidade de túbulos abertos quanto comparado aos demais. Não houve diferença significativa na permeabilidade pós-ciclagem entre os dentifrícios SF e NaF, contudo o dentifrício SnF2 apresentou maior permeabilidade comparando-se aos demais. Ambos os dentifrícios contendo flúor tiveram oclusão efetiva dos túbulos dentinários; contudo, os efeitos da presença de fluoreto de estanho na permeabilidade podem ser neutralizados pela abrasão deste dentifrício(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the roughness, dentin tubule occlusion and permeability of eroded dentin brushed with different toothpastes. Ninety bovine teeth were sectioned in blocks. The hemiface of thirty specimens was protect with acid resistant varnish and sixty were submitted to permeability test. The specimens were divided according to the dentifrices: without fluoride (WF), sodium fluoride (NaF) and stannous fluoride (SnF2). Then, the blocks were submitted to erosive-abrasive protocol for 5 days. The analysis of surface roughness and dentin tubule occlusion (n=10) were performed on control and test hemifaces of the same sample and permeability analysis (n=20) was again performed. Data were analyzed by two-way RM ANOVA and Tukey tests (p≤0.05). NaF and SnF2 groups presented higher roughness when compared with WF. WF group presented larger number of opened tubules compared to the others. No significant differences were found between WF and NaF for permeability; however, SnF2 presented higher hydraulic conductance compared to other dentifrices. In conclusion, both fluoride-containing toothpastes had promising tubule occlusion; however, the effects on permeability of stannous formulation may be counteracted by the effects of abrasion from this dentifrice(AU)

Influence of cigarette smoke combined with different toothpastes on enamel erosion.

This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of different toothpastes on dental enamel subjected to an erosive cycle with and without exposure to cigarette smoke. Bovine enamel specimens were randomly allocated into 12 groups (n = 12). For the in vitro simulation of smoking, half the groups underwent an exposure cycle of 20 cigarettes per day for 5 days. Subsequently, all groups were subjected to a 5-day erosion cycle intercalating demineralization (1 min; 1% citric acid; pH = 3.5) and treatment with toothpaste slurries (2 min) of NaF, SnF2, F/Sn/Chitosan, F/CaSiO3/Na3PO4, and F/bioactive glass. The control group was immersed in distilled water. Surface microhardness (SMH) was measured initially, after exposure to smoke, and after the erosive cycle, and %SMH was calculated. At the end of the experimental cycle, surface roughness, profilometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were performed. SMH increased after exposure to cigarette smoke (p < 0.05). After the erosive cycle, there were no differences between the presence and absence of cigarette smoke exposure in SMH and roughness (p > 0.05). Besides increasing enamel SMH, cigarette smoke did not prevent enamel loss after the erosion cycle (p < 0.05). In profilometry, roughness and surface loss had the lowest values in the groups treated with SnF2 and F/Sn/Chitosan (p < 0.05). AFM showed lower mineral loss with F/CaSiO3/Na3PO4 and F/Sn/Chitosan. For all groups, except F/CaSiO3/Na3PO4, cigarette smoke resulted in higher enamel wear. F/Sn/Chitosan showed the best results against erosion.

Effects of dentifrices on mechanical resistance of dentin and restorative materials after erosion and abrasion.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical resistance of dentin and restorative materials submitted to erosive/abrasive challenges with different dentifrices. The dentin was restored using a resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGIC) or a composite resin (RC). One hemiface of the sample was protected, and the other was subdivided according to the applied dentifrice (n = 10): without fluoride (SF), sodium fluoride (NaF) and stannous fluoride (SnF). The specimens were submitted to erosive/abrasive cycles, the varnish was removed, and the Martens hardness (HMV) and elastic modulus (Eit) were evaluated. The data were analyzed by repeated two-way ANOVA measurements and Tukey tests (alpha = 0.05). When analyzing the HMV on the test side, there was no influence of the dentifrices in the dentin; however, the orders of NaF < SnF = SF in RC and SnF > NaF = SF in RMGIC were observed. Comparing the treated surfaces, there were no differences in the dentin, and only the SF since CR presented an HMV superior to that of RMGIC. Comparing control and test sides, both dentins obtained a decreased HMV after the erosive/abrasive challenge; for the restorative materials, superior values were found only for SnF in the RMGIC. The Eit values were influenced more by the dentifrices on the test side for the dentin adjacent to the RMGIC, with the lowest values shown for the SF, and for both materials, the highest values were shown for the SnF group. No differences were found when comparing each dentin treated with the same dentifrice; however, the RMGIC presented a superior Eit than the CR when brushed with both dentifrices with a fluoride. Comparing the control and test sides, the same results were obtained for the HMV. The dentifrices showed little influence on the dentin substrate, whereas the dentifrice with SnF enhanced the mechanical properties of the restorative materials, which was more evident in the RMGIC.

Anti-Erosive Effect of Solutions Containing Sodium Fluoride, Stannous Chloride, and Selected Film-Forming Polymers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-erosive effect of solutions containing sodium fluoride (F: 225 ppm F-), stannous chloride (Sn: 800 ppm Sn2+), and some film-forming polymers (Gantrez: Poly [methylvinylether-alt-maleic anhydride]; PGA: propylene glycol alginate; Plasdone: poly[vinylpyrrolidone]; and CMC: carboxymethylcellulose). Solutions were tested in an erosion-remineralization cycling model, using enamel and dentin specimens (n = 10, for each substrate). Distilled water was the negative control. Cycling consisted of 120 min immersion in human saliva, 5 min in 0.3% citric acid solution, and 120 min of exposure to human saliva, 4×/day, for 5 days. Treatment with solutions (pH = 4.5) was carried out 2×/day, for 2 min. Surface loss (SL) was evaluated with optical profilometry. Zeta potential of hydroxyapatite crystals was determined after treatment with the solutions. Data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). For enamel, all polymers showed significantly lower SL (in µm) than the control (11.09 ± 0.94), except PGA (10.15 ± 1.25). PGA significantly improved the protective effect of F (4.24 ± 0.97 vs. 5.64 ± 1.60, respectively). None of the polymers increased the protection of F+Sn (5.13 ± 0.78). For dentin, only Gantrez (11.40 ± 0.97) significantly reduced SL when compared with the negative control (12.76 ± 0.75). No polymer was able to enhance the effect of F (6.28 ± 1.90) or F+Sn (7.21 ± 1.13). All fluoridated solutions demonstrated significantly lower SL values than the control for both substrates. Treatment of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles with all solutions resulted in more negative zeta potentials than those of the control, except Plasdone, PGA, and F+Sn+PGA, the latter two presenting the opposite effect. In conclusion, Gantrez, Plasdone, and CMC exhibited an anti-erosive effect on enamel. PGA increased the protection of F. For dentin, only Gantrez reduced erosion.

AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution reduces in situ enamel erosion - profilometry and cross-sectional nanoindentation analysis.

This in situ study aimed to investigate the effect of a tin-containing fluoride solution in preventing enamel erosion. Also, its effects on the partly demineralized zone were assessed for the first time. Thirteen volunteers participated in this 2-phase study, wearing removable intra-oral appliances containing four sterilized bovine enamel slabs, for 8 days, where 2 treatment protocols were tested using samples in replicas (n = 13): CO - no treatment (negative control) and FL - AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution (500 ppm F-, 800 ppm Sn2+, pH = 4.5). Samples were daily exposed to an erosive challenge (0.65% citric acid, pH 3.6, 4 min, 2x/day). In the 2nd phase, volunteers switched to the other treatment protocol. Samples were evaluated for surface loss using a profilometer (n = 13) and a cross-sectional nanohardness (CSNH) test (n = 13) was carried out in order to determine how deep the partly demineralized zone reaches below the erosive lesion. The data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA. Erosive challenges lead to smaller enamel surface loss (p < 0.001) in the FL group when compared to group CO. Data from CSNH showed that there was no significant difference in demineralized enamel zone underneath erosion lesions between the groups. An amorphous layer could be observed on the surface of enamel treated with tin-containing solution alone. Under the experimental conditions of this in situ study, it can be concluded that AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution prevents enamel surface loss but does not change the hardness of the partly demineralized zone near-surface enamel.

AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution reduces in situ enamel erosion - profilometry and cross-sectional nanoindentation analysis

Abstract This in situ study aimed to investigate the effect of a tin-containing fluoride solution in preventing enamel erosion. Also, its effects on the partly demineralized zone were assessed for the first time. Thirteen volunteers participated in this 2-phase study, wearing removable intra-oral appliances containing four sterilized bovine enamel slabs, for 8 days, where 2 treatment protocols were tested using samples in replicas (n = 13): CO - no treatment (negative control) and FL - AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution (500 ppm F-, 800 ppm Sn2+, pH = 4.5). Samples were daily exposed to an erosive challenge (0.65% citric acid, pH 3.6, 4 min, 2x/day). In the 2nd phase, volunteers switched to the other treatment protocol. Samples were evaluated for surface loss using a profilometer (n = 13) and a cross-sectional nanohardness (CSNH) test (n = 13) was carried out in order to determine how deep the partly demineralized zone reaches below the erosive lesion. The data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA. Erosive challenges lead to smaller enamel surface loss (p < 0.001) in the FL group when compared to group CO. Data from CSNH showed that there was no significant difference in demineralized enamel zone underneath erosion lesions between the groups. An amorphous layer could be observed on the surface of enamel treated with tin-containing solution alone. Under the experimental conditions of this in situ study, it can be concluded that AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution prevents enamel surface loss but does not change the hardness of the partly demineralized zone near-surface enamel.

Efficacy of stannous, fluoride and their their combination in dentin erosion prevention in vitro.

The aim of this study was to compare the protective effects of solutions containing stannous (Sn), fluoride (F) and their combination in the prevention of dentin erosion. Forty bovine root dentin specimens (4'4'2 mm(3)) were prepared and randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 10): SnCl2 (800 ppm/6.7 mM Sn), NaF (250 ppm/13 mM F), NaF/SnCl2 (800 ppm/6.7 mM Sn; 250 ppm/13 mM F), and deionized water (DIW) as a negative control. An acquired pellicle was formed on dentin samples by incubation in clarified, pooled, stimulated human saliva for 24 hours. The specimens were subjected to 5 daily cycles, each consisting of 5 of min demineralization (0.3%/15.6 mM citric acid, pH 2.6, 6'/day) and 60 min of re-mineralization in clarified human saliva. Thirty minutes after the 1st, 3rd and 5th demineralization episodes of each day, the specimens were treated with one of the test solutions for 2 min. Surface loss was measured via optical profilometry. Mixed-model ANOVA followed by Tukey's test were used for the statistical analysis. Sn, F, and their combination significantly reduced the dentin surface loss by 23%, 36%, and 60% compared with DIW, respectively. All groups were significantly different (p < 0.05). The combination of Sn and F significantly reduced the amount of dentin surface loss compared with all other groups. The F group also significantly reduced surface loss compared with Sn and DIW, followed by the Sn group, which showed significantly greater protection compared with the DIW control. The daily use of a combined fluoride and stannous solution is promising for preventing dentin erosion.

Effect of commercial fluoride dentifrices against hydrochloric acid in an erosion-abrasion model.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the effect of three commercial dentifrices with different fluoride-containing compounds in controlling the progression of dentin loss using an in vitro erosion-abrasion model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dentin specimens were randomized into four groups (n = 10): control (no F), Elmex (1,400 ppm AmF), Meridol (1,400 ppm AmF/SnF2), and Crest Pro-Health (1,100 ppm SnF2). The dentin specimens were submitted to cycles of demineralization (HCl 0.01 M for 60 s), remineralization (artificial saliva for 60 min), and immersion in 1:3 w/w of dentifrice/artificial saliva, followed by toothbrushing (150 brushing strokes). The cycle was repeated three times daily for 5 days. Surface loss was quantified by stylus profilometry. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Wear (µm ± SD) was control 4.1 ± 1.2, Elmex 3.7 ± 1.5, Meridol 1.3 ± 0.4, and Crest Pro-Health 2.1 ± 0.7. Therefore, all products (except Elmex) produced statistically significantly less mineral loss (p < 0.05) when compared with the control. CONCLUSION: None of the dentifrices avoided the erosive-abrasive process; however, SnF2-containing dentifrices were effective in statistically significantly reducing dentin loss. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Scientific literature shows evidence that fluoride can strengthen dental tissue against erosive acid damage. However, the beneficial effect of different fluorides present in commercial dentifrices is questionable. Thus, a determination of an effective fluoride dentifrice may be beneficial in the reduction of the erosive process in patients with gastric disorders.

Efficacy of stannous, fluoride and their their combination in dentin erosion prevention in vitro

The aim of this study was to compare the protective effects of solutions containing stannous (Sn), fluoride (F) and their combination in the prevention of dentin erosion. Forty bovine root dentin specimens (4’4’2 mm3) were prepared and randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 10): SnCl2(800 ppm/6.7 mM Sn), NaF (250 ppm/13 mM F), NaF/SnCl2 (800 ppm/6.7 mM Sn; 250 ppm/13 mM F), and deionized water (DIW) as a negative control. An acquired pellicle was formed on dentin samples by incubation in clarified, pooled, stimulated human saliva for 24 hours. The specimens were subjected to 5 daily cycles, each consisting of 5 of min demineralization (0.3%/15.6 mM citric acid, pH 2.6, 6’/day) and 60 min of re-mineralization in clarified human saliva. Thirty minutes after the 1st, 3rd and 5th demineralization episodes of each day, the specimens were treated with one of the test solutions for 2 min. Surface loss was measured via optical profilometry. Mixed-model ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test were used for the statistical analysis. Sn, F, and their combination significantly reduced the dentin surface loss by 23%, 36%, and 60% compared with DIW, respectively. All groups were significantly different (p < 0.05). The combination of Sn and F significantly reduced the amount of dentin surface loss compared with all other groups. The F group also significantly reduced surface loss compared with Sn and DIW, followed by the Sn group, which showed significantly greater protection compared with the DIW control. The daily use of a combined fluoride and stannous solution is promising for preventing dentin erosion.

Influência da frequência de aplicação da solução de AmF/NaF/SnCl2 no seu potencial em inibir a progressão da lesão de erosão no esmalte dental humano / Influence of application frequency of AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution in its potential in inhibiting the progression of erosion in human dental enamel

Apesar de diversos estudos demonstrarem resultados promissores da utilização da solução de AmF/NaF/SnCl2 na inibição da progressão da lesão de erosão dental, medidas que visam melhorar ainda mais sua eficácia são fundamentais. Sendo assim, este estudo in vitro e in situ se propôs a avaliar se o efeito protetor dessa solução pode ser potencializado pelo aumento da frequência de uso. Para tanto, foram obtidas, a partir de terceiros molares humanos hígidos, sessenta amostras de esmalte dental humano para o estudo in vitro (4 X 4 X 1 mm), e noventa e seis para o in situ (3 X 3 X 1 mm). Após a formação de lesão erosiva incipiente nas amostras in vitro, (ácido cítrico a 1%, pH 4,0, durante 3 minutos), estas foram divididas nos 5 grupos de tratamentos (n=12): G1 - água destilada (controle negativo); G2 - solução de NaF (controle positivo) 1x/dia; G3 - solução de NaF (controle positivo) 2x/dia; G4 - solução de AmF/NaF/SnCl2 1x/dia; G5 - solução de AmF/NaF/SnCl2 2x/dia. As amostras foram então submetidas a 5 dias de ciclagem erosiva através de 6 imersões diárias de 2 minutos em solução de ácido cítrico (0,05M, pH 2.6). Ao final da ciclagem erosiva, foi realizada a determinação do desgaste de superfície por meio de Perfilometria óptica. Para realização do desafio erosivo in situ, as amostras também foram submetidas à formação da lesão incipiente, com a mesma metodologia do in vitro. Doze voluntários participaram do estudo in situ e cruzado, dividido em quatro fases de 5 dias cada, os quais utilizaram um dispositivo removível inferior unilateral contendo 2 amostras de esmalte dental humano erodido, que foram trocadas a cada fase. As amostras foram divididas em 4 grupos de tratamentos (n=12), os mesmos utilizados na etapa in vitro, com exceção do grupo da solução de NaF 2x/dia. Durante a fase experimental in situ o dispositivo contendo as amostras foi

submetido à ciclagem erosiva (ex vivo) semelhante à etapa in vitro. Ao final de cada fase experimental in situ, as amostras foram removidas do dispositivo e analisadas através de perfilometria, e foram consideradas as médias das amostras em duplicata para a análise estatística. A ANOVA mostrou que o desgaste superficial foi afetado pelos tratamentos avaliados tanto in vitro quanto in situ (p?0,001), com nível de significância de 5%. No estudo in vitro, o teste de Tukey demonstrou que não houve diferença entre os grupos de aplicação do NaF 1 (16,21 ±1,56) ou 2 vezes (15,39 ±1,01), que apresentaram redução limitada no desgaste quando comparado ao grupo da água destilada (20,36 ±1,56); já entre os grupos da solução AmF/NaF/SnCl2 houve diferença entre aplicação 1 (10,40 ±2,36) e 2 vezes (7,27 ±3,29), e que apesar de ambos demonstrarem redução significativa da perda de substrato, o aumento da frequência aumentou este potencial anti-erosivo. Na parte in situ, a solução de NaF não demonstrou capacidade de reduzir o desgaste, e apesar de não ter havido diferença significante entre os grupos AmF/NaF/SnCl2 1 (2,64 ±1,55) e 2 vezes (1,34 ±1,16), esta solução foi eficaz na redução do desgaste erosivo em comparação aos grupos NaF (4,59 ±2,13) e água destilada (4,55 ±2,75). A solução de AmF/NaF/SnCl2 demostrou se eficaz em proteger o esmalte da progressão da erosão dental, e o aumento da frequência potencializou seu efeito anti-erosivo tanto in vitro, quanto in situ.

Although several studies have shown promising results using the AmF/NaF /SnCl2 solution in inhibiting the progression of dental erosion, measures to further improve its effectiveness are fundamental. Thus, this in vitro and in situ study aimed to evaluate if the protective effect of this solution can be enhanced by increasing the frequency of use. Human enamel samples were obtained from sound human third molars; sixty for the in vitro study (4 x 4 x 1 mm), and ninety-six for the in situ (3 X 3 X 1 mm) study. After the formation of incipient erosive lesions, the in vitro samples (1% citric acid, pH 4.0, for 3 minutes), were divided into 5 treatment groups (n = 12): G1 - distilled water (negative control); G2 - NaF solution (positive control) 1x/day; G3 - NaF solution (positive control) 2x/day; G4 - AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution 1x/day; G5 - AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution 2x/day. The samples were then subjected to 5 days of erosive cycling through 6 daily immersions (2 minutes each) in citric acid solution (0.05 M, pH 2.6). At the end of erosive cycling, surface wear was determined by means of optical profilometry. To perform the in situ erosive challenge, the samples were also subjected to the formation of incipient lesion with the same methodology of the in vitro study. Twelve volunteers participated in the crossover in situ study - divided into four phases of 5 days each - and used a unilateral lower removable device containing 2 samples of eroded human enamel, which were changed at each phase. The samples were divided into 4 treatment groups (n = 12), the same considered for the in vitro phase, with the exception of the group of NaF solution 2x/day. During the in situ experimental phase, the device containing the sample was subjected to the erosive cycling (ex vivo),

similar to the in vitro phase. At the end of each in situ experimental phase, the samples were removed from the device and analyzed by profilometry, and the average of duplicate samples were considered for statistical analysis. The ANOVA showed that the surface wear was affected by treatments evaluated in both in vitro and in situ (p?0,001) studies. In the in vitro study, the Tukey test showed no difference between the application of groups of NaF 1 (16.21 ±1.47) or 2 times (15.39 ±1.01), which showed limited reduction in wear compared to the distilled water group (20.36 ±1.56). Among the groups of AmF/NaF/SnCl2 solution, there was no difference between 1 (10.40 ±2.36) and 2 application times (7.27 ±3.29), and, although both demonstrated significantly reduced tissue loss, increasing..