Anatomical and Surface Electron Microscopic Investigation of the Tongue and Laryngeal Prominence in the Red-Eyed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia semitorquata, Rüppel 1837).

This study investigated the morphology of tongue and laryngeal structures in red-eyed dove and related it to feeding habits. Samples were examined using gross anatomy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and histological techniques. The tongue conformed to the shape of the lower beak, and the apex with a pointed tip, body, and root were distinguished. A median grove was apparent, and a papillary crest with pointed triangular papillae separated the body from the root. The length of the tongue, its width (body), and the percentage of the length of the lower jaw occupied by the tongue were, on average, 12.5 mm, 2.3 mm, and 57.3%, respectively. SEM showed highly desquamated dorsal epithelium with pointed papillae-like projections. The papillary crest presented pointed papillae of about 20-22. Salivary openings were apparent in the root, surrounded by mucosal folds and blunt papillae. Laryngeal prominence was irregularly triangular shaped and elevated. The rim of the glottis showed glandular pinpointed marks. Typical cornified multilayered mucosal epithelium was present in the apex and decreased caudally. Hyaline entoglossal cartilage and adjoining connective tissue were present in the body and apex. Numerous tubuloalveolar glands were seen in the body and root. The rim of the glottis showed mucous intraepithelial glands. The rostral and caudal lingual glands indicated positive reaction to neutral and acidic mucins. This study demonstrated a morphofunctional relationship of the tongue of a red-eyed dove to its diet.

Morphological adaptation of the tongue of okapi (Okapia johnstoni Artiodactyla, Giraffidae)-Anatomy, histology, and ultrastructure.

The aim of this study was to describe the morphology of the tongue of the okapi, and to compare the results with other ruminants including browsers, intermediates and grazers. The material was collected post-mortem from two animals from a Zoological Garden. The structure of the okapi tongue, focusing of the shape of the tongue, lingual surface, its papillae and lingual glands, was examined using gross morphology, light and polarized microscopy, and by scanning electron microscopy. The okapi tongue was characterized by dark pigmentation on the lingual dorsum (except lingual torus) and on the whole ventral surface. Two types of filiform papillae were observed, with additional, even 6-8 projections at their base. The round fungiform papillae were present at a higher density, up to 16/cm2, on the ventro-lateral area of the lingual apex. Round and elongate vallate papillae were arranged in two parallel lines between the body and root of the tongue. Numerous taste buds were detected within the epithelium of their vallum, while fungiform papillae had sparse taste buds. A lack of foliate papillae was noted. Very small conical papillae, some lenticular in shape, were present on the lingual torus. Thick collagen type I fibers were dominant over collagen type III fibers in the connective tissue of the lingual papillae. The mucous acini units were dominant among lingual glands, indicating that the secretion of okapi lingual glands was mostly mucous. In many aspects, the tongue of okapi resembles the tongue of other ruminants. The specific lingual shape and lingual surface, together with the lingual glands, support the processing of plant food, such as young and soft leaves. Although okapi tongue is characterized by smaller conical papillae compared to other ruminants, its high number of vallate papillae is similar that found in other browsers, intermediate and grazers. Thus the number of gustatory papillae rather indicates that this feature is not related to the type of feeding.

Lingual adaptations of the Tarentola annularis with new insights into its papillary system adaptations: Ultrastructure, histochemistry, and immunohistochemical observations.

Our research aims to conduct a comprehensive ultrastructural, histochemical, and immunohistochemical examination of Tarentola annularis' tongue, utilizing various techniques such as light, scanning electron microscopy, and morphometric analysis. The complex papillary system consisted of four conical subtypes and one filiform type. The apex carried three conical subtypes (elongated, quadrilateral, and round); the midtongue carried two papillary types (quadrilateral conical and rectangular pointed filiform); and the hindtongue carried two conical subtypes (quadrilateral and elongated serrated). The dorsal papillary surface carried little taste pores on the foretongue and taste buds on the midtongue. The foretongue had a slightly stratum corneum that spread to coat the papillae, while the mid- and hindtongue did not. The glands are absent from the foretongue but are found in the interpapillary spaces of the mid- and hindtongue. Histochemical analysis reveals the presence of collagen fibers in the muscle bundles and the papillary core. The midtongue glands exhibited a strong reaction to AB and PAS, while the hindtongue showed moderate AB positivity and strong positive PAS. The cytokeratin expression in the foretongue papilla was positive, whereas the papillae in other regions were negative. The Tarentola annularis exhibits distinctive lingual structural characteristics due to its varied feeding habits influenced by available food particles.

Scanning electron microscopic characterizations of the tongue of the Nubian goat (Capra aegagrus hircus): A specialized focus on its papillary system adaptation to Egyptian environmental conditions.

The current investigation was focused on describing the gross and scanning electron features of the Nubian goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) tongue, with new insights into its papillary adaptation to the Egyptian environment. The elongated tongue had a rostral free and the caudal fixed. The ventral apical surface is classified into the smaller rostral papillary region on the tip and the larger non-papillary region by the U-line of filiform papillae. Functionally, there are two papillary types: mechanical (filiform, conical and lentiform in addition to the longitudinal row of large conical papilla on the lateral of the body) and gustatory (fungiform and circumvallate). Filiform papillae were densely distributed on the dorsal surface of the apex and body, and on the lateral apical border and lateral surface of the body and root, in addition to the ventral surface of the tip. This filiform papillary system gives a raspy appearance to the dorsal surface. The conical and lentiform papillae were limited to the torus linguae. Circumvallate papillae are surrounded by an annular groove and slightly vallum. The lingual root was devoid of any papillae. Lingual papillary subtypes are filiform papillae (elongated and triangular), conical papillae (elongated and oval) and fungiform papillae (round and ovoid). The investigated Nubian goat may have developed a specialized papillary system due to regional differences in the distribution, structure and subtypes of the system, allowing it to adapt to the dried grasses and leaves of trees and bushes that are available in Upper Egypt's dry, hot climate.

Scanning electron microscopic and histological features of the oral cavity of the Egyptian tortoise (Testudo kleinmanni).

This investigation was led to depict the structural and functional adaptations of the oral cavity of herbivorous Egyptian tortoises using scanning electron and light microscopes. The SEM showed that the triangular papillary tongue possessed three conical papillary subtypes: the rectangular conical on the tip, the round conical on the rest of the dorsal lingual surface and the elongated conical on the caudal portion of the lingual wing. The presence of the serrated lips with their valves compensated for the absence of the teeth. The rostral part had a vomeronasal opening while the middle part had the choana, but the caudal part had numerous openings of the salivary glands. There are three palatine folds: a single median palatine fold, two peripheral palatine folds and the choanal fold. The current histological results show the keratinized dorsal lingual surface, in which the keratinized layer extended to cover the papillae. Two types of lingual glands, according to their position, are papillary superficial and deep lingual glands. Papillary or superficial glands open in the interpapillary spaces via narrow openings, while the deep glands are surrounded by well-developed muscles and open via wide openings on the dorsal lingual surface. An entoglossal cartilaginous structure of hyaline cartilage was found in the mid- and hindtongue, with numerous chondrocytes lodged within the lacunae. Our results conclude that the oral cavity of the herbivorous Egyptian tortoise was adapted to the dietary and vigorous demands of the Egyptian fauna.

Lingual papillary system of the Egyptian mouse-tailed bat (Rhinopoma hardwickii): New insights to its feeding strategies using scanning electron microscope, and immunohistochemical analysis of keratin.

The current investigation described the ultrastructural and histological features of the lingual papillary system in 14 adult Rhinopoma hardwickii using scanning electron and light microscopy, and immunohistochemical staining of keratin. Three types of lingual papillae were recognized; one filiform mechanical and two gustatory (fungiform and circumvallate) of three directions: posterior, posteromedian, and median. Five filiform papillae subtypes were observed in four regions. The lingual tip had numerous giant filiform papillae. The lingual root was divided into two regions, an anterior papillary and a posterior non-papillary region that had only three circumvallate papillae in a triangular pattern. Histologically, the papillae exhibited detached thick keratin that spread over the dorsal epithelial surface. The dorsal surface of the root had stratified keratinized circumvallate papillae. Concerning the pan-cytokeratin (CK) antibody staining, moderate CK expression was observed in the superficial corneal layer of the apical lingual mucosa. While the superficial corneal cell layer in both body and root exhibited increasing of CK antibody. Morphometrically, there was a significantly increased, region-specific number of triangular, pointed filiform papillae, which were relatively increased in length and width. However, the round conical blunt filiform papillae and fungiform papillae were sparse. We concluded that our results showed distinguished adaptations in the lingual structure and its different papillae established on the nutritional and energetic demand of this bat species. This lingual adaptation is summarized in number, position, taste buds, direction, ultrastructural features, and histological that concerned with its ability in eating during the night flight. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Three types of lingual papillae; one mechanical (filiform) and two gustatory (fungiform and circumvallate) in which there were three circumvallate papillae on the posterior part of the lingual root in a triangular arrangement with an irregular surface, but the filiform papillae had five subtypes arranged in four regions. The lingual root was divided into two regions, an anterior papillary region and a posterior non-papillary region that only had three circumvallate papillae. Concerning staining with a pan-cytokeratin (CK) antibody, moderate CK expression was observed in the superficial corneal layer of the lingual mucosa of the tongue apex while the superficial corneal cell layer of the body and root exhibited increased expression of the CK antibody compared to the lingual apex.

Morphological structure of the tongue of the European badger (Meles meles).

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to reveal the morphological aspects of the tongue and investigate the histologic and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) findings of the papillae on the tongue of the European badger. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two adult European badgers were used as material. The tongues of the European badgers were removed via the dissection method, and morphometric measurements were taken. The tongues were fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution for histological examination, and the SEM procedure was applied to the tongues. RESULTS: Three types of papillae were observed on the tongues: filiform, fungiform, vallate papillae. The different shapes (hook or conical structures) of filiform papillae were observed on the whole tongue. Fungiform papillae were found scattered in filiform papillae. Six vallate papillae were found on the dorsal face of the middle and root of the tongues. In the root of the tongue, the lingual tonsil was observed in the lentiform shape. CONCLUSIONS: The authors believe that this research will provide contributions to morphological knowledge about the tongue of the badger, which is a poorly known species.

Ultrastructural features on the oral cavity floor (tongue, sublingual caruncle) of the Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): gross, histology and scanning electron microscope.

BACKGROUND: The present work was focused on the evaluation of morphological characteristics of the lingual caruncles and tongue with its papillae of Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) using gross examination, light and scanning electron microscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ventral surface of the sublingual caruncle carried a small opening of the duct of both monostomatic and mandibular salivary gland. The lingual mucosa of dorsal, lateral border and, to some extent, of ventral surface of apex had lingual papillae (filiform, fungiform), while the lingual mucosa of the lingual body especially at torus linguae had conical papillae, but circumvallate papillae observed at the caudal part of body and root. The dorsal surface of the apex and body carried numerous long, thread-like, with blunt apex, caudally directed filiform papillae that covered with keratinised scales without secondary papillae. RESULTS: The degree of keratinisation classified filiform papillae into rostral part of high keratinisation and caudal of less keratinisation. Conical papillary surface carried exfoliated epithelium with longitudinal groove on its rostral surface and carried secondary papillae. Fungiform papillae were scattered among filiform papillae on the dorsal and ventral surface of the apex and its convex surface had exfoliated keratinised epithelium. Circumvallate papillae were surrounded by circular deep groove bordered by vallum that carried small secondary papillae that ended into the primary groove. Taste buds of circumvallate papillae opened in the lateral lining epithelium facing the groove. CONCLUSIONS: Von Ebner's glands were observed in computed tomography under papillae especially toward the groove and their ducts open into the base of the groove.

Histo-morphological comparison of the tongue between grainivorous and insectivorous birds / Comparación histo-morfológica de la lengua entre aves granívoras e insectívoras

SUMMARY: The study aimed to illustrate the influence of feeding habits in the anatomical feature and histological structure as well as some histochemical observations on the tongue of two species of birds which differ in their classification, activity and habitat as; The domestic pigeon, Grainivorous bird, and cattle egret, Insectivorous bird, using light and SEM studies. Results showed that the tongue of two species was differing in size, shape and structure. The tongue of pigeon appeared short and triangular; while in cattle egret was long lanceolate in shape with narrow tapering apex. Dorsal large conical lingual papillae presented between the body and the root of both tongue of the studied birds. They were arranged in form of U-letter in pigeon and in form of wide V-letter in cattle egret. Histologically, both dorsal and ventral lingual surfaces lined with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, which decreased in the thickness and the degree of keratinization toward the base. The dorsum of the apex of pigeon tongue showed desquamated epithelial cells with filiform papillae, these papillae not observed in the egret¢s tongue. The tongue of cattle egret contained longitudinal tendinous tissue as intra-lingual ligament appeared parallel and accompanied with skeletal muscle bundles and attached with entoglossal cartilage. It extended longitudinally from the root to the body of the egret's tongue. The salivary glands presented in the propria submucosal layer of the dorsal surface that extended laterally from apex to the root, while the ventral surface devoid from any glandular structures. The nature of lingual salivary glands showed variations in their histochemical observation to Alcian blue stain and PAS technique. It has been summarized that the morphological and histological variations of both tongues may be correlated to their feeding habits.

RESUMEN: La investigación tuvo como objetivo ilustrar mediante estudios de luz y SEM, la influencia de los hábitos alimentarios en la característica anatómica y estructura histológica, así como algunas observaciones histoquímicas en la lengua de dos especies de aves, que se diferencian en su clasificación, actividad y hábitat, como es la paloma doméstica, ave granívora y la garcilla bueyera, ave insectívora. De acuerdo a los resultados la lengua de las dos especies difería en tamaño, forma y estructura. La lengua de las palomas tenía una forma corta y triangular; mientras que en la garceta bueyera era de forma larga lanceolada con ápice estrecho y agusado. Grandes papilas dorsales linguales cónicas entre el cuerpo y la raíz de ambas lenguas estaban dispuestos en forma de letra U en paloma y en forma de letra V ancha en garza bueyera. Histológicamente, las superficies linguales dorsal y ventral estaban revestidas con epitelio escamoso estratificado queratinizado que disminuía en el grosor y el grado de queratinización hacia la base. El dorso del ápice de la lengua de la paloma mostró células epiteliales descamadas, estas papilas no se observaron en la lengua de la garceta. Se observó tejido tendinoso longitudinal en la lengua de la garceta bueyera, debido a que el ligamento intralingual aparecía en forma paralela y acompañado de haces de músculo esquelético y adherido con cartílago entogloso. Se extendía longitudinalmente entre la raíz hasta el cuerpo de la lengua de la garceta. Las glándulas salivales de la lengua estaban incrustadas en la capa submucosa propia de la superficie dorsal que se extendía lateralmente desde el ápice hasta la raíz, mientras que la superficie ventral carecía de estructuras glandulares. En las glándulas salivales linguales se observaron variaciones histoquímicas a la tinción con azul de Alcian y la técnica PAS. En conclusión, las variaciones morfológicas e histológicas de ambas lenguas pueden estar correlacionadas con sus hábitos alimentarios.

Anatomical, histological and immunohistochemical study of the tongue in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) is a fish commercially farmed all over the world. These fish are usually fed, in aquaculture, with pellets rich in proteins and fat. It is well known that there are close relationships among the adaptation of vertebrates to their environment, the capacity and the modality of feeding and the oral cavity morphology, especially the tongue one. No data are so far available about the morphology of the rainbow trout tongue, and therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate by light, scanning electron and confocal laser microscopy, the morphological characteristics of the tongue. An apex, a body and a root can be distinguished in the tongue, and the presence of teeth, taste buds and fungiform-like papillae was demonstrated. Light microscopy shows the presence of an adipose tissue pad in the deeper layer of the apex and in the most superficial layer of the root. In the deeper layer of the body, a triangular-shaped pad consisting of fusiform cells immersed in abundant extracellular matrix of the mesenchymal tissue was observed. The confocal laser microscopy shows the presence of cells with a fibroblast-like morphology positive for vimentin. In the deepest layer of the tongue root, a large area of osteo-cartilaginous tissue was observed. The results, besides the description of the morphological characteristics of the tongue, related to studies regarding the feeding, could be considered for the eventual applications of the use of mesenchymal cells, observed in adult fish, in cell therapies in different pathologies.

Morphology of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tongue.

The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a freshwater and marine fish of the family Salmonidae, widely farmed in aquaculture facilities in several countries. The salmon are carnivorous, but in aquaculture, alternative foods have been experienced. It is well known that feeding in captivity should cause adaptation and modifications of the morphological characteristics of the oral cavity, especially of tongue; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate, by light, laser confocal and scanning electron microscopy, the morphological characteristics of the tongue dorsal surface, considering the importance of the correlations between feeding habits and the anatomy of the tongue. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrates the presence of caniniform teeth with oro-aboral orientation surrounded by numerous filiform papillae, single, fused or arranged in row. Oro-aborally, the papillae show an appearance like a rosette and they disappear at level of the root. Light and laser confocal microscopy demonstrates that the mucosa is covered by a non-keratinized stratified pavement epithelium with, in the deepest layer, the presence of a triangular structure whose apex is cranially directed and base facing aborally. In this structure, spindle-shaped cells are present, with a vimentin immunoreactivity, that for their characteristics could be adult mesenchymal stem cells. The obtained data could be useful not only for further studies on the nutrition, but it is interesting the detection of tissues typical of the embryo-fetal phase in the adult specimens tongue, thus giving a basis for studies of potential applications, if any, regarding cell therapies for different clinical indications.

Morphological and scanning electron microscopic study of the lingual papillae in the Javan Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus javanicus).

There are vast numbers of bats, in terms of both individuals and species, in Indonesia, although the precise species count is currently unknown. These bats demonstrate great variation in feeding patterns, with some being insectivorous, frugivorous, nectar-eating or carnivorous. One of the insectivorous bats found on Java Island, Indonesia, is the Javan pipistrelle (Pipistrellus javanicus). This paper presents a detailed morphological description of the tongue and lingual papillae of P. javanicus, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). Macroscopically, the elongated tongue of P. javanicus can be divided into three sections: the apex, corpus and radix. On the dorsal part of the tongue (corpus), there is a prominence called the mediodorsal lobe, the lobe begin from the end of apex. On the radix, in the medial part, we describe the presence of a sulcus medianus. The SEM and LM observations show that the apex of the tongue bears three types of papillae: crown filiform, pronged filiform and fungiform. The corpus bears conical and fungiform papillae, whereas the radix bears vallate, large filiform, small filiform and fungiform papillae. Taken together, these results contribute to research on the tongue anatomy and feeding habits of the bat.

Morphological study of the rabbit gustatory lingual papillae during postnatal life by light and scanning electron microscopy.

This study aimed to investigate the postnatal morphological features of rabbit's lingual gustatory papillae using histological, histochemical, morphometrical and scanning electron microscopical studies. A total of 48 New Zealand rabbits (1, 7, 15, 23, 30, 60 days postnatal) were used as the material. Tongue consisted of an apex, body and root with three types of gustatory papillae fungiform, vallate and foliate. Rounded to oval fungiform papillae were distributed on lingual apex among filiform papillae. Two foliate papillae on lateroposterior side have parallel folia increased progressively in number (14-20) with age advancement. Two oval vallate papillae on lingual root surrounded by annular grooves. Histologically, the gustatory papillary epithelium was thin at birth then increased in stratification and cornification from third to fourth week. Vallate and foliate grooves were shallow in newborns then grew deeply by desquamation of their lining epithelium which completely opened and connected with lingual excretory ducts at 23 days. Developing serous von Ebner's glands appeared at 23 days and became lobulated form 1-2 months. They gave a negative reaction with Periodic Acid Schiff-Alcian blue stain, while mucous Weber's glands showed Alcian blue positive reaction. Taste buds were firstly seen at 15 days old, increased in number and size and became mature with taste pores from third to fourth week. They distributed dorsally on fungiform and on lateral sides of vallate and foliate. This structural adaptation and maturity of gustatory papillae to meet the functional demands of food ingestion during the transition from suckling to dry matter feeding.

Structural and ultrastructural characteristics of the tongue of the Collared Peccary (Pecari tajacu, Linnaeus, 1758).

The tongue is an important organ in species due to its feeding functions, and its structure is influenced by the habitat and diet. The Collared Peccary (Pecari tajacu, Linnaeus, 1758) is a terrestrial mammal that is distributed on the American continents and has an omnivorous diet. This study aimed to describe the morphological characteristics of the tongue, lingual papillae and the connective tissue cores (CTCs) of the Collared Peccary. Eight tongues were collected from the Wild Animals Multiplication Center. The samples (n = 6) were processed for three-dimensional analysis of their dorsal epithelium, and their CTCs by scanning electron microscopy and the other samples (n = 2) were used to observe ultrastructural characteristics by transmission electron microscopy. Filiform papillae were observed in the lingual apex and body with their conical CTC demonstrating ripples in their extent. Two types of fungiform papillae were observed, the first in the apex and body with a dome-shaped CTC and the second forming a dorsolateral line with a radial pattern CTC. The vallate papillae were bilateral in the caudal region with the CTCs, characterised by numerous projections, and foliate papilla were not observed. We found a new type of papilla anteriorly to the vallate papilla with an irregular groove and a CTC formed by triangular-shaped projections with a duct opening at the top. We concluded that the lingual papillae of the Collared Peccary resemble those papillae of other mammals, however, were revealed another form of their CTCs and a new lingual papillae morphological description.

Sensing Senses: Optical Biosensors to Study Gustation.

The five basic taste modalities, sweet, bitter, umami, salty and sour induce changes of Ca2+ levels, pH and/or membrane potential in taste cells of the tongue and/or in neurons that convey and decode gustatory signals to the brain. Optical biosensors, which can be either synthetic dyes or genetically encoded proteins whose fluorescence spectra depend on levels of Ca2+, pH or membrane potential, have been used in primary cells/tissues or in recombinant systems to study taste-related intra- and intercellular signaling mechanisms or to discover new ligands. Taste-evoked responses were measured by microscopy achieving high spatial and temporal resolution, while plate readers were employed for higher throughput screening. Here, these approaches making use of fluorescent optical biosensors to investigate specific taste-related questions or to screen new agonists/antagonists for the different taste modalities were reviewed systematically. Furthermore, in the context of recent developments in genetically encoded sensors, 3D cultures and imaging technologies, we propose new feasible approaches for studying taste physiology and for compound screening.

Papillary architecture in the tayra tongue.

The tayra (Eira barbara) is a mammal belonging to the Mustelidae family that occurs in all Brazilian biomes. The present work aimed to describe the morphology of the tongue of these specimens highlighting their structures and particularities that will serve as a subsidy to elucidate the anatomy of the same and for comparative studies among other species of domestic and wild animals. Five adult male specimens of E. barbara were studied, which were fixed using 10% aqueous formaldehyde solution. The tongue was removed by opening the oral cavity and separating the maxillary/mandible bone complex. Being in possession of the material, photodocumentations and collection of the fragments were made for the proper preparation of histological slides and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The lingual papillae found in tayra were mechanical: filiform and conical; and gustative: fungiform and circumvallated. Histologically, the papillae are constituted by keratinized stratified epithelium and in the innermost region, it was composed of tissue connective dense unshaped followed by a layer of muscle bundles of skeletal striated. In the region of the root of the tongue of E. barbara, there were a set of small mixed salivary glands (serous and mucous) and the punctual presence of gustatory corpuscles at the level of epithelium. The morphological description of the E. barbara tongue revealed similarity to that described in literature for other domestic and wild mammals. However, the particularity of the absence of foliate papilla and the quantitative of four papillae circumvallate in the region of the root of the tongue of this species.

Age-related ultrastructural features of the tongue of the rock pigeon Columba livia dakhlae in different three age stages (young, mature, and adult) captured from Egypt.

This study represents the first attempt to describe the ultra-structural and histological features of different three age-stages (young, mature, and adult) of rock pigeon Columba livia dakhlae captured from Egypt. The elongated tongue with round lingual apex carried a lingual nail rostrally on lingual tip. The current work gave a first record of numerous descriptions as in young and mature, small lingual nail formed from aggregation of lingual scales, but in adult, the nail formed from lingual membrane without any lingual scales. The current work gave full descriptive methods of shape, directions, and distribution of filiform-like papillae with lingual scales among three age-stages on dorsal surface and lateral border of apex and body. The taste buds present only on the tongue of mature and adult pigeon. The only one transverse row in young took the wide V-shape but, wide U-shape in mature and adult. The papillae on the papillary crest took triangular spoonful-like shape in young and mature, but in adult take the shape of blunt tubercles. The current work was the first record of the presence of the openings of lingual glands on concave dorsal lingual surface of giant papillae and papillae of papillary crest in adult stage. The lingual membrane was thin one membrane in young and three to four layers in mature but, in adult it is well-developed and formed from 10-11 layers. The supportive entoglossum cartilaginous was extended rostrally till the apical part.

Microscopic structure of the tongue in the lesser hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi, Afrosoricida) and its relation to phylogenesis.

The tongue of the lesser hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi) was evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue were densely covered with various types of lingual papillae. Two types of mechanical papillae (filiform and conical) and two types of sensory papillae (fungiform and vallate) were observed. Rostrocaudally, the number of spikes in filiform papillae increased. Filiform, crown-like papillae were found on the radix, as well as large conical papillae with a wide base and a caudally bent single spike. Fungiform papillae were scattered in four rows on the dorsal surface. Three vallate papillae in inverse triangular layout were developed in the area of the lingual radix. Taste buds were found in the sensory papillae, i.e., fungiform and vallate. The lingual glands were predominantly seromucous. These glands were evenly scattered from the caudal portion of the lingual apex to the lingual radix. Purely serous glands were localized close to vallate papillae. A histochemical analysis of glands was performed. Results were compared to the Afrotheria (tenrec's relatives) and Eulipotyphla (animals with similar feeding habits to tenrecs). This study is the first description of the lingual morphology in the member of the Order Afrosoricida. Moreover, it compares the effect of the phylogenetic relation to the effect of the feeding habits on the lingual morphology.

Gustatory ultrastructures of an amphihaline migratory fish hilsa Tenualosa ilisha.

This study was conducted with the tongue samples of different life stages of hilsa, that is, adult Marine hilsa, adult Riverine hilsa, and Riverine juvenile hilsa, respectively. Three types of taste buds (Types I, II, and III based on their elevation from the epithelium at different levels) of the tongue, which may be to ensure full utilization of the gustatory ability of the fish were rocorded. Presence of specific taste buds indicate that the fish hilsa dwells in turbid waters with a possible preference toward diatom like planktonic food source. Enhanced expression of taste receptors (T1R1 and T1R3) and associated stimulatory G-proteins subunits on tongue also indicate occurrence of amino acid like substances that guided sensory cues for feeding by this fish. A firm regularity or stringency of the free surface of the epithelial cells may be attributed to compactly arranged microridges. These structures protect against physical abrasions potentially caused during food manoeuvring and swallowing. In our present observations, the surface architectures of the tongue of hilsa are discussed within the background of migratory adaptation of the species in the context of feeding and habitat preferences.

Morphological study of the lingual papillae in the fruit bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus) by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy.

This study was carried on the tongues of ten normal, healthy and adult fruit bats (Rousettus amplexicaudatus, also known as the nyap biasa bat) in Yogyakarta, Java Island, Indonesia. The tongue was protrusible, elongated and flat with a rounded apex, and its width and thickness increased gradually towards to lingual root. There were two main types of lingual papillae, mechanical (filiform) and gustatory (fungiform and circumvallate). The tongue was divided into three parts (apex, corpus and radix), and then, each part was subdivided into three regions (two lateral regions and a median region). There were six subtypes of the filiform papillae-three types on the anterior part (small, scale-like and giant), one type on the middle part (leaf-like papillae) and two types on the posterior part (rosette-shaped filiform and conical filiform papillae)-in addition to transitional papillae presented on the corpus and radix. Two types of gustatory papillae were represented by a small number of fungiform papillae that are scattered among the filiform papillae on the lingual apex and corpus, while three circumvallate papillae on the posterior part are arranged in a "V" shape pointing directly at the larynx.