Uraemic brainstem encephalopathy mimicking ocular myasthenia: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Uraemia causes a generalised encephalopathy as its most common neurological complication. Isolated brainstem uraemic encephalopathy is rare. We report a case of fatigable ptosis and complex ophthalmoplegia in brainstem uraemic encephalopathy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 22-year-old Sri Lankan man with end stage renal failure presented with acute onset diplopia and drooping of eyelids progressively worsening over one week. The patient had not complied with the prescribed renal replacement therapy which was planned to be initiated 5 months previously. On examination, his Glasgow coma scale score was 15/15, He had a fatigable asymmetrical bilateral ptosis. The ice-pack test was negative. There was a complex ophthalmoplegia with bilateral abduction failure and elevation failure of the right eye. The diplopia did not worsen with prolonged stare. The rest of the neurological examination was normal. Serum creatinine on admission was 21.81 mg/dl. The repetitive nerve stimulation did not show a decremental pattern. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain demonstrated diffuse midbrain and pontine oedema with T2 weighted/FLAIR hyperintensities. The patient was haemodialyzed on alternate days and his neurological deficits completely resolved by the end of the second week of dialysis. The follow up brain MRI done two weeks later demonstrated marked improvement of the brainstem oedema with residual T2 weighted/FLAIR hyperintensities in the midbrain. CONCLUSIONS: Uraemia may rarely cause an isolated brainstem encephalopathy mimicking ocular myasthenia, which resolves with correction of the uraemia.

Psychometric evaluation of the multidimensional Uraemic Pruritus in Dialysis patients (UP-Dial) scale: comparison of haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients with chronic pruritus.

BACKGROUND: High-quality patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures for dialysis patients with chronic pruritus are urgently needed. However, no known, well-validated multidimensional tools have been investigated to measure pruritus symptoms in dialysis patients. OBJECTIVES: To examine the psychometric properties of a multidimensional tool of chronic pruritus, the Uraemic Pruritus in Dialysis patients (UP-Dial) 14-item scale, by comparing haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis modality. METHODS: This validation study used data from the Thai Renal Outcomes Research-Uraemic Pruritus, a prospective, multicentre, longitudinal study. Data for this study were collected from 1 February 2019 to 31 May 2022. The adult sample of 226 haemodialysis and 327 peritoneal dialysis patients fulfilled the criteria of chronic pruritus based on the International Forum for the Study of Itch. Psychometric properties of the UP-Dial included validity and reliability, as measured across haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Patients completed a set of anchor-based measurement tools, including global itching, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), EuroQoL-5 dimension-5 level (EQ-5D-5L), Kidney Disease Quality of Life-36 (KDQOL-36), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), global fatigue, Somatic Symptom Scale-8 (SSS-8) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). RESULTS: From the patient's perspective, face validity was satisfactory for both dialysis samples. Psychometric analyses of the UP-Dial for each dialysis sample had good convergent validity. Spearman rho correlations indicate a positively strong correlation (0.73-0.74) with global itching, a positively moderate correlation (0.33-0.58) with DLQI, PSQI, global fatigue, SSS-8 and PHQ-9, and a negatively moderate correlation (-0.39 to -0.58) with EQ-5D-5L and KDQOL-36. The discriminant validity was satisfactory with a group of moderate and severe burden of pruritus for both dialysis samples. For scale reliability, the UP-Dial revealed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.89 and McDonald's ω = 0.90) and reproducibility (intraclass correlation 0.84-0.85) for both dialysis samples. Regarding psychometric properties, no statistically significant differences between dialysis samples were observed (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings reaffirm good measurement properties of the UP-Dial 14-item scale in haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients with chronic pruritus. These suggest a transferability of the UP-Dial as a PRO measure in clinical trial and practice settings.

Itch is a common symptom in chronic kidney disease, especially for people experiencing end-stage kidney disease and receiving dialysis. Itching among dialysis patients can present and affect any part of the body. Although there has been improvement in dialysis treatment over time, chronic itching (itching lasting more than 6 weeks) remains under-recognized in dialysis patients. In recent years, a specific clinical tool called the Uraemic Pruritus in Dialysis patients (UP-Dial) has been developed to assess the severity and burden of itching in dialysis patients. However, a comprehensive tool for evaluating itching symptoms has yet to be tested in a large dialysis population (haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis). We examined and validated the measurement properties of the UP-Dial scale in an adult sample of 226 haemodialysis and 327 peritoneal dialysis patients with chronic itching. Our study found that the UP-Dial had good measurement properties for evaluating the burden of itching symptoms among haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients with chronic itching. Our findings support the use of UP-Dial to compare treatments for chronic itching clinical trials and track treatment responses in daily practice.

Clinical Efficacy and Long-term Prognosis of High Flux Hemodialysis Combined with Different Frequency Hemodiafiltration in the Treatment of Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Uremia.

INTRODUCTION: To analyze the clinical efficacy and long-term prognosis of high flux hemodialysis (HFHD) combined with different frequency hemodiafiltration (HDF) in uremic patients. METHODS: 86 middle-aged and elderly patients with uremia were divided into the HF group (HFHD combined with high-frequency HDF) and the LF group (HFHD combined with low-frequency HDF). The changes between the two groups in various indicators after 12 months of dialysis and the survival rate at 5 years of follow-up were compared. We used SPSS 25.0 software for data analysis. RESULTS: The differences of the levels of serum albumin, hemoglobin and transferrin in HF Group was significantly higher than LF Group before and after treatment (P < .05). The differences of the levels and clearance rate of calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, ß2-microglobulin and cysteine protease inhibitor C in the patients' blood after dialysis were significantly higher in HF Group than in LF Group (P < .05). The all-cause mortality rate, new cardiovascular event rate, new cerebrovascular event rate, and new infection event rate of HF Group were significantly lower than those of LFHD group, respectively (P < .05). The LF Group had a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality events, new cardiovascular cerebrovascular and infectious events than the HF Group (P < .05). CONCLUSION: 1 week/time HDF combined with HFHD can more effectively eliminate the vascular related toxins in middle-aged and elderly patients with uremia, improve their nutritional status, treatment effect, and long-term prognosis.  DOI: 10.52547/ijkd.7864.

Effects of Increased Blood Flow Rate and Oral Activated Charcoal on the Severity of Uremic Pruritus: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of increased blood flow rate and the administration of an activated charcoal suspension on the severity of uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients in a crossover clinical trial. Each group (n = 20) received three 2-week interventions, including increased pumping speed, daily administration of a charcoal suspension (6 g), and the concurrent use of increased pumping speed and oral administration of the charcoal suspension. After each intervention, they had a 2-week washout period. The severity and quality of pruritus were measured using the Yosipovitch's pruritus questionnaire. The results showed that the mean severity, highest pruritus score, and lowest pruritus score decreased after all three interventions, but the highest decrease was related to the third intervention. Considering the results of this study, simultaneous use of increased pumping speed and oral administration of a charcoal suspension is recommended to reduce uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients.

Uremic neuropathy: an overview of the current literature

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Peripheral neuropathy is a disorder that affects the cell body, axon or myelin of motor or peripheral sensory neurons and occurs in 60-100% of patients who are submitted to dialysis due to chronic kidney disease. Uremic neuropathy is attributed to the accumulation of organic waste, evident in patients with reduced glomerular filtration rate. Objectives: This review aims to make clinical characteristics of uremic neuropathy evident enabling early diagnosis and treatment. Methods: This is a literature review of articles published on PubMed over the last 10 years using "Uremic Neuropathy" as "Title/Abstract". Results: A total of nine articles that met the inclusion criteria were included. UN is a distal symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy that occurs due to the accumulation of uremic toxins associated with an oxidative stress-related free radical activity. Hyperkalemia is thought to play an important role in its pathophysiology. Diagnosis depends on nerve conduction studies, and treatment includes dialysis or renal transplant. Conclusion: Clinical presentations of UN are broad and non-specific; nonetheless, it is important to detect early changes in order to avoid its progression. The earlier UN is diagnosed and treated, the more successful are the clinical outcomes.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A neuropatia periférica (NU) é um distúrbio que afeta o corpo celular, o axônio ou a mielina do motor ou neurônios sensoriais periféricos e ocorre em 60%-100% dos pacientes que são submetidos à diálise por doença renal crônica. A neuropatia urêmica é atribuída à acumulação de resíduos orgânicos, evidente em pacientes com taxa de filtração glomerular reduzida. Objetivo: O objetivo desta revisão é fazer com que as características clínicas da neuropatia urêmica sejam evidenciadas, permitindo o diagnóstico e tratamento precoce. Método: Esta é uma revisão da literatura de artigos publicados no PubMed nos últimos dez anos usando "Neuropatia Urêmica" como "Título/Resumo". Resultados: No total, foram incluídos nove artigos que atendem aos critérios de inclusão. A NU é uma polineuropatia sensório-motora simétrica distal que ocorre devido ao acúmulo de toxinas urêmicas associadas à atividade de radicais livres relacionados ao estresse oxidativo. A hipercalemia tem um papel importante na sua fisiopatologia. O diagnóstico depende de estudos de condução nervosa e o tratamento inclui diálise ou transplante renal. Conclusão: As apresentações clínicas das NU são amplas e não específicas; no entanto, é importante detectar mudanças iniciais para evitar sua progressão. Quanto mais precoce for a detecção e tratamento da NU, melhor será o resultado clínico.

Efectos de la rotigotina sobre la sintomatología, calidad de vida e higiene de sueño en el síndrome de piernas inquietas en hemodiálisis / Effects of rotigotine on clinical symptoms, quality of life and sleep hygiene adequacy in haemodialysis-associated restless legs syndrome

Introducción: El síndrome de piernas inquietas (SPI) es un trastorno neurológico caracterizado por una molesta sintomatología, asociado a deterioro de calidad de vida e higiene de sueño. Rotigotina constituye una novedosa alternativa terapéutica, si bien existen escasos estudios publicados sobre rotigotina en pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD) con SPI. Objetivos: 1.- Establecer la prevalencia de SPI en nuestra unidad de HD. 2.- Evaluar la eficacia y el perfil de seguridad asociado a rotigotina así como su efecto sobre la sintomatología, calidad de vida e higiene del sueño en nuestra población en HD con SPI. Material y métodos: Estudio unicéntrico, prospectivo de 12 semanas de duración. Dos fases (6 semanas): fase 1 (no tratamiento) y fase 2 (rotigotina). Analizamos: 1.- Datos demográficos, bioquímicos, parámetros de adecuación de HD y tratamiento médico relacionado con SPI. 2.- Cuestionario sobre síntomas en extremidades inferiores (QS). 3.- Escala de gravedad de los síntomas (GRLS). 4.- Calidad de vida SPI: John Hopkins RLS-QoL (JH-QoL). 5.- Higiene del sueño: Escala SCOPA. Resultados: Se incluyó a 66 pacientes en HD. De ellos, 14 con SPI; el 44,4% eran hombres, con 70,2±9,9 años y 111,1±160,8 meses en HD. El 22,9%, con SPI. Únicamente en la fase 2 observamos una mejoría significativa para QS (10±2,4 vs. 5,7±1,0), GRLS (21±4 vs. 5,7±4,6), JH-QoL (22,1±4,4 vs. 4,3±4,0) y SCOPA (16±5,3 vs. 6,7±1,9). Un 77,7 y un 11,1% presentaron remisión parcial (>20%) y completa (>80%), respectivamente. Un 55,5% alcanzó sintomatología «cero». Un único paciente presentó intolerancia digestiva y ninguno, augmentation efect. No observamos cambios en datos bioquímicos, adecuación dialítica ni tratamiento médico. El análisis intergrupos mostró una mejoría significativa en la fase 2 con relación a QS, GRLSS, JH-QoL y SCOPA. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio, el SPI urémico presentó una prevalencia considerable. Rotigotina mejoró la sintomatología clínica, la calidad de vida y la higiene de sueño en los pacientes con SPI en HD, por lo que resulta ser un fármaco seguro, con mínimos efectos adversos y con cumplimento terapéutico completo. No obstante, serían necesarios futuros estudios para confirmar el beneficio de rotigotina en la población en HD con SPI (AU)

Background: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder characterised by bothersome symptoms associated with impaired quality of life and sleep hygiene. Rotigotine is a novel therapeutic alternative, although few studies have been published in patients on haemodialysis (HD) with RLS treated with rotigotine. Objectives: 1.- To establish the prevalence of RLS in our HD unit. 2.- To evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of rotigotine and its effect on symptoms, quality of life and sleep hygiene in our HD population with RLS. Material and methods: A single-centre, 12-week prospective study. Two stages (6 weeks): stage 1 (no treatment) and stage 2 (rotigotine). We analysed: 1.- Demographic data, biochemistry data, HD suitability parameters and RLS medical treatment data. 2.- Lower extremity symptoms questionnaire (QS). 3.- RLS severity symptoms scale (SRLSS). 4.- RLS Quality of life: John Hopkins RLS-QoL (JH-QoL). 5.- Sleep hygiene: SCOPA Scale. Results: We included 66 HD patients, 14 with RLS; 44.4% male, 70.2±9.9 years and 111.1±160.8 months on HD. And 22.9% RLS. Exclusively in stage 2, a significant improvement for QS (10±2.4 vs. 5.7±1.0), SRLSS (21±4 vs. 5.7±4.6), JH-QoL (22.1±4.4 vs. 4.3±4.0) and SCOPA (16±5.3 vs. 6.7±1.9) were observed. A 77.7 and 11.1%, showed partial (> 20%) and complete (> 80%) remission, respectively, while 55.5% achieved «zero» symptoms. Only one patient had gastrointestinal intolerance and none experienced augmentation effect. No changes in biochemical data, suitability for dialysis or medical treatment were found. The inter-group analysis showed a significant improvement in relation to QS, SRLSS, JH-QoL and SCOPA in stage 2. Conclusions: RLS showed a considerable prevalence in our HD unit. Rotigotine improved clinical symptoms, quality of life and sleep hygiene in RLS patients on HD and was found to be a safe drug with minimal side effects and total therapeutic compliance. Nevertheless, future studies should be performed to confirm the benefits of rotigotine in RLS patients on haemodialysis (AU)

Prevalência da síndrome das pernas inquietas em pacientes em terapias de hemodiálise em um centro na região sul de Santa Catarina – Brasil / Restless legs syndrome prevalence in patients in haemodialysis therapy in a reference service in south Santa Catarina – Brazil

Introdução: A síndrome das pernas inquietas (SPI) tem sido relacionada a diversas doenças, entre elas doença renal e anemia. Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência da síndrome das pernas inquietas (SPI) nos pacientes em terapia de hemodiálise na região da Associação dos Municípios da Região de Laguna, Santa Catarina, Sul do Brasil (AMUREL). Métodos: 117 indivíduos submetidos à terapia de hemodiálise na região da AMUREL foram entrevistados para se avaliar a presença, o tipo (primária ou secundária) e a gravidade da SPI, creatinina, ureia, ferro e ferritina séricos. Resultados: A prevalência de SPI foi de 30,8% (n=36). Dos portadores, 33,3% tiveram o diagnóstico de SPI primária e 66,7% (n=24) o de SPI secundária .Quanto à gravidade, 58,3% foram classificados como intermitente, 16,7% em persistente leve, 8,3% em persistente moderada e 16,7% em ersistente grave. A maior parte dos casos de SPI não tinha sido diagnosticada anteriormente. Não foi encontrada correlação com os parâmetros bioquímicos nem diferenças significativas entre os sexos. Conclusão: A síndrome das pernas inquietas é comum e pouco diagnosticada. Sua prevalência é considerável e aumenta substancialmente em indivíduos urêmicos. Não encontramos nenhuma evidência de que anemia por deficiência de ferro e ferritina, nem índices altos de ureia e creatinina séricos possam desempenhar um importante papel patogênico.

Introduction: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been related to several diseases, including renal disease and anaemia. Aim: To determine the prevalence of restless legs syndrome in patients under haemodialysis therapy in the region of the Association of Municipalities of the Region of Laguna (AMUREL), in the state of Santa Catarina, South Brazil. Methods: 117 patients undergoing haemodialysis in the AMUREL region were interviewed in order to evaluate the presence, type (primary or secondary), and severity of RLS, as well as their serum creatinine, urea, iron, and ferritin levels. Results: The prevalence of RLS was 30.8% (n=36). Among the affected individuals, 33.3% were diagnosed with primary RLS and 66.7% (n=24) with secondary RLS. Concerning severity, 58.3% were rated as intermittent, 16.7% as mildly persistent, 8.3% as moderately persistent, and 16.7% as severely persistent. Most of the cases of RLS had not been diagnosed before. No correlation of RLS was detected with the biochemical measures, nor differences between the sexes. Conclusion: Restless legs syndrome is common and underdiagnosed. Its prevalence is considerable and increases significantly in uraemic individuals. We failed to find any evidence that iron and ferritin deficiency anaemia, or high serum urea and creatinine, can play an important pathogenic role.

Repercussão da hemodiãlise na função pulmonar de pacientes com doença renal crônica terminal / Impact of hemodialysis on lung function in patients with chronic renal

Pacientes com doença renal desenvolvem frequentemente complicações pulmonares como edema, derrame pleural e infecção. Método: A avaliação respiratória deu-se através de exames de espirometria, manovacuometria, oximetria e gasometria, antes e depois de sessão de hemodiálise (HD). As variáveis espirométricas foram analisadas em porcentagens de valores de referencia com o objetivo de eliminar efeitos da idade, altura e sexo. Resultados e Discussão: Avaliaram-se 33 pacientes (51,5% mulheres) com média de idade 42,8 +- 14,2 anos, em tratamento no Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre. A capacidade vital forçada (CVF), o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) e o pico de fluxo expiratório (PFE) apresentaram um aumento significativo após sessão de HD, o que determinou um aumento no número de espirometrias normais, passando de 12 (36,4%) para 17 (51,5%). A força muscular também apresentou aumento significativo. A oximetria permaneceu inalterada após HD, o que pode ser explicado pelos resultados da gasometria, pois, após HD, houve um aumento substancial no PH e nos níveis de bicarbonato, caracterizando quadro de alcalose metabólica. Observou-se, também, queda na pressão parcial de oxigênio e aumento na pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono, provavelmente na tentativa de restabelecer o valor do PH. Conclusões: Mesmo sem apresentar sintomas respiratórios, pacientes renais crônicos apresentam alterações na função pulmonar que melhora após tratamento com HD.

Patients with kidney disease often develop complications such as pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and infection. Method: The respiratory evaluation was made through examination of spirometry, manometer, pulse oximetry and blood gases before and after hemodialysis session (HD). Spirometric variables were analyzed as percentages of reference values ​​in order to eliminate the effects of age, gender and height. Results and Discussion: We evaluated 33 patients (51.5% women) with mean age 42.8 + - 14.2 years, treated at the Hospital das Clinicas de Porto Alegre. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) showed a significant increase after HD session, which led to an increase in the number of normal spirometry results, from 12 ( 36.4%) to 17 (51.5%). Muscle strength also increased significantly. Pulse oximetry remained unchanged after HD, which can be explained by the results of blood gas analysis, since, after HD, there was a substantial increase in pH and bicarbonate levels, characterizing a condition of metabolic alkalosis. There was also a drop in partial pressure of oxygen and increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide, probably in an attempt to restore the value of PH. Conclusions: Even without respiratory symptoms, chronic renal failure patients show changes in lung function improves after treatment with HD.

Influência da dose de diálise sobre a frequência de pericardite assintomática em pacientes em terapia dialítica / Effect of dialysis dose on the frequency of pericarditis in patients with asymptomatic dialysis

Introdução: Até o momento, estudos da frequência da pericardite associada á diálise realizaram-se antes de 1997, ou seja, quando foi padronizado o clearance fracional de uréia (Kt/V) mínimo de 1,2. Atualmente, caso a uremia seja fator etiológico para pericardite da diálise, espera-se redução de sua prevalência. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência atual da pericardite da diálise e associar sua presença com o Kt/V. Métodos: Avaliação ecocardiográfica da frequência de efusão pericárdica em 50 pacientes assintomáticos hemodilisados entre 2000 e 2004. A casuística foi dividida em dois grupos segundo Kt/V inferior (G1:n=11) ou superior (G2:n=39) a 1,2. Resultados: Três pacientes (6%) apresentaram efusão pericárdica; frequência inferior à da literatura (31,4%). A frequência de pericardite em G1 foi superior à de G2 (p=0,0084). Conclusão: Tais achados corroboram a hipóeses da participação da toxicidade urêmica na g~enese da pericardite associada à diálise.

Introduction: Until now, studies of the frequency of dialysis associated pericarditis were held before 1997, ie, when it was standardized fractional urea clearance (Kt / V) at least 1.2. Currently, if uremia is an etiological factor for dialysis pericarditis is expected to reduce its prevalence. Objective: To evaluate the current prevalence of dialysis pericarditis and associate its presence with the Kt / V. Methods: Echocardiographic evaluation of the frequency of pericardial effusion in 50 asymptomatic patients hemodilisados ​​between 2000 and 2004. The sample was divided into two groups according to Kt / V less (G1: n = 11) or later (G2: n = 39) to 1.2. Results: Three patients (6%) had pericardial effusion, often lower than in the literature (31.4%). The frequency of pericarditis in G1 was higher than G2 (p = 0.0084). Conclusion: These findings corroborate the participation of hipóeses uremic toxicity in ~ g enes of pericarditis associated with dialysis.

Diagnóstico clínico e laboratorial do hiperparatiroidismo secundário / Clinical and laboratory diagnoses of secondary hyperparathyroidism

O hiperparatiroidismo secundário (HPTS), observado nos doentes urémicos, apesar de se instalar desde estadios precoces da insuficiência renal,apresenta manifestações clínicas pouco específicas e frequentemente tardias. Para além da promissora técnica de avaliação da arquitectura trabecularóssea por tomografia quantitativa microcomputorizada os métodos imagiológicos são de escassa utilidade no diagnóstico das alterações ósseasassociadas ao HPTS. Ao longo dos últimos anos foram avaliados diversos marcadores bioquímicos da remodelação óssea e a respectiva utilidade nodiagnóstico não invasivo da osteodistrofia renal. Finalmente, é ainda discutido o eventual papel de factores locais (citoquinas e factores de crescimento) na modulação da remodelação óssea.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism represents one extreme of the spectrum of the bone and endocrine changes observed in uraemic patients, and may develop since early stages of renal failure. The clinical symptoms and signs are non-specific and the contribution of image evaluation in the diagnosis of secondary hyperparathyroidism is, frequently, misleading. In this review, in addition to the classic modulators of bone remodeling, like parathyroid hormone (and PTHfragments), calcitriol and calcitonin, the role of others local factors involved in osteoblast and osteoclast activation, like cytokines and growth factors, is alsodiscussed.

Acidosis piroglutámica asociada a paracetamol / Pyroglutamic acidemia associated with acetaminophen

El objetivo del manuscrito es comentar un caso de acidosis piroglutámica probablemente relacionada con la administración de paracetamol. Un niño de 16 meses en fase de recuperación de un síndrome hemolítico urémico desarrolló bruscamente acidosis metabólica con anión gap aumentado que precisó hemodiálisis. El paciente no presentaba signos sugerentes de sepsis y la acidosis láctica y la intoxicación por salicilatos se descartaron. Las concentraciones de betahidroxibutirato, acetoacetato, aminoácidos séricos y el osmol gap fueron normales. La determinación urinaria y sérica de ácido piroglutámico fue patológica: 392 mmol/mol creatinina (rango de referencia: 9-55) y 9,8 mmol/l (referencia < 0,16), respectivamente. El paciente estaba recibiendo paracetamol. La acidosis piroglutámica se debe descartar en el paciente que esté recibiendo paracetamol y desarrolle de forma brusca acidosis metabólica con anión gap aumentado sin otra causa precipitante

We report a case of pyroglutamic acidemia probably related to acetaminophen administration. A 16-month boy recovering from hemolytic uremic syndrome abruptly developed unexplained high anion gap metabolic acidosis requiring hemodialysis. Septic shock, lactic acidosis and salicylate intoxication were ruled out. Betahydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate levels were within the normal range. No osmolarity gap or high amino acid levels were found. Urine and blood pyroglutamic acid levels were 392 mmol/mol creatinine (reference range: 9-55) and 9.8 mmol/L (reference range < 0.16), respectively. The patient was receiving acetaminophen. We conclude that pyroglutamic acidosis should be considered in patients receiving acetaminophen who abruptly develop high anion gap metabolic acidosis not attributable to more common causes

Atención domiciliaria al paciente urémico terminal no susceptible de diálisis / Home-based care to end-stage uremic patients non susceptible for dialysis

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Caídas y dependencia. Binomio geriátrico prevenible / Falls and dependency. A presentable association

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Mecanismos de calcificación vascular en la uremia / No disponible

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Enfermedad cardiovascular en pacientes con estadios 4 y 5 de enfermedad renal crónica. Pacientes en diálisis periódica de enfermedad renal crónica. Pacientes en diálisis periódica / No disponible

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Minimally Dilated Obstructive Nephropathy Initially Suspected as Pre-renal Azotemia in a Kidney Donor with Volume Depletion

Although ultrasonography is regarded as the gold standard in the diagnosis of obstructive nephropathy, dilatation is sometimes not observed by ultrasonography. We report upon a case of minimally dilated obstructive nephropathy due to an ureter stone in a kidney donor with volume depletion. A 54-year-old man was admitted due to anuria and abdominal pain of 2 days duration. Ten years previously, his right kidney was donated for transplantation, and one month before admission, he abstained from all food except water and salt, for 30 days for religious reasons. He had lost 8 kg of body weight. On admission, he had clinical signs of volume depletion, i.e., a dehydrated tongue and decreased skin turgor. Laboratory data confirmed severe renal failure, his blood urea nitrogen level was 107.3 mg/dL, and his serum creatinine 16.5 mg/dL. The plain X-ray was unremarkable and ultrasonography showed only minimal dilatation of the renal collecting system. On follow-up ultrasonography, performed on the 5th hospital day, the dilatation of the collecting system had slightly progressed and a small stone was found at ureter orifice by cystoscopy. Removal of stone initiated dramatic diuresis with a rapid return of renal function to normal by the third day.

Necrosis intestinal asociada a la administración de sulfonato de poliestireno sódico: presentación de un caso / Intestinal necrosis associated with the administration of sodium polystyrene sulfonate: a case representation

Varias son las complicaciones gastrointestinales observadas en pacientes urémicos, que pueden aparecer además en relación a las medidas terapeúticas usadas. Se presenta el caso de un anciano en diálisis peritoneal durante varios años, con múltiples episodios de rectorragia. Se le diagnosticó angiodisplasia de ciego y se trató con láser y Resin sodio oral. A las 24 horas del posoperatorio presenta perforación ileal, con presencia de cristales de Resin sodio en la zona de necrosis intestinal (AU)