Vertex distance variability of the Vision-S™ 700 refractors in normal population / Variabilidade da distância vértice do refrator Vision-S™ 700 em uma população normal

ABSTRACT Objective: To study vertex-optical distance variation and estimate its impact on manifest refraction. Methods: Prospective study in a private clinic using the Vision-S™ 700 with five forehead positions. Forehead on the third position showed the closest vertex-optical distance of 12mm. Results: Analysis of 52 eyes from 26 patients revealed mean differences in vertex-optical distance of 12.25mm (right eye) and 11.75mm (left eye). A 2mm change in vertex-optical distance resulted in a 0.05D change for a 5D spherical equivalent and 0.20D for a 10D equivalent. Conclusion: Vertex-optical distance varies among patients and is influenced by forehead adjustment. These variations impact refraction accuracy and treatment evaluation. Adjusting the forehead to the third position on the Vision-S™ 700 is recommended.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estudar a variação da distância vértice-óptico, de acordo com o ajuste da testa, e estimar seu impacto na refração manifesta. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo realizado em clínica privada. A refração foi realizada utilizando cinco posições preestabelecidas com o Vision-Sa 700. A testa disposta na terceira posição apresentou distância vértice do refrator mais próxima de 12mm. Resultados: Foram analisados 52 olhos de 26 pacientes. A diferença média da distância vértice do refrator no olho direito foi de 12,25mm (variação de 11,50mm) e, no olho esquerdo, 11,75mm (variação de 12,00mm). O impacto foi de 2mm na distância vértice do refrator, fomentando em uma mudança de 0,05D para um equivalente esférico de 5D e 0,20D para um equivalente de 10D. Conclusão: A distância vértice do refrator varia entre pacientes, estando relacionada ao ajuste da testa. As variações afetam a precisão da refração, impactando no ajuste dos óculos, das lentes de contato e na avaliação pós-operatória de cirurgia refrativa. Sugerimos ajustar a posição da testa para terceira posição no Vision-S™ 700, se a distância vértice do refrator não for medida em todos os pacientes.

The Pentacam® AXL Wave provides a reliable wavefront-based objective refraction when compared to manifest subjective refraction: A prospective study.

Purpose: Accurate refraction is arguably the most important parameter for a successful laser vision correction surgery and is based on a combination of manifest and cycloplegic refraction. Wavefront-based objective refraction may be useful in the evaluation of patients. So far, the reliability of objective refraction as measured using the Pentacam® AXL Wave has not been published in the literature. Methods: This was a prospective study including a total of 168 eyes belonging to 84 young non-presbyopic patients evaluated for refractive surgery. Pentacam® AXL Wave full sequence was taken for all patients. Then, a clinician who was unaware of the objective refraction results performed a full physical examination, including manifest refraction starting from an autorefractometer value. All refraction values were transferred to astigmatic power vectors as per the Thibos method. Reliability of the different vectors and a unifying blur value were compared using Spearman correlation, Bland-Altman plot, and intraclass correlation coefficient. Results: The mean age was 28.8 ± 5.4 years, with a female preponderance (60.7%). The correlation between both eyes was high. The difference in M vector between subjective and objective refraction was 0.16 D, while the difference was 0.04 and 0.01 D for the J0 and J45 vectors, respectively. Paired samples Student t was non-significant for all comparisons. Spearman rho correlations were high (0.666-0.924, all P < 0.001). Intraclass correlation coefficients were also high (0.890-0.966). Bland-Altman plots did not demonstrate any systematic errors. Conclusion: Wavefront-based refractive refraction obtained using the Pentacam® AXL Wave is highly agreeable and correlated with measurements obtained by manifest subjective refraction.

Diferenças de mensuração de acuidade visual e velocidade de leitura para perto entre pacientes com retinopatia diabética. Repercussão entre conceitos de deficiência visual parcial e cegueira legal / Differences in measurement of visual acuity and reading speed for near vision among patients with diabetic retinopathy. Repercussion in concepts of partial vision loss and legal blindness

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a acurácia entre a acuidade visual com melhor correção óptica em pacientes com retinopatia diabética e acuidade visual com correção óptica menor ou igual a 20/200 em ambos os olhos mensurada pela tabela de Snellen e pela tabela ETDRS, além da avaliação do tempo de leitura com tabela de leitura de Jaeger. Métodos: Estudo observacional e transversal. ormação de Grupos de Pesquisa: o Grupo I foi formado por pacientes com acuidade visual de 20/200 e o Grupo II, por pacientes com acuidade visual maior de 20/200. Os pacientes de ambos os grupos foram subdivididos em aqueles com retinopatia diabética não proliferativa e os com retinopatia diabética proliferativa. As variáveis pesquisadas foram sexo, idade, tabela ETDRS nos subgrupos (igual a 20/200, igual a 20/400 e maior de 20/200 e 20/400) e tempo de leitura da tabela de Jaeger para perto. O índice de significância estatística deste estudo foi de 5%. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 62 pacientes diabéticos, sendo 33 com retinopatia diabética não proliferativa e 29 com retinopatia diabética proliferativa. Dentre os pacientes com retinopatia diabética não proliferativa, 19 tinham acuidade visual com melhor correção óptica de 20/200 (30,6% da amostra), e 13 pacientes eram portadores de retinopatia diabética proliferativa com acuidade visual com melhor correção óptica de 20/200 (20,9% da amostra). A correlação entre a tabela Snellen e a tabela ETDRS revelou que 16 pacientes (25,8% da amostra) com cegueira legal apresentaram acuidade visual entre 20/180 e 20/120 segundo a tabela ETDRS. Para os pacientes portadores de retinopatia diabética não proliferativa com acuidade visual de 20/200 pela tabela ETDRS, houve tempo médio de leitura para perto da tabela de Jaeger de 23,6±1,4 segundos. Na análise estatística da acuidade visual mensurada com a Tabela de Snellen em comparação com a Tabela de Leitura para perto (Jaeger), mensurando tempo de leitura, ahouve significância estatística (p=0,04). Conclusão: Pacientes diabéticos com cegueira legal segundo a tabela de Snellen apresentam sua real capacidade visual residual subavaliada. É importante levar em consideração o tempo de leitura e o uso da tabela ETDRS para melhor acurácia.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the accuracy of best-corrected visual acuity in patients with diabetic retinopathy to corrected visual acuity ≤ 20/200 in both eyes, measured by Snellen and ETDRS charts, in addition to evaluation of reading time by Jaeger chart. Methods: An observational and cross-sectional study. Study Groups: Group I, patients with visual acuity 20/200, and Group II, patients with visual acuity >20/200. Patients were subdivided into those with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The study variables were sex, age, ETDRS chart in the subgroups (equal to 20/200; equal to 20/400 and greater than 20/200 and 20/400), and reading time by Jaeger chart on the near vision. The statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: A total of 62 diabetic patients participated in the study; in that, 33 with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 29 with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Among patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 19 had best-corrected visual acuity 20/200 (30.6% of sample), and 13 patients had proliferative diabetic retinopathy with best-corrected visual acuity 20/200 (20.9% of sample). The correlation between the Snellen and ETDRS charts revealed 16 patients (25.8% of sample) with legal blindness presented visual acuity between 20/180 and 20/120, as per the ETDRS chart. For patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy with visual acuity 20/200 measured by the ETDRS chart, the mean reading time to near vision was 23.6±1.4 seconds, as measured by Jaeger chart. In the statistical analysis, the comparison of visual acuity measured by Snellen chart, with the reading chart to near vision (Jaeger) measuring reading time, was statistically significant (p=0.04). Conclusion: Diabetic patients with legal blindness as per Snellen chart showed their real underestimated residual visual capacity. It is important to consider reading time and use of the ETDRS chart for better accuracy.

Physical performance is associated with visual acuity in university students: results of a school-based study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study is to explore the relationship between physical performance and visual acuity in university students in China. METHODS: tests of standing long jump, 50-meter dash and pull-ups sit-ups were conducted. The visual acuity was measured using a logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) chart. Pearson correlation was used to test the correlation of physical performance with visual acuity in university students. RESULTS: The number of pull-ups was negatively associated with visual acuity in the left eye for male students, while a negative correlation was found between the time of the 50-meter dash and visual acuity in the right eye for female students. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified that physical exercise might help improve visual acuity. University students should practice strength exercises to improve physical performance.

Physical performance is associated with visual acuity in university students: results of a school-based study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The aim of our study is to explore the relationship between physical performance and visual acuity in university students in China. METHODS tests of standing long jump, 50-meter dash and pull-ups sit-ups were conducted. The visual acuity was measured using a logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) chart. Pearson correlation was used to test the correlation of physical performance with visual acuity in university students. RESULTS The number of pull-ups was negatively associated with visual acuity in the left eye for male students, while a negative correlation was found between the time of the 50-meter dash and visual acuity in the right eye for female students. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified that physical exercise might help improve visual acuity. University students should practice strength exercises to improve physical performance.

RESUMO OBJETIVO O objetivo deste estudo é explorar a relação entre desempenho físico e acuidade visual em alunos universitários da China. MÉTODOS testes de salto em distância em pé, corrida de 50 metros, flexões e abdominais foram realizados. A acuidade visual foi medida através de um logaritmo do quadro de ângulo mínimo de resolução (logMAR). A correlação de Pearson foi utilizada para testar a correlação entre o desempenho físico e a acuidade visual em alunos universitários. RESULTADOS O número de flexões apresentou uma associação negativa com a acuidade visual do olho esquerdo em estudantes do sexo masculino e uma correlação negativa foi encontrada entre o tempo da corrida de 50 metros e a acuidade visual do olho direito em estudantes do sexo feminino. CONCLUSÃO O nosso estudo identificou que o exercício físico pode ajudar a aumentar a acuidade visual. Os estudantes universitários devem praticar musculação para melhorar o desempenho físico.

Evaluation of contrast sensitivity in patients with advanced glaucoma: comparison of two tests.

AIMS: To evaluate contrast sensitivity (CS) in patients with advanced glaucomatous visual field damage, and to compare two clinical CS tests. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional test-retest study. Twenty-eight patients with open-angle glaucoma, visual acuity (VA) better than 20/40 and visual field mean deviation (MD) worse than -15 dB were enrolled. Patients underwent VA, visual field and CS testing with the Pelli-Robson (PR) chart and the Freiburg Visual Acuity and Contrast Test (FrACT). Retest measurements were obtained within 1 week to 1 month. RESULTS: Median (IQR) age and MD were 61.5 (55.5 to 69.2) years and -27.7 (-29.7 to -22.7) dB, respectively. Median (IQR) VA was 0.08 logarithm minimum angle of resolution (0.02 to 0.16), corresponding to 20/25 (20/20 to 20/30). Median (IQR) CS was 1.35 (1.11 to 1.51) log units with the PR chart and 1.39 (1.24 to 1.64) log units with FrACT. VA explained less than 40% of the variance in CS (adjusted R2=0.36). CS estimates of both tests were closely related (rho=0.88, p=0.001), but CS was 0.09 log units higher with FrACT compared with the PR chart, and the 95% repeatability intervals (Bland-Altman) were 46% tighter with the PR chart. CONCLUSIONS: Despite near-normal VA, almost all patients showed moderate to profound deficits in CS. CS measurement provides additional information on central visual function in patients with advanced glaucoma.

Visual scanning preferences in low birth weight preterm infants / Preferências de rastreamento visual em prematuros nascidos com baixo peso

Abstract Introduction Few studies have used eye tracking as a screening tool for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in preterm infants. Objectives To evaluate fixation time on social and non-social figures and percentage of preterm babies who gazed at the images. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 31 preterm infants born weighing ≤ 2,000 g in which eye gaze was evaluated at 6 months of corrected age. Six boards with social and non-social figures were projected on a computer screen, successively, evaluating time and percentage of preterm babies who gazed at each board. The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) was answered at 18 months of corrected age. Results Preterm infants showed longer visual fixation time on social figures compared with non-social images, regardless of the position of the social figure on the board. Similar percentages of preterm infants gazed either at social or non-social figures, at social figures with a direct or an indirect look, and at the eyes or mouth of the social figures. No preterm infant screened positive on the M-CHAT. Conclusion At 6 months of corrected age, preterm infants show the ability to gaze in an eye-tracking test, with preference for social figures, suggesting that this tool could be useful as another screening instrument for ASD.

Resumo Introdução Poucos estudos utilizaram a varredura visual como ferramenta para rastreamento de transtorno do espectro do autismo (TEA) em bebês prematuros. Objetivos Avaliar bebês prematuros quanto ao o tempo de fixação de olhar em figuras sociais e não sociais e a porcentagem deles que olharam para as imagens. Métodos Este estudo transversal incluiu 31 bebês prematuros com ≤ 2.000 g ao nascer, cujo rastreamento visual foi avaliado aos 6 meses de idade corrigida. Seis pranchas com figuras sociais e não sociais foram projetadas em tela de computador, sucessivamente, avaliando-se o tempo e porcentagem de prematuros que olharam para cada prancha. O Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) foi respondido aos 18 meses de idade corrigida. Resultados Os bebês prematuros apresentaram maior tempo de fixação visual em figuras sociais do que não sociais, independentemente da posição da figura social na prancha. Porcentagens similares de prematuros olharam tanto para figuras sociais como para não sociais, para figuras sociais com olhar direto ou indireto, e para boca ou olhos das figuras sociais. Nenhum prematuro foi rastreado positivamente pelo M-CHAT. Conclusão Aos 6 meses de idade corrigida, prematuros apresentaram habilidade para varredura em teste de rastreamento visual, com preferência por figuras sociais, sugerindo que esta ferramenta pode ser útil como mais um instrumento para rastreamento de TEA.

Triagem de acuidade visual reduzida em uma unidade de Atenção Primária à Saúde / Reduced visual acuity screening in a Primary Care Unit

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a frequência de acuidade visual reduzida em crianças e adolescentes que frequentam o programa de puericultura de uma unidade de atenção primária à saúde. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 290 crianças e adolescentes na faixa etária dos 5 aos 18 anos, atendidos em uma unidade básica de saúde da cidade de Ribeirão Preto (SP) durante o primeiro semestre de 2018. Para as avaliações foram utilizados um questionário estruturado e a tabela de acuidade visual de Snellen. Resultados: Foram avaliados 290 indivíduos, sendo 53,2% do sexo feminino. Desse total, 66 (22,7%) foram encaminhados para consulta com oftalmologista, sendo 34 (51,5%) do sexo masculino e 32 (48,5%) do sexo feminino. Foram confirmados 31 casos de erros refracionais: astigmatismo (35,5%), astigmatismo associado (25,8%), hipermetropia (29%) e miopia (9,6%). 24 (77,4%) dos pacientes com acuidade visual reduzida receberam prescrição para uso de lentes corretivas. Conclusões: A prevalência de baixa acuidade visual na amostra estudada foi de 10,7%, com predomínio de astigmatismo, e sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os sexos. Destaque-se a importância de se realizarem avaliações completas nos programas de Atenção Básica à Saúde, principalmente a triagem oftalmológica como uma das ferramentas mais importantes para a prevenção da cegueira.

Abstract Objective: to determine the frequency of reduced visual acuity in children and adolescents attending the child care program of a primary health care unit. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 290 children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years attending a primary health unit in the city of Ribeirão Preto (SP) during the first half of 2018. A structured questionnaire Snellen's visual acuity table. Results: 290 subjects were evaluated, 53.2% female. Of these, 66 (22.7%) were referred to ophthalmologists, 34 (51.5%) were male and 32 (48.5%) were female. We confirmed 31 cases of refractive errors: astigmatism (35.5%), associated astigmatism (25.8%), hypermetropia (29%) and myopia (9.6%). 24 (77.4%) of patients with reduced visual acuity received prescription for corrective lenses. Conclusions: the prevalence of low visual acuity in the studied sample was 10.7%, with a predominance of astigmatism, and with no statistically significant difference between the sexes. It is important to emphasize the importance of performing comprehensive evaluations in the Primary Health Care programs, especially ophthalmologic screening as one of the most important tools for blindness prevention.

Assessing driving risk in patients with glaucoma / Avaliação do risco de dirigir em pacientes com glaucoma

ABSTRACT Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and can affect a broad array of daily activities, including driving. Recently, studies investigating the relationship between driving performance and glaucoma have received a great deal of interest. Assessment of driving behavior is not straightforward because driving is a complex skill involving significant multi-tasking ability. In this review, we summarize recent work from clinical studies investigating how glaucoma can affect driving performance. Patients with glaucoma are more likely to be involved in motor vehicle collisions when compared to healthy subjects. Here we describe how conventional functional tests performed in glaucoma patients, such as visual field measurements via standard automatic perimetry, are associated with driving performance. However, the risk of motor vehicle collisions is not entirely attributable to visual field impairment in glaucoma, suggesting that other factors also account for both driving safety and performance. Finally, we show different studies suggesting that parameters from driving simulators can be helpful because they can identify the impact of visual loss on complex situations.

RESUMO O glaucoma é a principal causa de cegueira irreversível em todo o mundo e pode afetar uma ampla gama de atividades diárias, incluindo a direção veicular. Recentemente, estudos que investigam a relação entre o desempenho na condução veicular e o glaucoma têm recebido grande interesse. A avaliação do comportamento de dirigir não é direta porque dirigir é uma habilidade complexa que envolve habilidade multitarefa significativa. Nesta revisão, resumimos trabalhos recentes de estudos clínicos que investigam como o glaucoma pode afetar o desempenho na direção. Pacientes com glaucoma têm maior probabilidade de se envolverem em colisões de veículos motorizados quando comparados a indivíduos saudáveis. Descrevemos aqui como os testes funcionais convencionais realizados em pacientes com glaucoma, como as medições de campo visual por meio de perimetria automática padrão, estão associados ao desempenho na direção. No entanto, o risco de colisão de veículo motorizado não é totalmente atribuível ao comprometimento do campo visual no glaucoma, sugerindo que outros fatores também são responsáveis pela segurança e pelo desempenho. Finalmente, mostramos diferentes estudos sugerindo que os parâmetros dos simuladores de direção podem ser úteis porque eles podem identificar o impacto da perda visual em situações de complexas.

Quality of life among patients with age-related severe macular degeneration assessed using the NEI-VFQ, HADS-A, HADS-D and SF-36 tests. A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Exudative age-related macular degeneration (e-AMD) may cause severe central vision loss. Patients with e-AMD can experience difficulties in daily basic activities and suffer from psychological problems. Our aim was to assess quality of life (QoL) and anxiety and depression status among patients with e-AMD. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in a state university. METHODS: We included 200 e-AMD patients and 120 age and gender-matched controls. We assessed QoL using the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire-25 (NEI-VFQ-25) and the Short Form (SF)-36 test; and anxiety and depression status using the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scales A and D (HADS-A and HADS-D). RESULTS: The mean ages in the e-AMD and control groups were 68.40 ± 9.8 and 66.31 ± 8.98, respectively. Visual acuity among e-AMD patients was 0.37 ± 0.31 and 0.39 ± 0.32 in the right and left eyes, respectively. The e-AMD patients performed significantly worse than the controls in NEI-VFQ-25 (P < 0.05 for all items). The proportions of e-AMD patients scoring higher than the cutoffs in HADS-A and HADS-D were significantly higher than among the controls (41.5% versus 12.5% and 63.5% versus 27.5%; P < 0.001). The e-AMD patients had significantly lower mean scores than the controls for each of the SF-36 QoL items (P < 0.001). The NEI-VFQ-25 scores were significantly lower among patients with bilateral e-AMD than among those with unilateral disease (P < 0.05 for all). The HADS scores were positively correlated with duration of e-AMD and patient age, but negatively with vision levels (P < 0.05 for all items). CONCLUSION: The e-AMD patients had higher depression and anxiety scores and lower QoL scores.

A proposed correction in the weighted method to score the Ishihara test.

OBJECTIVE: Ishihara test is a color vision test, whose results consider that all plates of the test have the same weighting. Rodriguez-Carmona et al. (Aviat Space Environ Med 83:19-29, 2012) proposed an equation to quantify the Ishihara test results (severity index), which took an account the rate of hits from the different plates of the test considering the performance of trichromat or colorblind population. We proposed a correction in Rodiguez-Carmona's equation for the severity index. We evaluated 60 normal trichromats and 107 subjects with congenital color deficiency. We calculated three indexes to quantify the results of each subject: a non-weighted index, a weighted index similar to the Rodriguez-Carmona et al., and a weighted index modified which combined the hit frequency for each plate in a trichromat population and of the error reading frequency for each plate in color-blind populations. RESULTS: Compared to the non-weighted evaluation, the weighted index was reduced by 22.95%, 32.92%, and 35.38% from trichromats, protan and deutan groups, respectively. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis showed perfect performance of the classifier for all metrics to measure the Ishihara test results. The proposal correction changed significantly the value of the index, but the overall benefits were small.

Assessing driving risk in patients with glaucoma.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and can affect a broad array of daily activities, including driving. Recently, studies investigating the relationship between driving performance and glaucoma have received a great deal of interest. Assessment of driving behavior is not straightforward because driving is a complex skill involving significant multi-tasking ability. In this review, we summarize recent work from clinical studies investigating how glaucoma can affect driving performance. Patients with glaucoma are more likely to be involved in motor vehicle collisions when compared to healthy subjects. Here we describe how conventional functional tests performed in glaucoma patients, such as visual field measurements via standard automatic perimetry, are associated with driving performance. However, the risk of motor vehicle collisions is not entirely attributable to visual field impairment in glaucoma, suggesting that other factors also account for both driving safety and performance. Finally, we show different studies suggesting that parameters from driving simulators can be helpful because they can identify the impact of visual loss on complex situations.

Quality of life among patients with age-related severe macular degeneration assessed using the NEI-VFQ, HADS-A, HADS-D and SF-36 tests. A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Exudative age-related macular degeneration (e-AMD) may cause severe central vision loss. Patients with e-AMD can experience difficulties in daily basic activities and suffer from psychological problems. Our aim was to assess quality of life (QoL) and anxiety and depression status among patients with e-AMD. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in a state university. METHODS: We included 200 e-AMD patients and 120 age and gender-matched controls. We assessed QoL using the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire-25 (NEI-VFQ-25) and the Short Form (SF)-36 test; and anxiety and depression status using the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scales A and D (HADS-A and HADS-D). RESULTS: The mean ages in the e-AMD and control groups were 68.40 ± 9.8 and 66.31 ± 8.98, respectively. Visual acuity among e-AMD patients was 0.37 ± 0.31 and 0.39 ± 0.32 in the right and left eyes, respectively. The e-AMD patients performed significantly worse than the controls in NEI-VFQ-25 (P < 0.05 for all items). The proportions of e-AMD patients scoring higher than the cutoffs in HADS-A and HADS-D were significantly higher than among the controls (41.5% versus 12.5% and 63.5% versus 27.5%; P < 0.001). The e-AMD patients had significantly lower mean scores than the controls for each of the SF-36 QoL items (P < 0.001). The NEI-VFQ-25 scores were significantly lower among patients with bilateral e-AMD than among those with unilateral disease (P < 0.05 for all). The HADS scores were positively correlated with duration of e-AMD and patient age, but negatively with vision levels (P < 0.05 for all items). CONCLUSION: The e-AMD patients had higher depression and anxiety scores and lower QoL scores.

Preliminary data for performance in hue ordering tests during pregnancy.

The visual system of women changes during pregnancy. Few reports have addressed the effects of pregnancy on color vision. We aimed to compare the color vision of women in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Fifty women were divided into first (n=10), second (n=10), third trimester pregnancy groups (n=10), and non-pregnant group (n=20). We used the Farnsworth D15 and Lanthony desaturated D15 (D15d) tests. The hue ordering quantified the amount of error (C-index) and the chromatic selectivity of the errors (S-index). Bland-Altman analysis was applied to the hue ordering data. No difference was found for Farnsworth D15 test results obtained from the pregnant groups and the non-pregnant group (P<0.0083). For the Lanthony D15 desaturated test, the third trimester pregnant group had higher C-index and S-index than non-pregnant women and first-trimester pregnant women (P<0.0083). The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the limits of agreement increased as pregnancy advanced, and the errors were biased to the D15d test. In this study, color vision was impaired during pregnancy. Color vision evaluation could be used as an indicator of the functional status of the central vision during pregnancy.

Visual scanning preferences in low birth weight preterm infants.

INTRODUCTION: Few studies have used eye tracking as a screening tool for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in preterm infants. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate fixation time on social and non-social figures and percentage of preterm babies who gazed at the images. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 31 preterm infants born weighing ≤ 2,000 g in which eye gaze was evaluated at 6 months of corrected age. Six boards with social and non-social figures were projected on a computer screen, successively, evaluating time and percentage of preterm babies who gazed at each board. The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) was answered at 18 months of corrected age. RESULTS: Preterm infants showed longer visual fixation time on social figures compared with non-social images, regardless of the position of the social figure on the board. Similar percentages of preterm infants gazed either at social or non-social figures, at social figures with a direct or an indirect look, and at the eyes or mouth of the social figures. No preterm infant screened positive on the M-CHAT. CONCLUSION: At 6 months of corrected age, preterm infants show the ability to gaze in an eye-tracking test, with preference for social figures, suggesting that this tool could be useful as another screening instrument for ASD.

Preliminary data for performance in hue ordering tests during pregnancy

The visual system of women changes during pregnancy. Few reports have addressed the effects of pregnancy on color vision. We aimed to compare the color vision of women in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Fifty women were divided into first (n=10), second (n=10), third trimester pregnancy groups (n=10), and non-pregnant group (n=20). We used the Farnsworth D15 and Lanthony desaturated D15 (D15d) tests. The hue ordering quantified the amount of error (C-index) and the chromatic selectivity of the errors (S-index). Bland-Altman analysis was applied to the hue ordering data. No difference was found for Farnsworth D15 test results obtained from the pregnant groups and the non-pregnant group (P<0.0083). For the Lanthony D15 desaturated test, the third trimester pregnant group had higher C-index and S-index than non-pregnant women and first-trimester pregnant women (P<0.0083). The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the limits of agreement increased as pregnancy advanced, and the errors were biased to the D15d test. In this study, color vision was impaired during pregnancy. Color vision evaluation could be used as an indicator of the functional status of the central vision during pregnancy.

Acuidade visual de crianças de 6 a 10 anos de idade: estudo em duas escolas públicas do sertão da Paraíba / Visual acuity of children 6 to 10 years of age: study in two public schools of sertão da Paraíba

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a acuidade visual de crianças de 6 a 10 anos de idade em duas escolas públicas do município de Patos, Paraíba. Métodos: Estudo transversal, quantitativo, nas escolas E.M.E.F. Dom Expedito Eduardo de Oliveira e CIEP II Anésio Leão/Miguel Mota, que envolveu um total de 195 alunos. A coleta dos dados foi realizada com o auxílio de um instrumento para a coleta das informações, realização de entrevista com os alunos e a acuidade visual foi aferida pela utilização do Teste de Snellen. O estudo foi realizado entre os meses de janeiro e maio de 2018. Os dados provenientes dos instrumentos de coleta utilizados, foram compilados no Programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS - versão 21.0), em que foi feita uma análise estatística do tipo descritiva. Resultados: Do total de 195 alunos das escolas selecionadas, 154 participaram dos testes de acuidade visual realizados por meio da Tabela de Snellen e 28 destes apresentaram baixa acuidade visual e foram encaminhados para a consulta com o oftalmologista. Conclusão: Os principais erros de refração foram encontrados: miopia, astigmatismo e hipermetropia. Além disso, foi observado que a prevalência de baixa acuidade e teve um decréscimo bastante relevante de acordo com os estudos publicados entre 2003 e 2017.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the visual acuity of children from 6 to 10 years of age in two public schools in the city of Patos, Paraíba. Methods: Cross-sectional, quantitative study in schools E.M.E.F. Dom Eduardo Expedito de Oliveira and CIEP II Anésio Leão / Miguel Mota, which involved a total of 195 students. The data collection was performed with the aid of an instrument to collect information, conduct interviews with the students and visual acuity was measured using the Snellen Test. The study was carried out between January and May of 2018. Data from the collection instruments used were compiled in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS - version 21.0), and a descriptive statistical analysis was done. Results: Of the total of 195 students from the selected schools, 154 participated in the visual acuity tests performed through the Snellen Table and 28 of them presented low visual acuity and were referred to the ophthalmologist. Conclusion: The main refractive errors found were myopia, astigmatism and hypermetropia. In addition, it was observed that the prevalence of low acuity had a significant decrease according to studies published since 2003 to 2017.

Da visão à cidadania: tipos de tabelas de avaliação funcional da leitura na educação especial / From vision to citizenship: types of tables to assess reading in special education

Resumo A importância da leitura já foi amplamente demonstrada ao longo do tempo e vem sendo mais profundamente compreendida e elucidada através de estudos científicos. No caso de pessoas com baixa visão, a leitura pode ser a garantia de acesso à educação e consequentemente à cidadania. Por isso, permitir boa capacidade de leitura tornou-se objeto de estudo de diversos pesquisadores. O desafio de garantir uma boa leitura é ainda maior no caso de pessoas portadoras de baixa visão, e frequentemente auxílios ópticos e tecnológicos são necessários para que a leitura se torne possível e seja fluida. Diversas tabelas, como a MNRead, Radner, Bailey-Lovie, entre outras, têm sido utilizadas para avaliar a capacidade de leitura, o tamanho mínimo de letra suficiente para a leitura fluente, e a velocidade máxima de leitura em palavras ou caracteres por minuto. Essas tabelas foram desenvolvidas e calibradas de acordo com normas internacionais, tornando-se padronizadas e adequadas para a aquisição de dados que poderão ser utilizados em pesquisas científicas reprodutíveis em qualquer parte do mundo. As tabelas possuem versões em diversas línguas, e a única tabela padronizada e traduzida para o português brasileiro disponível atualmente é a MNRead-P. Discutimos aqui as diferentes tabelas, a importância de sua calibração, e sua utilização na prática. As medidas obtidas com as tabelas de leitura são de grande importância para o planejamento do tratamento e acompanhamento de indivíduos com baixa visão, pois as comparações são feitas a partir de um parâmetro individual, entre as medidas do próprio indivíduo, em diferentes momentos, indicando melhora ou piora da qualidade de leitura. A alfabetização de indivíduos com deficiência visual é parte do exercício pleno de sua cidadania. A educação é a lente por meio da qual a pessoa é vista e enxerga a sociedade. Educar os portadores de deficiência é por si só uma forma de inclusão. Por isso, auxiliar os portadores de baixa visão pode ser um diferencial no seu desenvolvimento, permitindo a adequada composição do núcleo de identidade do indivíduo.

Abstract The importance of reading hability has already been greatly shown throughout time and has been studied and understood through scientific research. In the case of people with low vision, reading can be the guarantee of access to education and, consequently, to citizenship. Therefore, allowing good reading ability has become the object of study of several researchers. The challenge of ensuring good reading is even greater for people with low vision, and often optical and technological aids are needed to make reading possible and fluid. Several tables, such as MNRead, Radner, Bailey-Lovie, among others, have been used to evaluate reading ability, minimum letter size for fluent reading, and maximum reading speed in words or characters per minute. These tables have been developed and calibrated according to international standards, becoming standardized and suitable for the acquisition of data that can be used in reproducible scientific research anywhere in the world. The tables have versions in several languages, and the only table standardized and translated into Brazilian Portuguese currently available is MNRead-P. We discuss here the different tables, the importance of their calibration, and their practical use. The measurements obtained with the reading tables are of great importance for planning the treatment and follow-up of individuals with low vision, since the comparisons are made from an individual parameter, between the individual's measurements, at different moments, indicating improvement or worse reading quality. The literacy of visually impaired individuals is part of the full exercise of their citizenship. Education is the lens through which the person is seen and sees society. Educating people with disabilities is in itself a form of inclusion. Therefore, assisting low vision sufferers may be a differential in their development, allowing adequate composition of the individual's identity core.

Assessment of visual acuity improvement in patients with AMD referred to the low vision department / Avaliação da melhora da acuidade visual em pacientes com DMRI encaminhados ao setor de visão subnormal

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the vision improvement through the use of visual aids of patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) those were examined in the low vision department. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing medical records of 61 patients with AMD who were referred to the Low Vision Department from January 2012 to December 2014. The data collected included age, sex, diagnosis of the type of AMD and previous use of vascular endothelium growth factor inhibitor or antioxidants. In addition, far acuity, with and without optical aid, was indicated as well as which aid was prescribed. Results: In this study with 61 patients, 54.1% were male and 45.9% female. The most prevalent age group was 71-80 years old (44.3%) and most of the patients had the dry form of AMD (70.5%). With the use of visual aids, 73.8% of the patients improved visual acuity for far vision. The most prescribed optical aid was the Galileu 2.8x telescope (50.8%). Conclusion: Patients with visual impairment and AMD can benefit significantly from the visual aids if they are properly prescribed and fitted. Most patients in the study were fitted with at least one of the indicated visual aids, resulting in a significant improvement in far acuity.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a melhora da visão através de auxílios visuais em pacientes portadores de Degeneração Macular Relacionada a Idade (DMRI) encaminhados ao serviço de visão subnormal. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, através da revisão 61 prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de DMRI que foram encaminhados ao departamento de Visão Subnormal (VSN), no período de janeiro 2012 a dezembro de 2014. Foram coletados dados sobre idade, sexo, diagnóstico do tipo de DMRI e uso prévio de inibidor do fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular (anti-VEGF) ou antioxidante. Além disso, outras informações foram colhidas como acuidade visual para longe sem auxílio e com auxílio óptico, indicando o(s) auxílio(s) óptico(s) prescrito(s). Resultados: Dos 61 pacientes avaliados, 54,1% eram do sexo masculino e 45,9% do sexo feminino. A faixa etária mais prevalente foi de 71-80 anos (44,3%) e a maioria (70,5%) apresentava a forma seca de DMRI. Com o uso de recursos visuais, 73,8% dos tiveram melhora da acuidade visual para longe. O auxilio óptico mais prescrito foi o telescópio do tipo Galileu 2,8x (50,8%). Conclusão: Pacientes com deficiência visual e DMRI podem se beneficiar significativamente dos recursos visuais se esses forem devidamente indicados e adaptados. A maioria dos pacientes aceitou pelo menos um dos recursos visuais indicados resultando numa melhora importante da acuidade visual de longe.

Driving and visual deficits in stroke patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to conduct an exploratory assessment of visual impairment following stroke, and to discuss the possibilities of reintroducing patients to the activity of driving. METHODS: The Useful Field of View test was used to assess visual processing and visual attention. RESULTS: A total of 18 patients were included in the study, and were assigned to either the drive group (n = 9) or the intention group (n = 9). In the drive group, one patient was categorized as moderate-to-high risk; whereas, in the intention group, one patient was categorized as low-to-moderate risk. Additionally, two patients in the intention group were categorized as high risk. The patients did not perceive their visual deficits as a limitation. CONCLUSION: Visual attention is an interference factor in terms of the safe performance of driving after a stroke. All patients showed a high level of interest for the independence provided through being able to drive.