Staffing and Workload in Primary Care Facilities of Selected Geographically Isolated and Disadvantaged Communities in the Philippines.

Background and Objective: Staffing shortages and health inequities are persistent barriers in the Philippines toward achieving universal health care. To ensure an adequate and responsive health workforce, there is a need to evaluate the Human Resources for Health (HRH) status across health facilities, particularly those in underserved communities. Hence, this study aims to determine the staffing requirements and workload pressure among primary care facilities in selected geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas (GIDAs) in the Philippines. Methods: The study utilized the workload indicators of staffing need (WISN) methodology from the World Health Organization to determine the staffing and workload situation among three health worker cadres (physicians, nurses, and midwives) in the study sites. Particularly, six primary care facilities (four rural health units and two community hospitals) located in Surigao del Norte were involved in the study. WISN-related data (health service statistics, available working time, and health professionals' workload components) were collected through records review, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. The WISN software was used to analyze the staffing levels and workload pressure in the selected facilities. Results: A total of 40 health workers, including physicians (n = 5, 13%), nurses (n = 21, 52%), and midwives (n = 14, 35%) participated in the study. The findings noted varying levels of staffing and workload pressures among the three cadres in selected primary care facilities, which were influenced by several factors. Particularly, health facilities with additional human resources obtained from deployment programs indicated adequate staffing and low to normal workload pressures. However, further analysis revealed potential HRH maldistribution and reliance on the temporary nature of the staff augmentation program in delivering primary care services, which need to be addressed to optimize health workforce planning. Service workload may also have been impacted by the temporary closure of health facilities due to disasters. Among the few cadres that reported staffing shortage and high workload pressure, these were due to higher service demands, increased task delegation, and inadequate service coordination. Hence, context-specific challenges and situational factors in GIDAs need to be considered when determining the staffing and workload requirements. Conclusion: There is a need to improve the capacities of health facilities and local government units (LGUs) to engage in evidence-based HRH planning through the WISN methodology. Doing so could improve staffing and workload distribution among health care facilities in the country. Moreover, interorganizational collaboration (DOH, LGUs, and health facilities) should be strengthened to improve delineation and prevent duplication/omission of health services, rationalize HRH distribution and augmentation, and streamline the priority health services based on the local contextual factors.

Staffing and workload in primary care facilities of selected geographically isolated and disadvantaged communities in the Philippines

@#<strong>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE</strong><p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">Staffing shortages and health inequities are persistent barriers in the Philippines toward achieving universal health care. To ensure an adequate and responsive health workforce, there is a need to evaluate the Human Resources for Health (HRH) status across health facilities, particularly those in underserved communities. Hence, this study aims to determine the staffing requirements and workload pressure among primary care facilities in selected geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas (GIDAs) in the Philippines.</p><strong>METHODS</strong><p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">The study utilized the workload indicators of staffing need (WISN) methodology from the World Health Organization to determine the staffing and workload situation among three health worker cadres (physicians, nurses, and midwives) in the study sites. Particularly, six primary care facilities (four rural health units and two community hospitals) located in Surigao del Norte were involved in the study. WISN-related data (health service statistics, available working time, and health professionals’ workload components) were collected through records review, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. The WISN software was used to analyze the staffing levels and workload pressure in the selected facilities.</p><strong>RESULTS</strong><p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">A total of 40 health workers, including physicians (n = 5, 13%), nurses (n = 21, 52%), and midwives (n = 14, 35%) participated in the study. The findings noted varying levels of staffing and workload pressures among the three cadres in selected primary care facilities, which were influenced by several factors. Particularly, health facilities with additional human resources obtained from deployment programs indicated adequate staffing and low to normal workload pressures. However, further analysis revealed potential HRH maldistribution and reliance on the temporary nature of the staff augmentation program in delivering primary care services, which need to be addressed to optimize health workforce planning. Service workload may also have been impacted by the temporary closure of health facilities due to disasters. Among the few cadres tha reported staffing shortage and high workload pressure, these were due to higher service demands, increased task delegation, and inadequate service coordination. Hence, context-specific challenges and situational factors in GIDAs need to be considered when determining the staffing and workload requirements.</p><strong>CONCLUSION</strong><p style="text-align: justify;" data-mce-style="text-align: justify;">There is a need to improve the capacities of health facilities and local government units (LGUs) to engage in evidence-based HRH planning through the WISN methodology. Doing so could improve staffing and workload distribution among health care facilities in the country. Moreover, interorganizational collaboration (DOH, LGUs, and health facilities) should be strengthened to improve delineation and prevent duplication/omission of health services, rationalize HRH distribution and augmentation, and streamline the priority health services based on the local contextual factors.</p>

[Cholecystolithiasis and intestinal bypass procedures]. / Cholezystolithiasis und intestinale Bypassverfahren.

With the increasing number of surgical interventions for obesity, the numbers of associated complications, such as gallstones after bariatric surgery are also increasing. The incidence of postbariatric symptomatic cholecystolithiasis is 5-10%; however, the numbers of severe complications due to gallstones and the probability of a necessary extraction of gallstones are low. For this reason, a simultaneous or preoperative cholecystectomy should only be carried out in symptomatic patients. Treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid reduced the risk of gallstone formation in randomized trials but not the risk of complications related to gallstones in cases of pre-existing gallstones. The most frequently used access route to bile ducts after intestinal bypass procedures is the laparoscopic approach via the stomach remnants. Other possible access routes are the enteroscopic approach as well as the endosonography-guided puncture of the stomach remnants.

Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) and other DICER1-associated high-grade malignancies are morphologically, genetically and epigenetically related - A comparative study of 4 PPBs and 6 sarcomas.

DICER1-related tumors occur hereditary or sporadically, with high-grade malignancies sharing clinicopathological and (epi)genetic features. We compared 4 pleuropulmonary blastomas (PPBs) and 6 sarcomas by mutation analysis, whole transcriptome sequencing and methylation profiling. 9/10 patients were female. PPB patients were 0-4 years. 3/4 were alive; 2 without disease. One patient died of metastatic disease (median follow-up, 16 months). Sarcoma patients were 16-56 years. Locations included: uterine cervix/corpus (3/1), soft tissue back/shoulder (1) and paravertebral (1). 5/6 patients were alive; 2 developed metastases: intracranial (1) and lung and kidney (1) (median follow-up, 17 months). The deceased patient previously had a PPB and a Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor. Histologically, tumors showed atypical primitive-looking cells with incomplete rhabdomyoblastic differentiation and cartilage (n = 5). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated desmin- (n = 9/10), myogenin- (n = 6/10) and keratin positivity (n = 1/1). Eight cases harbored biallelic DICER1 mutations with confirmed germline mutations in 4 cases. Two cases showed a monoallelic mutation. By RNA expression- and methylation profiling, distinct clustering of our cases was seen demonstrating a close relationship on (epi)genetic level and similarities to embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. In conclusion, this study shows overlapping morphological, immunohistochemical and (epi)genetic features of PPBs and DICER1-associated high-grade sarcomas, arguing that these neoplasms form a spectrum with a broad clinicopathological range.

Health promoting lifestyle behaviors of university employees in work-from-home arrangement during the COVID-19 pandemic

@#Since the COVID-19 emerged, a work-from-home (WFH) arrangement was implemented as an infection containment measure among employees. This lifestyle change is bound to affect health-promoting behaviors. The study aims to determine the health-promoting lifestyle behaviors of university employees in a WFH arrangement during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study utilized a quantitative descriptive research design. After consecutive sampling of employees of a state university in Manila, the response rate was 33.1% (395 out of 1, 195 eligible respondents), but only 31.8% or 380 respondents completed the validated online questionnaire through Google Forms™ from August to October 2021. The instrument was based on the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP) survey by Walker and Hill-Polerecky (1996). Descriptive data analysis was done via IBM® SPSS® Statistics v22. Majority were females (70.3%) and single (51.8%). Approximately 70% were staying at home with their family. The mean scores for the subscales of inner development, interpersonal relations, and stress management were 3.08 (SD±.24), 3.00 (SD±.30), and 2.70 (SD±.30), respectively. These were observed to be higher than other HPLP subsets. Subscales garnering the lowest mean scores were physical activity at 2.32 (SD±.21), nutrition at 2.68 (SD±.31), and health responsibility at 2.56 (SD±.12). The mean HPLP score of faculty members was the highest at 2.74 (SD±.36) as compared to administrative staff and research extension and professional staff (REPS) with mean scores of 2.73 (SD±.36) and 2.71 (SD±.39), respectively. Overall HPLPscores suggested that the majority (60.8%) practice “good” health-promoting lifestyle behaviors. These findings indicate that the WFH arrangement allows employees to develop social and coping skills while staying in their residences. Whereas limitations to opportunities for a more active lifestyle, availability of nutritious food, and access to health care also contribute to the low HPLP scores. Health promotion and protection strategies such as nurse-led health programs must be instituted to improve and develop the knowledge, skills, and attitude among employees working from home in the aspects of nutrition, physical activity, and health responsibility. Nurses must also use this opportunity to promote occupational health among employees through lifestyle programs in coordination with universities and colleges or other workplaces of similar nature. Health programs must capitalize on the increase in the utilization of social media and the Internet during the pandemic. There is a need for further research to examine associations between the variables in various institutions and settings.

The Global Incidence of Appendicitis: A Systematic Review of Population-based Studies.

OBJECTIVE: We compared the incidence of appendicitis or appendectomy across the world and evaluated temporal trends. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Population-based studies reported the incidence of appendicitis. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for population-based studies reporting the incidence of appendicitis or appendectomy. Time trends were explored using Poisson regression and reported as annual percent change (APC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). APC were stratified by time periods and pooled using random effects models. Incidence since 2000 was pooled for regions in the Western world. RESULTS: The search retrieved 10,247 citations with 120 studies reporting on the incidence of appendicitis or appendectomy. During the 21st century the pooled incidence of appendicitis or appendectomy (in per 100,000 person-years) was 100 (95% CI: 91, 110) in Northern America, and the estimated number of cases in 2015 was 378,614. The pooled incidence ranged from 105 in Eastern Europe to 151 in Western Europe. In Western countries, the incidence of appendectomy steadily decreased since 1990 (APC after 1989=-1.54; 95% CI: -2.22, -0.86), whereas the incidence of appendicitis stabilized (APC=-0.36; 95% CI: -0.97, 0.26) for both perforated (APC=0.95; 95% CI: -0.25, 2.17) and nonperforated appendicitis (APC=0.44; 95% CI: -0.84, 1.73). In the 21st century, the incidence of appendicitis or appendectomy is high in newly industrialized countries in Asia (South Korea pooled: 206), the Middle East (Turkey pooled: 160), and Southern America (Chile: 202). CONCLUSIONS: Appendicitis is a global disease. The incidence of appendicitis is stable in most Western countries. Data from newly industrialized countries is sparse, but suggests that appendicitis is rising rapidly.

Are future medical oncologists sufficiently trained to communicate about palliative care? The medical oncology curriculum in Flanders, Belgium.

BACKGROUND: Palliative care is considered an integral part of oncology and communicating this with patients is an unavoidable task for oncologists. This contribution investigated to what extent communication skills for communicating palliative care with patients are trained in the formal academic training program in medical oncology in Flanders, Belgium. The programme is based on the recommendations for a Global Core Curriculum in Medical Oncology, developed by The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) together with the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO). METHODS: For this qualitative study, data were collected using document analysis from the ESMO/ASCO recommendations and the documents of the Flanders' medical oncology programme complemented with interviews with Flemish medical oncology trainees. RESULTS: Few recommendations for training communication skills to communicate about palliative care were found in the ASMO/ASCO recommendations and even less in the Flanders' programme documents. Trainees are mainly exposed to palliative care communication during the clinical practice of their training. Only very few lectures or seminars are devoted to palliative care and even less on communication about palliative care. They reported several barriers to communicate about palliative care. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed promising developments for the training of Flemish medical oncologists to discuss palliative care. However, there is still a need for more theoretical training on palliative care complemented with communication skills trainings. Communication training in general needs to be fully integrated as a core skill within the medical curriculum at large and should be promoted as lifelong learning and competency development.

Determination of hepatitis B phenotype using biochemical and serological markers.

The aim of this study was to assess the validity of categorization of chronic hepatitis B viral infection into stages or phases based upon measures of disease activity and viral load, assuming these phenotypes will be useful for prognostication and determining the need for antiviral therapy. We assessed the phenotype of hepatitis B of 1,390 adult participants enrolled in the Hepatitis B Research Network Cohort Study, using a computer algorithm. Only 4% were immune tolerant, while 35% had chronic hepatitis B (18% e antigen positive and 17% e antigen negative) while 23% were inactive carriers. Strikingly, 38% of participants did not fit clearly into any one of these groups and were considered indeterminant. The largest subset of indeterminants had elevated serum aminotransferases with low levels of HBV DNA (less than 10,000 iu/mL). Subsequent determination of hepatitis B phenotype on the next available laboratory tests showed that 64% remained indeterminant. These findings call into question the validity of conventional staging of hepatitis B, in large part because of the substantial proportion of patients who do not fit readily into one of the usual stages or phases. Further studies are needed of the indeterminant category of chronic hepatitis B viral infection, including assessments of whether patients in this group are perhaps in transition to another phase or if they are a distinct phenotype with a need to assess liver disease severity and need for antiviral therapy. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01263587).

What are the barriers faced by medical oncologists in initiating discussion of palliative care? A qualitative study in Flanders, Belgium.

INTRODUCTION: Before referring patients to a palliative care service, oncologists need to inform them about disease stage and discuss prognosis, treatment options and possible advantages of specialized palliative care (SPC). They often find this a complex and emotionally difficult task. As a result, they may refer their patients to SPC too late in the disease course or even not at all. This study reports findings from interviews with Belgian medical oncologists identifying the barriers they experience to introduce palliative care to their patients with advanced cancer. METHODS: The interviews were semi-structured with open-ended questions and were supported by a topic list. The transcripts were analysed during an iterative process using the grounded theory principles of open and axial coding until a final coding framework was reached. RESULTS: The study identified seven heterogeneous categories of barriers which discourage oncologists from discussing palliative care: oncologist-related barriers, patient-related barriers, family-related barriers, barriers relating to the physician referring the patient to the medical oncologist, barriers relating to disease or treatment, institutional/organizational barriers and societal/policy barriers. These categories are further refined into subcategories. DISCUSSION: These findings provide an explanation for the possible reasons why medical oncologists feel hampered in initiating palliative care and consequently discuss it rather late in the disease trajectory. The exploration and description of these barriers may serve as a starting point for revising the medical education of oncologists. They are also a reminder to hospital management and policy makers to be aware of the impact of these barriers on the daily practice of oncology.

Compressive and tensile strain sensing using a polymer planar Bragg grating.

A polymer planar Bragg grating sensor is used for measuring both mechanical compressive and tensile strain. The planar waveguide with integrated Bragg grating is fabricated in bulk Polymethylmethacrylate in a single writing step using combined amplitude and phase mask technique. After butt coupling of a single-mode optical fiber the planar structure can be applied for measuring both mechanical tensile and compressive strain alongside the integrated waveguide without the need of further modifications. In this respect, we particularly report for the first time compressive strain measurements using a polymer Bragg grating. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the sensor against tensile and compressive strain, its reproducibility and hysteresis are investigated and discussed.

Sunitinib for metastatic renal cell cancer patients: observational study highlighting the risk of important drug-drug interactions.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Sunitinib, a CYP3A4 substrate, is standard of care treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and is administered orally as a single dose of 50 mg, in a 4 weeks on/2 weeks off regimen. Frequently, dose reduction is necessary because of toxicity, as is the association of comedication to treat side effects. In addition, existing comorbidities in these patients necessitate the intake of various classes of chronic medication. Only limited data are available on the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDI). The objective of our paper was to evaluate prescribed dose, comedication, risk of drug-drug interactions and outcome among patients with mRCC treated with sunitinib. METHODS: A single-centre, retrospective analysis was performed for patients with mRCC treated with sunitinib. The drug interaction databases 'Clinical Pharmacology' and 'Lexicomp' were used to screen for possible interactions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The hospital files of 36 patients with mRCC were evaluated. Twenty-two patients received sunitinib as first-line treatment. Progression-free survival (PFS) in this first-line group was longer for patients that started with full-dose sunitinib (21·1 months; n = 12) than for patients started on reduced dose (3·5 months; n = 10). In the whole group of 36 patients, an average of 6·8 comedications was taken. Possible pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions were most frequently found (47%) and reported as major interactions (QT prolongation). Risk of pharmacokinetic interactions due to co-administration of CYP inhibitors, CYP inducers, CYP substrates and PgP substrates was reported for 8%, 11%, 53% and 19%, respectively. These interactions were reported as major or moderate. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: Patients with mRCC under treatment with sunitinib at a reduced starting dose had a decreased PFS compared with patients started with full-dose sunitinib. Due to adverse drug reactions and comorbidity, patients under sunitinib, a CYP3A4 substrate, took an average of 6·8 comedications provoking an important risk of major-to-moderate drug-drug interactions. With the help of a multidisciplinary team, avoidance of drug-drug interactions could be obtained. Moreover, serial ECG monitoring is recommended for patients at high risk of QT prolongation.

Imaging requirements for personalized medicine: the oncologists point of view.

While conventional chemotherapy regimens aim to be cytotoxic against proliferating cells, molecular targeted therapies are directed at specific cancer-associated pathways. To optimize cancer care, an early evaluation of treatment response is warranted for any tumor type - and for any treatment - by using conventional imaging modalities such as ultrasound, CT and MR, FDG-PET or specific radiotracer. FDG-PET is one of the most extensively and successfully used imaging modalities to achieve an early response evaluation. A high SUV-value is a surrogate for malignancy in terms of cancer care and a decrease in FDG-uptake after therapy is associated with treatment response and a favorable clinical outcome. Anyhow, the potential of PET reaches further. By providing metabolic information PET (with or without CT) can help to select patients for targeted therapy and to adapt treatment protocols. PET with FDG and maybe other, more specific PET tracers, promises to direct in a better way personalized cancer care and thus promote translational research. An interesting aspect of molecular imaging is the ability to achieve knowledge on distribution and expression levels of a given receptor. Hereby, imaging could help in guiding systemic treatment given a broad spectrum of radiotracers, detecting specific mutations at molecular level in vivo. From an oncologists point of view the concept of 'personalized medicine' should evolve to include 'personalized imaging' as well as 'personalized treatment' in order to optimize cancer care, reduce side effects and improve quality of life for cancer patients.

Incidence and outcomes of respiratory viral infections in lung transplant recipients: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence and outcomes of respiratory viral infections in lung transplant recipients (LTR) are not well defined. The objective of this prospective study conducted from June 2008 to March 2011 was to characterise the incidence and outcomes of viral respiratory infections in LTR. METHODS: Patients were seen in three contexts: study-specific screenings covering all seasons; routine post-transplantation follow-up; and emergency visits. Nasopharyngeal specimens were collected systematically and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed when clinically indicated. All specimens underwent testing with a wide panel of molecular assays targeting respiratory viruses. RESULTS: One hundred and twelve LTR had 903 encounters: 570 (63%) were screening visits, 124 (14%) were routine post-transplantation follow-up and 209 (23%) were emergency visits. Respiratory viruses were identified in 174 encounters, 34 of these via BAL. The incidence of infection was 0.83 per patient-year (95% CI 0.45 to 1.52). The viral infection rates upon screening, routine and emergency visits were 14%, 15% and 34%, respectively (p<0.001). Picornavirus was identified most frequently in nasopharyngeal (85/140; 60.7%) and BAL specimens (20/34; 59%). Asymptomatic viral carriage, mainly of picornaviruses, was found at 10% of screening visits. Infections were associated with transient lung function loss and high calcineurin inhibitor blood levels. The hospitalisation rate was 50% (95% CI 30% to 70.9%) for influenza and parainfluenza and 16.9% (95% CI 11.2% to 23.9%) for other viruses. Acute rejection was not associated with viral infection (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.1 to 1.3). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high incidence of viral infection in LTR; asymptomatic carriage is rare. Viral infections contribute significantly to this population's respiratory symptomatology. No temporal association was observed between infection and acute rejection.

Recurrence after endoscopic mucosal resection-therapy failure?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the success and complication rates of endoscopic mucosal resections (EMR) for large flat adenomas and to identify risk factors for adenoma recurrence. METHODS: We evaluated all consecutive patients treated with EMR at our institution between 2003 and 2005 that fulfilled the following criteria: >10-mm diameter, Paris 0-Is and 0-IIa-c, and endoscopic follow-up. We conducted univariate analysis and multivariate analysis using a non-stratified logistic regression model to identify possible influencing factors. RESULT: In a median follow-up period of 6 years, we analyzed 177 EMR procedures, with a mean size of 21 mm. The majority of the resections were in the right colon. Recurrence occurred in 29 patients. Further treatment of patients with recurrence was endoscopic in 27 patients, whereas 1 patient was treated with transanal endoscopic microsurgery and one underwent surgery. The variables influencing the multivariate model were resection technique, immediate complication age, and histology. CONCLUSIONS: We show that EMR can achieve a long-term clearance of large flat adenomas. A recurrence after EMR does not equal to failed therapy. The possibility of recurrence has to be considered in the clinical implementation of EMR. An important part of the stratifying factors for follow-up is the procedural assessment of the effectiveness of the resection and the resection technique.

Whole abdominopelvic radiotherapy in the palliative treatment of pseudomyxoma peritonei.

BACKGROUND: Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by mucinous peritoneal disease arising from disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis. Primary treatment involves a combination of cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). There is no consensus on the proper treatment of recurrent PMP. In selected patients, repeated cytoreductive surgery with or without HIPEC might improve outcome. However, every repeated debulking procedure becomes less effective with increased morbidity. CASE REPORT: We present a case of a patient with intestinal obstruction caused by recurrent pseudomyxoma peritonei. We treated the patient with whole abdominopelvic radiotherapy (WAPRT) using intensity-modulated arc therapy (IMAT) to a total dose of 33 Gy, delivered in 22 daily fractions. The treatment was well tolerated and resulted in resolution of the obstruction for a period of 24 months. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, we present the first case report showing the possibility of resolving intestinal obstruction with WAPRT in a patient with recurrent PMP. It is our opinion that WAPRT delivered by IMAT, in analogy with ovarian cancer, should be considered as a palliative treatment option in managing patients with recurrent PMP especially in case of obstruction.

Allylated cyclodextrins as effective affinity materials in chemical sensing of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons using an optical planar Bragg grating sensor.

We report on the application of perallyl-substituted α-, ß- and γ-cyclodextrins to an optical planar Bragg grating refractive index sensor for the effective sensitization of the sensor for airborne volatile aromatic hydrocarbons. Thereby, the emphasis of this work lies on the comparison of the different cyclodextrin types regarding their suitability as affinity material assessed by the sensors sensitivity and response behavior. The opto-chemical sensor device showed an immediate and quick response to the application of the investigated analytes benzene, toluene and m-xylene as well as a linear dependence on the concentration of those analytes. Studies on the sensors sensitivity depending on the applied cyclodextrin types revealed a generally higher sensitivity for the sensor sensitized with perallyl-substituted ß-cyclodextrins. Here, the sensor systems detection limit was found to 60±4 ppm for benzene, 18±3 ppm for toluene and 3.8±0.5 ppm for m-xylene. The response time and recovery time were found to approximately 30s and 40s, respectively, depending on the applied cyclodextrin and the chosen analyte.