Wideband radiofrequency pulse sequence for evaluation of myocardial scar in patients with cardiac implantable devices.

Background: Cardiac magnetic resonance is a useful clinical tool to identify late gadolinium enhancement in heart failure patients with implantable electronic devices. Identification of LGE in patients with CIED is limited by artifact, which can be improved with a wide band radiofrequency pulse sequence. Objective: The authors hypothesize that image quality of LGE images produced using wide-band pulse sequence in patients with devices is comparable to image quality produced using standard LGE sequences in patients without devices. Methods: Two independent readers reviewed LGE images of 16 patients with CIED and 7 patients without intracardiac devices to assess for image quality, device-related artifact, and presence of LGE using the American Society of Echocardiography/American Heart Association 17 segment model of the heart on a 4-point Likert scale. The mean and standard deviation for image quality and artifact rating were determined. Inter-observer reliability was determined by calculating Cohen's kappa coefficient. Statistical significance was determined by T-test as a p {less than or equal to} 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. Results: All patients underwent CMR without any adverse events. Overall IQ of WB LGE images was significantly better in patients with devices compared to standard LGE in patients without devices (p = 0.001) with reduction in overall artifact rating (p = 0.05). Conclusion: Our study suggests wide-band pulse sequence for LGE can be applied safely to heart failure patients with devices in detection of LV myocardial scar while maintaining image quality, reducing artifact, and following routine imaging protocol after intravenous gadolinium contrast administration.

Improving Xenon-129 lung ventilation image SNR with deep-learning based image reconstruction.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and utility of a deep learning (DL)-based reconstruction for improving the SNR of hyperpolarized 129Xe lung ventilation MRI. METHODS: 129Xe lung ventilation MRI data acquired from patients with asthma and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were retrospectively reconstructed with a commercial DL reconstruction pipeline at five different denoising levels. Quantitative imaging metrics of lung ventilation including ventilation defect percentage (VDP) and ventilation heterogeneity index (VHI) were compared between each set of DL-reconstructed images and alternative denoising strategies including: filtering, total variation denoising and higher-order singular value decomposition. Structural similarity between the denoised and original images was assessed. In a prospective study, the feasibility of using SNR gains from DL reconstruction to allow natural-abundance xenon MRI was evaluated in healthy volunteers. RESULTS: 129Xe ventilation image SNR was improved with DL reconstruction when compared with conventionally reconstructed images. In patients with asthma and/or COPD, DL-reconstructed images exhibited a slight positive bias in ventilation defect percentage (1.3% at 75% denoising) and ventilation heterogeneity index (˜1.4) when compared with conventionally reconstructed images. Additionally, DL-reconstructed images preserved structural similarity more effectively than data denoised using alternative approaches. DL reconstruction greatly improved image SNR (greater than threefold), to a level that 129Xe ventilation imaging using natural-abundance xenon appears feasible. CONCLUSION: DL-based image reconstruction significantly improves 129Xe ventilation image SNR, preserves structural similarity, and leads to a minor bias in ventilation metrics that can be attributed to differences in the image sharpness. This tool should help facilitate cost-effective 129Xe ventilation imaging with natural-abundance xenon in the future.

Validation of non-contrast multiple overlapping thin-slab 4D-flow cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) flow quantification is typically performed using 2D phase-contrast (PC) imaging of a plane perpendicular to flow. 3D-PC imaging (4D-flow) allows offline quantification anywhere in a thick slab, but is often limited by suboptimal signal, potentially alleviated by contrast enhancement. We developed a non-contrast 4D-flow sequence, which acquires multiple overlapping thin slabs (MOTS) to minimize signal loss, and hypothesized that it could improve image quality, diagnostic accuracy, and aortic flow measurements compared to non-contrast single-slab approach. METHODS: We prospectively studied 20 patients referred for transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), who underwent CMR (GE, 3 T). 2D-PC images of the aortic valve and three 4D-flow datasets covering the heart were acquired, including single-slab, pre- and post-contrast, and non-contrast MOTS. Each 4D-flow dataset was interpreted blindly for ≥moderate valve disease and compared to TEE. Flow visualization through each valve was scored (0 to 4), and aortic-valve flow measured on each 4D-flow dataset and compared to 2D-PC reference. RESULTS: Diagnostic quality visualization was achieved with the pre- and post-contrast 4D-flow acquisitions in 25% and 100% valves, respectively (scores 0.9 ± 1.1 and 3.8 ± 0.5), and in 58% with the non-contrast MOTS (1.6 ± 1.1). Accuracy of detection of valve disease was 75%, 92% and 82%, respectively. Aortic flow measurements were possible in 53%, 95% and in 89% patients, respectively. The correlation between pre-contrast single-slab measurements and 2D-PC reference was weak (r = 0.21), but improved with both contrast enhancement (r = 0.71) and with MOTS (r = 0.67). CONCLUSIONS: Although non-contrast MOTS 4D-flow improves valve function visualization and diagnostic accuracy, a significant proportion of valves cannot be accurately assessed. However, aortic flow measurements using non-contrast MOTS is feasible and reaches similar accuracy to that of contrast-enhanced 4D-flow.

Impact of denoising on precision and accuracy of saturation-recovery-based myocardial T1 mapping.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of a novel postprocessing denoising technique on accuracy and precision in myocardial T1 mapping. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study introduces a fast and robust denoising method developed for magnetic resonance T1 mapping. The technique imposes edge-preserving regularity and exploits the co-occurence of spatial gradients in the acquired T1 -weighted images. The proposed approach was assessed in simulations, ex vivo data and in vivo imaging on a cohort of 16 healthy volunteers (12 males, average age 39 ± 8 years, 62 ± 9 bpm) both in pre- and postcontrast injection. The method was evaluated in myocardial T1 mapping at 3T with a saturation-recovery technique that is accurate but sensitive to noise. ROIs in the myocardium and left-ventricle blood pool were analyzed by an experienced reader. Mean T1 values and standard deviation were extracted and compared in all studies. RESULTS: Simulations on synthetic phantom showed signal-to-noise ratio and sharpness improvement with the proposed method in comparison with conventional denoising. In vivo results demonstrated that our method preserves accuracy, as no difference in mean T1 values was observed in the myocardium (precontrast: 1433/1426 msec, 95%CI: [-40.7, 55.9], p = 0.75, postcontrast: 766/759 msec, 95%CI: [-60.7, 77.2], p = 0.8). Meanwhile, precision was improved with standard deviations of T1 values being significantly decreased (precontrast: 223/151 msec, 95%CI: [27.3, 116.5], p = 0.003, postcontrast: 176/135 msec, 95%CI: [5.5, 77.1], p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The proposed denoising method preserves accuracy and improves precision in myocardial T1 mapping, with the potential to offer better map visualization and analysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1377-1388.

Effects of inner volume field-of-view reduction on myocardial T2 mapping.

BACKGROUND: Inner volume (IV) excitation was explored with respect to scan time reduction of cardiac gated double inversion recovery multi-echo fast spin echo (MEFSE) to measure the transverse relaxation time (T2 ) in the myocardium. METHODS: The IV imaging was achieved by applying orthogonal slice selection for the excitation and refocusing pulses. The T2 map accuracy was investigated using different excitation and refocusing pulses. The performance of IV-MEFSE was compared with MEFSE on phantoms and eight healthy volunteers, acquiring eight echo times in a single breath-hold. RESULTS: Compared with MEFSE, IV-MEFSE allowed a scan time reduction from 26 s to 16 s, but caused a T2 overestimation of approximately 10% due to stimulated echoes. CONCLUSION: IV successfully reduced the scan time to a single breath-hold feasible for many patients and remarkably facilitated the scan prescription, because there was no image aliasing concern. Care should be taken in using IV for T2 mapping because of T2 relaxation time overestimation.

Enhancement of respiratory navigator-gated three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled echo sequence with variable flip angle scheme.

PURPOSE: To develop and demonstrate the feasibility of a new technique for respiratory-gated, fat-suppressed, three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled echo (3D-SPGR) with navigator gating for more accurate and robust motion detection. METHODS: A navigator-gated 3D-SPGR technique was modified to include a wait period immediately prior to the navigator sequence for magnetization recovery. Furthermore, a variable flip angle scheme was realized by a combination of ramp-up, ramp-down, and attenuation strategies for optimizing point spread functions. Phantom and human experiments were conducted with our technique on 1.5T scanners. RESULTS: Using the method, T1-weighted 3D images with improved signal homogeneity were acquired with a maximum flip angle of 30° in phantom and human tests. Also, compared with the conventional navigator-gated 3D-SPGR, accurate respiratory motion detection of free-breathing subjects was provided, leading to reduced motion artifacts. CONCLUSION: The combination of wait insertion and the variable flip angle method improved both motion detection accuracy and image homogeneity in a navigator-gated 3D-SPGR study.

Design of k-space channel combination kernels and integration with parallel imaging.

PURPOSE: In this work, a new method is described for producing local k-space channel combination kernels using a small amount of low-resolution multichannel calibration data. Additionally, this work describes how these channel combination kernels can be combined with local k-space unaliasing kernels produced by the calibration phase of parallel imaging methods such as GRAPPA, PARS and ARC. METHODS: Experiments were conducted to evaluate both the image quality and computational efficiency of the proposed method compared to a channel-by-channel parallel imaging approach with image-space sum-of-squares channel combination. RESULTS: Results indicate comparable image quality overall, with some very minor differences seen in reduced field-of-view imaging. It was demonstrated that this method enables a speed up in computation time on the order of 3-16X for 32-channel data sets. CONCLUSION: The proposed method enables high quality channel combination to occur earlier in the reconstruction pipeline, reducing computational and memory requirements for image reconstruction.

Navigator flip angle optimization for free-breathing T1-weighted hepatobiliary phase imaging with gadoxetic acid.

PURPOSE: To characterize and optimize the navigator-flip angle (FA), and the influence of imaging-FA on optimizing liver/lung contrast of the navigator profile, while avoiding visible navigator saturation artifacts, for hepatobiliary phase gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten volunteers; six men, four women; ages 37.1 ± 11.0 years underwent navigator-gated three-dimensional (3D) -spoiled-gradient-echo sequences in randomized combinations of imaging-FA (10°/30°) and navigator-FA (10-90°) before contrast and 20 min after injection of gadoxetic acid at 3 Tesla. The signal intensities of the liver and lung were measured from navigator profiles. Furthermore, the intensity of saturation artifacts for each navigator FA was quantified using measurements of relative contrast at the artifact location. RESULTS: For the postcontrast images, the optimal navigator FA was 90°. However, saturation artifacts were highly dependent on the imaging-FA and the presence of gadolinium contrast. A smaller imaging-FA of 10° led to greater saturation artifacts for both pre- and postcontrast, and saturation artifacts worsen with increasing navigator-FA. Using a higher imaging-FA of 30°, saturation artifacts are ignorable over the entire range of navigator-FA. CONCLUSION: For navigator-gated gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary imaging, navigator-FA of 90° and imaging-FA of 30° provide an optimal balance with maximum navigator liver/lung contrast while avoiding visible imaging saturation artifacts.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:1129-1136. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

High resolution navigated three-dimensional T1-weighted hepatobiliary MRI using gadoxetic acid optimized for 1.5 Tesla.

PURPOSE: To determine optimal delay times and flip angles for T1-weighted hepatobiliary imaging at 1.5 Tesla (T) with gadoxetic acid and to demonstrate the feasibility of using a high-resolution navigated optimized T1-weighted pulse sequence to evaluate biliary disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight healthy volunteers were scanned at 1.5T using a T1-weighted three-dimensional (3D)-SPGR pulse sequence following the administration of 0.05 mmol/kg of gadoxetic acid. Navigator-gating enabled acquisition of high spatial resolution (1.2 × 1.4 × 1.8 mm(3) , interpolated to 0.7 × 0.7 × 0.9 mm(3) ) images in approximately 5 min of free-breathing. Multiple breath-held acquisitions were performed at flip angles between 15° and 45° to optimize T1 weighting. To evaluate the performance of this optimized sequence in the setting of biliary disease, the image quality and biliary excretion of 51 consecutive clinical scans performed to assess primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) were evaluated. RESULTS: Optimal hepatobiliary imaging occurs at 15-25 min, using a 40° flip angle. The image quality and visualization of biliary excretion in the PSC scans were excellent, despite the decreased liver function in some patients. Visualization of reduced excretion often provided diagnostic information that was unavailable by conventional magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). CONCLUSION: High-resolution navigated 3D-SPGR hepatobiliary imaging using gadoxetic acid and optimized scan parameters is technically feasible and can be clinically useful, even in patients with decreased hepatobiliary function.

New MR imaging methods for metallic implants in the knee: artifact correction and clinical impact.

PURPOSE: To evaluate two magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, slice encoding for metal artifact correction (SEMAC) and multiacquisition variable-resonance image combination (MAVRIC), for their ability to correct for artifacts in postoperative knees with metal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 25 knees were imaged in this study. Fourteen total knee replacements (TKRs) in volunteers were scanned with SEMAC, MAVRIC, and 2D fast spin-echo (FSE) to measure artifact extent and implant rotation. The ability of the sequences to measure implant rotation and dimensions was compared in a TKR knee model. Eleven patients with a variety of metallic hardware were imaged with SEMAC and FSE to compare artifact extent and subsequent patient management was recorded. RESULTS: SEMAC and MAVRIC significantly reduced artifact extent compared to FSE (P < 0.0001) and were similar to each other (P = 0.58), allowing accurate measurement of implant dimensions and rotation. The TKRs were properly aligned in the volunteers. Clinical imaging with SEMAC in symptomatic knees significantly reduced artifact (P < 0.05) and showed findings that were on the majority confirmed by subsequent noninvasive or invasive patient studies. CONCLUSION: SEMAC and MAVRIC correct for metal artifact, noninvasively providing high-resolution images with superb bone and soft tissue contrast.

Volumetric fat-water separated T2-weighted MRI.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric body MRI exams often cover multiple body parts, making the development of broadly applicable protocols and obtaining uniform fat suppression a challenge. Volumetric T2 imaging with Dixon-type fat-water separation might address this challenge, but it is a lengthy process. OBJECTIVE: We develop and evaluate a faster two-echo approach to volumetric T2 imaging with fat-water separation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A volumetric spin-echo sequence was modified to include a second shifted echo so two image sets are acquired. A region-growing reconstruction approach was developed to decompose separate water and fat images. Twenty-six children were recruited with IRB approval and informed consent. Fat-suppression quality was graded by two pediatric radiologists and compared against conventional fat-suppressed fast spin-echo T2-W images. Additionally, the value of in- and opposed-phase images was evaluated. RESULTS: Fat suppression on volumetric images had high quality in 96% of cases (95% confidence interval of 80-100%) and were preferred over or considered equivalent to conventional two-dimensional fat-suppressed FSE T2 imaging in 96% of cases (95% confidence interval of 78-100%). In- and opposed-phase images had definite value in 12% of cases. CONCLUSION: Volumetric fat-water separated T2-weighted MRI is feasible and is likely to yield improved fat suppression over conventional fat-suppressed T2-weighted imaging.

Respiratory navigated free breathing 3D spoiled gradient-recalled echo sequence for contrast-enhanced examination of the liver: diagnostic utility and comparison with free breathing and breath-hold conventional examinations.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to evaluate image quality in a 3D spoiled gradient-recalled echo (SPGR) sequence that was modified to incorporate respiratory navigation to limit the deleterious effects of respiratory motion and to compare it with conventional scanning during breath-holding and free breathing. CONCLUSION: Respiratory navigation of 3D SPGR sequences is technically feasible, and image quality is modestly improved over free breathing acquisitions using conventional 3D SPGR sequences. This may represent a promising imaging alternative for patients who cannot hold their breath.

Accelerated slice encoding for metal artifact correction.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate accelerated imaging with both artifact reduction and different contrast mechanisms near metallic implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Slice-encoding for metal artifact correction (SEMAC) is a modified spin echo sequence that uses view-angle tilting and slice-direction phase encoding to correct both in-plane and through-plane artifacts. Standard spin echo trains and short-TI inversion recovery (STIR) allow efficient PD-weighted imaging with optional fat suppression. A completely linear reconstruction allows incorporation of parallel imaging and partial Fourier imaging. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) effects of all reconstructions were quantified in one subject. Ten subjects with different metallic implants were scanned using SEMAC protocols, all with scan times below 11 minutes, as well as with standard spin echo methods. RESULTS: The SNR using standard acceleration techniques is unaffected by the linear SEMAC reconstruction. In all cases with implants, accelerated SEMAC significantly reduced artifacts compared with standard imaging techniques, with no additional artifacts from acceleration techniques. The use of different contrast mechanisms allowed differentiation of fluid from other structures in several subjects. CONCLUSION: SEMAC imaging can be combined with standard echo-train imaging, parallel imaging, partial-Fourier imaging, and inversion recovery techniques to offer flexible image contrast with a dramatic reduction of metal-induced artifacts in scan times under 11 minutes.

Navigated abdominal T1-W MRI permits free-breathing image acquisition with less motion artifact.

T1-W imaging of the pediatric abdomen is often limited by respiratory motion artifacts. Although navigation has been commonly employed for coronary MRA and T2-W imaging, navigation for T1-W imaging is less developed. Thus, we incorporated a navigator pulse into a fat-suppressed T1-W SPGR sequence such that steady-state contrast was not disrupted. Ten children were scanned after gadolinium administration three times in immediate succession: breath-hold with no navigation, free-breathing with navigation, and free-breathing without navigation. Motion artifacts were scored for each sequence by two radiologists,showing fewer motion artifacts with navigation compared to free-breathing and greater motion artifacts than with breath-holding. This work demonstrates the feasibility and potential utility of navigation for pediatric abdominal T1-W imaging.

Increased volume of coverage for abdominal contrast-enhanced MR angiography with two-dimensional autocalibrating parallel imaging: initial experience at 3.0 Tesla.

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility and the quality of abdominal three-dimensional (3D) contrast enhanced MR angiograms acquired at 3.0 Tesla (T) using a new 2D-accelerated autocalibrating parallel reconstruction method for Cartesian sampling (2D-ARC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: With institutional review board approval and written informed consent, a prospective trial in 6 normal healthy volunteers and 23 patients referred for evaluation of suspected renovascular disease was performed. The volunteers underwent abdominal MRA with and without 2D-ARC acceleration. Images were evaluated independently by two blinded vascular radiologists in randomized order. Vessel conspicuity was rated on a five-point scale. Evaluation for significant differences between the scores for each technique was performed using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: In the series of six volunteers, no statistical significance was found between the image quality scores for 2D-ARC accelerated and nonaccelerated exams. A high proportion of the 23 clinical 2D-ARC exams were graded as diagnostic (vessel conspicuity score >or=2; Reader 1, 96%; Reader 2, 100%) for overall image quality. CONCLUSION: Subjective image quality of 2D-ARC accelerated MRA was equivalent to the conventional MRA method. However, the 2D-ARC accelerated sequence provided a 3.5-fold increase in imaging volume, complete abdominal coverage, and a 30% reduction in voxel volume, all within the same acquisition time.

Ankle: isotropic MR imaging with 3D-FSE-cube--initial experience in healthy volunteers.

The purpose of this prospective study was to compare a new isotropic three-dimensional (3D) fast spin-echo (FSE) pulse sequence with parallel imaging and extended echo train acquisition (3D-FSE-Cube) with a conventional two-dimensional (2D) FSE sequence for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the ankle. After institutional review board approval and informed consent were obtained and in accordance with HIPAA privacy guidelines, MR imaging was performed in the ankles of 10 healthy volunteers (four men, six women; age range, 25-41 years). Imaging with the 3D-FSE-Cube sequence was performed at 3.0 T by using both one-dimensional- and 2D-accelerated autocalibrated parallel imaging to decrease imaging time. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) with 3D-FSE-Cube were compared with those of the standard 2D FSE sequence. Cartilage, muscle, and fluid SNRs were significantly higher with the 3D-FSE-Cube sequence (P < .01 for all). Fluid-cartilage CNR was similar for both techniques. The two sequences were also compared for overall image quality, blurring, and artifacts. No significant difference for overall image quality and artifacts was demonstrated between the 2D FSE and 3D-FSE-Cube sequences, although the section thickness in 3D-FSE-Cube imaging was much thinner (0.6 mm). However, blurring was significantly greater on the 3D-FSE-Cube images (P < .04). The 3D-FSE-Cube sequence with isotropic resolution is a promising new MR imaging sequence for viewing complex joint anatomy.

Effects of refocusing flip angle modulation and view ordering in 3D fast spin echo.

Recent advances have reduced scan time in three-dimensional fast spin echo (3D-FSE) imaging, including very long echo trains through refocusing flip angle (FA) modulation and 2D-accelerated parallel imaging. This work describes a method to modulate refocusing FAs that produces sharp point spread functions (PSFs) from very long echo trains while exercising direct control over minimum, center-k-space, and maximum FAs in order to accommodate the presence of flow and motion, SNR requirements, and RF power limits. Additionally, a new method for ordering views to map signal modulation from the echo train into k(y)-k(z) space that enables nonrectangular k-space grids and autocalibrating 2D-accelerated parallel imaging is presented. With long echo trains and fewer echoes required to encode large matrices, large volumes with high in- and through-plane resolution matrices may be acquired with scan times of 3-6 min, as demonstrated for volumetric brain, knee, and kidney imaging.

Small (<2-cm) upper-tract urothelial carcinoma: evaluation with gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled echo MR urography.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the detection of small (<2-cm) urothelial tumors by using gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) spoiled gradient-recalled echo (GRE) magnetic resonance (MR) urography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This HIPAA-compliant study received institutional review board approval. All patients included had previously consented to the use of their medical records for research purposes. Eleven of 110 patients (10 men, one woman; mean age, 73.5 years) who underwent MR urography were ultimately identified to have 23 upper-tract urothelial carcinomas smaller than 2 cm or carcinoma in situ. Breath-hold coronal T2-weighted single-shot fast spin-echo and breath-hold coronal 3D T1-weighted spoiled GRE images with fat suppression during nephrographic and excretory phases after intravenous injection of gadolinium-based contrast material were obtained in all patients with a 1.5-T imager. Two radiologists reviewed the MR images in consensus for the presence of tumors. Lesion detectability was compared between each sequence by using the McNemar test. RESULTS: Of 23 tumors, 17 (74%) were detected by using at least one sequence, eight (35%) were detected with T2-weighted imaging, 15 (65%) were detected on nephrographic phase images, and 15 (65%) were detected on excretory phase images. Two lesions each were detected only on either nephrographic or excretory phase images. Detectability was significantly higher on nephrographic and excretory phase images compared with T2-weighted images (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Gadolinium-enhanced 3D spoiled GRE MR urography helped detect 74% of small urothelial carcinomas. Nephrographic and excretory phase images are essential for helping detect small urothelial carcinomas.

Comparison of reconstruction accuracy and efficiency among autocalibrating data-driven parallel imaging methods.

The class of autocalibrating "data-driven" parallel imaging (PI) methods has gained attention in recent years due to its ability to achieve high quality reconstructions even under challenging imaging conditions. The aim of this work was to perform a formal comparative study of various data-driven reconstruction techniques to evaluate their relative merits for certain imaging applications. A total of five different reconstruction methods are presented within a consistent theoretical framework and experimentally compared in terms of the specific measures of reconstruction accuracy and efficiency using one-dimensional (1D)-accelerated Cartesian datasets. It is shown that by treating the reconstruction process as two discrete phases, a calibration phase and a synthesis phase, the reconstruction pathway can be tailored to exploit the computational advantages available in certain data domains. A new "split-domain" reconstruction method is presented that performs the calibration phase in k-space (k(x), k(y)) and the synthesis phase in a hybrid (x, k(y)) space, enabling highly accurate 2D neighborhood reconstructions to be performed more efficiently than previously possible with conventional techniques. This analysis may help guide the selection of PI methods for a given imaging task to achieve high reconstruction accuracy at minimal computational expense.

Multiecho reconstruction for simultaneous water-fat decomposition and T2* estimation.

PURPOSE: To describe and demonstrate the feasibility of a novel multiecho reconstruction technique that achieves simultaneous water-fat decomposition and T2* estimation. The method removes interference of water-fat separation with iron-induced T2* effects and therefore has potential for the simultaneous characterization of hepatic steatosis (fatty infiltration) and iron overload. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The algorithm called "T2*-IDEAL" is based on the IDEAL water-fat decomposition method. A novel "complex field map" construct is used to estimate both R2* (1/T2*) and local B(0) field inhomogeneities using an iterative least-squares estimation method. Water and fat are then decomposed from source images that are corrected for both T2* and B(0) field inhomogeneity. RESULTS: It was found that a six-echo multiecho acquisition using the shortest possible echo times achieves an excellent balance of short scan and reliable R2* measurement. Phantom experiments demonstrate the feasibility with high accuracy in R2* measurement. Promising preliminary in vivo results are also shown. CONCLUSION: The T2*-IDEAL technique has potential applications in imaging of diffuse liver disease for evaluation of both hepatic steatosis and iron overload in a single breath-hold.