Characterizing daily physical activity patterns with unsupervised learning via functional mixture models.

Physical inactivity is a significant public health concern. Consideration of inter-individual variations in physical activity (PA) trends can provide additional information about the groups under study to aid intervention design. This study aims to identify latent profiles ("phenotypes") based on daily PA trends among adults living in. This was a secondary analysis of 724 person-level days of accelerometry data from 133 urban-dwelling adults (89% Latinx, age = 19-77 years). We used Actigraph accelerometers and the Actilife software to collect and process 24-hour PA data. We implemented a probabilistic clustering technique based on functional mixture models. Multiple days of data per person were averaged for entry into the models. We evaluated step counts, moderate-intensity PA (MOD), total activity and sedentary minutes as potential model variables. Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) index was used to select the model that provided the best fit for the data. A 4-cluster resolution provided the best fit for the data (i.e., BIC=-3257, improvements of Δ = 13 and Δ = 7 from 3- and 5-cluster models, respectively). MOD provided the greatest between-cluster discrimination. Phenotype 1 (N = 61) was characterized by a morning peak in PA that declined until bedtime. Later bedtimes and the highest daily PA volume were distinct for phenotype 2 (N = 18), along with a similar peak pattern. Phenotype 3 (N = 29) membership was associated with the lowest PA levels throughout the day. Phenotype 4 was characterized by a more evenly distributed PA during the day, and later waking/bedtimes. Our findings point to distinct, interpretable PA phenotypes based on temporal patterns. Functional clustering of PA data could provide additional actionable points for tailoring behavioral interventions.

Differences in Cardiovascular Health at the Intersection of Race, Ethnicity, and Sexual Identity.

Importance: An understanding of the intersectional effect of sexual identity, race, and ethnicity on disparities in cardiovascular health (CVH) has been limited. Objective: To evaluate differences in CVH at the intersection of race, ethnicity, and sexual identity using the American Heart Association's Life's Essential 8 measure. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study was conducted from July 27 to September 6, 2023, using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2007 to 2016. Participants were noninstitutionalized, nonpregnant adults (aged 18-59 years) without cardiovascular disease or stroke. Exposures: Self-reported sexual identity, categorized as heterosexual or sexual minority (SM; lesbian, gay, bisexual, or "something else"), and self-reported race and ethnicity, categorized as non-Hispanic Black (hereafter, Black), Hispanic, non-Hispanic White (hereafter, White), and other (Asian, multiracial, or any other race and ethnicity). Main Outcome and Measures: The primary outcome was overall CVH score, which is the unweighted mean of 8 CVH metrics, assessed from questionnaire, dietary, and physical examination data. Regression models stratified by sex, race, and ethnicity were developed for the overall CVH score and individual CVH metrics, adjusting for age, survey year, and socioeconomic status (SES) factors. Results: The sample included 12 180 adults (mean [SD] age, 39.6 [11.7] years; 6147 [50.5%] male, 2464 [20.2%] Black, 3288 [27.0%] Hispanic, 5122 [42.1%] White, and 1306 [10.7%] other race and ethnicity). After adjusting for age, survey year, and SES, Black (ß, -3.2; 95% CI, -5.8 to -0.6), Hispanic (ß, -5.9; 95% CI, -10.3 to -1.5), and White (ß, -3.3; 95% CI, -6.2 to -0.4) SM female adults had lower overall CVH scores compared with their heterosexual counterparts. There were no statistically significant differences for female adults of other race and ethnicity (ß, -2.8; 95% CI, -9.3 to 3.7) and for SM male adults of any race and ethnicity compared with their heterosexual counterparts (Black: ß, 2.2 [95% CI, -1.2 to 5.7]; Hispanic: ß, -0.9 [95% CI, -6.3 to 4.6]; White: ß, 1.5 [95% CI, -2.2 to 5.2]; other race and ethnicity: ß, -2.2 [95% CI, -8.2 to 3.8]). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study, CVH differed across race and ethnicity categories in SM females, suggesting that different communities within the larger SM population require tailored interventions to improve CVH. Longitudinal studies are needed to identify the causes of CVH disparities, particularly in Black and Hispanic SM females and inclusive of other racial and ethnic identities.

Day-to-day associations of intersectional minority stressors with sleep health in sexual and gender minority people of color.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the day-to-day associations between minority stressors (i.e., anticipated and experienced discrimination) and sleep health outcomes (i.e., total sleep time (TST), sleep disturbances, and sleep-related impairment) among sexual and gender minority (SGM) people of color. METHOD: An online sample of SGM people of color living in the United States participated in a 30-day daily diary study. Daily anticipated and experienced discrimination as well as subjective sleep outcomes were assessed via electronic diaries using validated measures. Wrist-worn actigraphy was used to objectively assess TST. Multilevel linear models (MLMs) were used to estimate the independent associations of daily intersectional minority stressors with subsequent sleep outcomes, adjusted for demographic factors and lifetime discrimination. RESULTS: The sample included 43 SGM people of color with a mean age of 27.0 years (± 7.7) of which 84% were Latinx, 47% were multiracial, and 37% were bisexual. Results of MLMs indicated that greater report of daily experienced discrimination was positively associated with same-night sleep disturbances, B (SE) = 0.45 (0.10), p < .001. Daily anticipated discrimination was positively associated with sleep-related impairment on the following day, B (SE) = 0.77 (0.17), p < .001. However, daily anticipated and experienced discrimination were not associated with same-night TST. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the importance of considering the differential effects of daily intersectional minority stressors on the sleep health of SGM people of color. Further research is needed to identify factors driving the link between daily minority stressors and sleep outcomes to inform sleep health interventions tailored to this population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Caring for Sexual and Gender Minority Adults with Cardiovascular Disease.

This article summarizes existing evidence on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and CVD diagnoses among sexual and gender minority adults and provides recommendations for providing nursing care to sexual and gender minority adults with CVD. More research is needed to develop evidence-based strategies to care for sexual and gender minority adults with CVD.

Investigating the Associations of Sexual Minority Stressors and Incident Hypertension in a Community Sample of Sexual Minority Adults.

BACKGROUND: Sexual minority adults are at higher risk of hypertension than their heterosexual counterparts. Sexual minority stressors (i.e., unique stressors attributed to sexual minority identity) are associated with a variety of poor mental and physical health outcomes. Previous research has not tested associations between sexual minority stressors and incident hypertension among sexual minority adults. PURPOSE: To examine the associations between sexual minority stressors and incident hypertension among sexual minority adults assigned female sex at birth. METHODS: Using data from a longitudinal study, we examined associations between three sexual minority stressors and self-reported hypertension. We ran multiple logistic regression models to estimate the associations between sexual minority stressors and hypertension. We conducted exploratory analyses to determine whether these associations differed by race/ethnicity and sexual identity (e.g., lesbian/gay vs. bisexual). RESULTS: The sample included 380 adults, mean age 38.4 (± 12.81) years. Approximately 54.5% were people of color and 93.9% were female-identified. Mean follow-up was 7.0 (± 0.6) years; during which 12.4% were diagnosed with hypertension. We found that a 1-standard deviation increase in internalized homophobia was associated with higher odds of developing hypertension (AOR 1.48, 95% Cl: 1.06-2.07). Stigma consciousness (AOR 0.85, 95% CI: 0.56-1.26) and experiences of discrimination (AOR 1.07, 95% CI: 0.72-1.52) were not associated with hypertension. The associations of sexual minority stressors with hypertension did not differ by race/ethnicity or sexual identity. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to examine the associations between sexual minority stressors and incident hypertension in sexual minority adults. Implications for future studies are highlighted.

High blood pressure (HBP) is a major public health concern in the USA. Sexual minority adults (such as gay/lesbian or bisexual) are at greater risk of HBP than heterosexual adults. However, the reasons for this difference have not been studied. Sexual minority stressors are unique stressors specific to sexual minority individuals. Multiple studies have shown that sexual minority stressors, such as internalized homophobia (defined as someone's internalization of negative societal values towards sexual minority individuals), stigma consciousness (defined as the extent that someone expects to be stereotyped), and experiences of discrimination due to sexual identity, are associated with poor health outcomes. Yet, the relationship between these stressors and HBP has not been studied in this population. In our study, we examined the associations between sexual minority stressors and newly diagnosed HBP among sexual minority adults. Those who reported more internalized homophobia had a higher likelihood of developing HBP within 7 years. There were no significant associations between other sexual minority stressors and HBP. We also found no differences in the associations of sexual minority stressors and HBP by race/ethnicity or sexual identity. Findings highlight the importance of educating healthcare professionals about risk factors for hypertension in sexual minority adults.

Sexual Minority Status Disparities in Life's Essential 8 and Life's Simple 7 Cardiovascular Health Scores: A French Nationwide Population-Based Study.

Background A higher burden of cardiovascular disease risk factors has been reported in sexual minority populations. Primordial prevention may therefore be a relevant preventative strategy. The study's objectives are to estimate the associations of Life's Essential 8 (LE8) and Life's Simple 7 (LS7) cardiovascular health scores with sexual minority status. Methods and Results The CONSTANCES is a nationwide French epidemiological cohort study that recruited randomly selected participants older than 18 years in 21 cities. Sexual minority status was based on self-reported lifetime sexual behavior and categorized as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or heterosexual. The LE8 score includes nicotine exposure, diet, physical activity, body mass index, sleep health, blood glucose, blood pressure, and blood lipids. The previous LS7 score included 7 metrics without sleep health. The study included 169 434 cardiovascular disease-free adults (53.64% women; mean age, 45.99 years). Among 90 879 women, 555 were lesbian, 3149 were bisexual, and 84 363 were heterosexual. Among 78 555 men, 2421 were gay, 2748 were bisexual, and 70 994 were heterosexual. Overall, 2812 women and 2392 men declined to answer. In multivariable mixed effects linear regression models, lesbian (ß=-0.95 [95% CI, -1.89 to -0.02]) and bisexual (ß=-0.78 [95% CI, -1.18 to -0.38]) women had a lower LE8 cardiovascular health score compared with heterosexual women. Conversely, gay (ß=2.72 [95% CI, 2.25-3.19]) and bisexual (ß=0.83 [95% CI, 0.39-1.27]) men had a higher LE8 cardiovascular health score compared with heterosexual men. The findings were consistent, although of smaller magnitudes for the LS7 score. Conclusions Cardiovascular health disparities exist in sexual minority adults, particularly lesbian and bisexual women, who may represent a priority population for primordial cardiovascular disease prevention.

Differences in Ideal Cardiovascular Health Between Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Adults.

Importance: Research on the cardiovascular health (CVH) of sexual minority adults has primarily examined differences in the prevalence of individual CVH metrics rather than comprehensive measures, which has limited development of behavioral interventions. Objective: To investigate sexual identity differences in CVH, measured using the American Heart Association's revised measure of ideal CVH, among adults in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study analyzed population-based data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 2007-2016) in June 2022. Participants included noninstitutional adults aged 18 to 59 years. We excluded individuals who were pregnant at the time of their interview and those with a history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or heart failure. Exposures: Self-identified sexual identity categorized as heterosexual, gay/lesbian, bisexual, or something else. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcome was ideal CVH (assessed using questionnaire, dietary, and physical examination data). Participants received a score from 0 to 100 for each CVH metric, with higher scores indicating a more favorable CVH profile. An unweighted average was calculated to determine cumulative CVH (range, 0-100), which was recoded as low, moderate, or high. Sex-stratified regression models were performed to examine sexual identity differences in CVH metrics, disease awareness, and medication use. Results: The sample included 12 180 participants (mean [SD] age, 39.6 [11.7] years; 6147 male individuals [50.5%]). Lesbian (B = -17.21; 95% CI, -31.98 to -2.44) and bisexual (B = -13.76; 95% CI, -20.54 to -6.99) female individuals had less favorable nicotine scores than heterosexual female individuals. Bisexual female individuals had less favorable body mass index scores (B = -7.47; 95% CI, -12.89 to -1.97) and lower cumulative ideal CVH scores (B = -2.59; 95% CI, -4.84 to -0.33) than heterosexual female individuals. Compared with heterosexual male individuals, gay male individuals had less favorable nicotine scores (B = -11.43; 95% CI, -21.87 to -0.99) but more favorable diet (B = 9.65; 95% CI, 2.38-16.92), body mass index (B = 9.75; 95% CI, 1.25-18.25), and glycemic status scores (B = 5.28; 95% CI, 0.59-9.97). Bisexual male individuals were twice as likely as heterosexual male individuals to report a diagnosis of hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.98; 95% CI, 1.10-3.56) and use of antihypertensive medication (aOR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.12-4.32). No differences in CVH were found between participants who reported their sexual identity as something else and heterosexual participants. Conclusion and Relevance: Results of this cross-sectional study suggest that bisexual female individuals had worse cumulative CVH scores than heterosexual female individuals, whereas gay male individuals generally had better CVH than heterosexual male individuals. There is a need for tailored interventions to improve the CVH of sexual minority adults, particularly bisexual female individuals. Future longitudinal research is needed to examine factors that might contribute to CVH disparities among bisexual female individuals.

Variable Eating Patterns: A Potential Novel Risk Factor for Systemic Inflammation in Women.

BACKGROUND: The timing and regularity of eating patterns could play a role in systemic inflammation, as circadian clocks responsible for daily rhythms of inflammatory signaling are entrained by food intake. PURPOSE: To evaluate associations of intra-weekly and weekday-weekend differences in eating timing patterns with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). METHODS: A community-based sample of 103 U.S. women from the American Heart Association Go Red for Women Strategically Focused Research Network completed a meal-timing questionnaire and provided a blood sample for measurement of hsCRP. Differences in weekday versus weekend eating start time, eating end time, and nightly fasting duration were calculated as eating jetlag metrics. Intra-weekly variability in eating timing patterns was defined by the standard deviation (SD) of these variables. Multivariable linear regression models were used to evaluate cross-sectional associations of eating timing variability metrics with hsCRP. RESULTS: Each additional 30-min difference in weekday-weekend eating end time was related to 13% higher hsCRP (p = .023). Similarly, every 30-min increase in eating end time SD, reflecting greater variability in timing of last eating occasion, was associated with 29% higher hsCRP. Per 1-hr weekday-weekend difference in nightly fasting duration, there was a 45% elevation in hsCRP (p = .003). Every 30-min increase in nightly fasting duration SD, representing greater variability in span of the daily fasting/eating periods, was associated with 46% higher hsCRP. CONCLUSIONS: Variable eating timing patterns were associated with higher hsCRP. Intervention studies are needed to determine whether stabilizing the timing of eating occasions may represent a novel strategy to reduce chronic inflammation.

Associations between Paternal Co-residence and Child Health among African American Children.

We investigated the associations between paternal co-residence and asthma, obesity, and blood pressure among children aged 3-5 years. Mother/child dyads (N = 250) self-identified as African American or Black. Mothers reported on father's co-residence and child's asthma diagnosis. Height, weight, and blood pressure were measured. Regression models were used to examine paternal co-residence with child health outcomes (i.e., asthma, obesity, and blood pressure). Confounders included maternal and child age, child sex, maternal smoking, and insurance status. Children who lived with their fathers were less likely to have asthma (OR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.18-0.79), though this association was not significant after adjustment for confounders (aOR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.22-1.01). Paternal co-residence was not significantly associated with child obesity (aOR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.35-1.73), systolic (ß = 0.57, SE = 1.2, p = .64), or diastolic (ß = 1.91, SE = 1.0, p = .07) blood pressure. More research is necessary to understand the diversity of family living situations and how they affect child health.

The Interaction of Trauma Exposure and DNA Methylation on Blood Pressure Among Black Women in the InterGEN Study.

Objective: Despite evidence that trauma exposure is linked to higher risk of hypertension, epigenetic mechanisms (such as DNA methylation) by which trauma potentially influences hypertension risk among Black adults remain understudied. Methods: Data from a longitudinal study of Black mothers were used to test the hypothesis that direct childhood trauma (ie, personal exposure) and vicarious trauma (ie, childhood trauma experienced by their children) would interact with DNA methylation to increase blood pressure (BP). Separate linear mixed effects models were fitted at each CpG site with the DNA methylation beta-value and direct and vicarious trauma as predictors and systolic and diastolic BP modeled as dependent variables adjusted for age, cigarette smoking, and body mass index. Interaction terms between DNA methylation beta-values with direct and vicarious trauma were added. Results: The sample included 244 Black mothers with a mean age of 31.2 years (SD = ±5.8). Approximately 45% of participants reported at least one form of direct childhood trauma and 49% reported at least one form of vicarious trauma. Epigenome-wide interaction analyses found that no CpG sites passed the epigenome-wide significance level indicating the interaction between direct or vicarious trauma with DNAm did not influence systolic or diastolic BP. Conclusions: This is one of the first studies to simultaneously examine whether direct or vicarious exposure to trauma interact with DNAm to influence BP. Although findings were null, this study highlights directions for future research that investigates epigenetic mechanisms that may link trauma exposure with hypertension risk in Black women.

Examination of Sexual Identity Differences in the Prevalence of Hypertension and Antihypertensive Medication Use Among US Adults: Findings From the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests that sexual minority (eg, gay/lesbian, bisexual) adults might be at increased risk of hypertension compared with heterosexual adults. However, disparities by sexual identity in antihypertensive medication use among adults with hypertension have not been comprehensively examined. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2015-2019), to examine sexual identity differences in the prevalence of hypertension and antihypertensive medication use among adults. We ran sex-stratified logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratios of diagnosis of hypertension and antihypertensive medication use among sexual minority (ie, gay/lesbian, bisexual, and other) and heterosexual adults (reference group). RESULTS: The sample included 420 340 participants with a mean age of 49.7 (±17.0) years, of which 66.7% were Non-Hispanic White. Compared with heterosexual participants of the same sex, bisexual women (adjusted odds ratio, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.03-1.37]) and gay men (adjusted odds ratio, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.03-1.35]) were more likely to report having been diagnosed with hypertension. Among women with diagnosed hypertension, bisexual women had lower odds of current antihypertensive medication use (adjusted odds ratio, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.56-0.90]). Among men with diagnosed hypertension, gay men were more likely than heterosexual men to report current antihypertensive medication use (adjusted odds ratio, 1.39 [95% CI, 1.10-1.78]). Compared with heterosexual participants of the same sex, there were no differences in hypertension or antihypertensive medication use among lesbian women, bisexual men, and participants who reported their sexual identity as other. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and public health interventions are needed to reduce the risk of hypertension among bisexual women and gay men. Bisexual women were at higher risk of untreated hypertension, which may be attributed to lower health care utilization due to fear of discrimination from health care providers and socioeconomic disadvantage. Future research is needed to better understand factors that may contribute to untreated hypertension among bisexual women with hypertension.

Sexual and gender minority health in Chile: findings from the 2016-2017 Health Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To expose visibility of the health concerns of sexual and gender minority groups in Chile, as well as to provide a platform to advocate for policies that support the health and well-being of sexual and gender minority people in the country. METHODS: The health conditions and risk factors of participants identified as sexual and gender minority were compared to those identified as cisgender heterosexual using data from the 2016-2017 National Health Survey. RESULTS: Despite reporting higher self-rated health than heterosexual men, gay men had a higher risk of lifetime diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. Compared to heterosexual women, the prevalence of depression was higher among bisexual women, who were also less likely to have been tested for HIV. Moreover, transgender participants were more likely to report depression and worse self-rated health than cisgender heterosexual participants. CONCLUSION: Small sample sizes of sexual and gender minority subgroups might have obscured some differences that would have been observable in larger samples. Despite this, we found statistically significant sexual and/or gender identity differences in several health areas, especially mental, sexual, and overall health.

Sexual minority health and allostatic load in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: A systematic scoping review with intersectional implications.

Understood largely from a minority stress framework, sexual minorities (SM) are hypothesized to suffer more physical and mental health burdens compared to their heterosexual counterparts. Several studies have used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in the United States to assess SM health disparities and the 'wear and tear' of allostatic load. Because findings are generally mixed and sometimes contradictory with sexual minority stress theory, we endeavoured to explore existing NHANES studies of SM health. Our scoping review yielded a comprehensive analysis of all existing published articles (N = 43) that have used the NHANES to assess any outcome regarding SM health and well-being. Our synthesis confirms that SM sub-groups are significantly different from one another and from their heterosexual peers on several key health variables. Surprisingly, gay men appear to have the lowest allostatic load and no differences have yet been identified among women as a function of sexual identity/behavior. The existing literature suggests a need to use the NHANES more broadly and to include more psychosocial variables to better delineate sexual minority stress. This is especially important to consider at a physiological level in allostatic load research that should better include health behaviors available in NHANES and from other available datasets as moderators linking psychosocial exposures (e.g., minority stress) and health outcomes. Suggested future directions are proposed in an intersectional perspective that incorporates interactions among sex, gender, sexual identity/behaviors, race, ethnicity, age cohorts, socioeconomic status, and lived experiences.

Experiences of Trauma and DNA Methylation Profiles among African American Mothers and Children.

Potentially traumatic experiences have been associated with chronic diseases. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation (DNAm), have been proposed as an explanation for this association. We examined the association of experiences of trauma with epigenome-wide DNAm among African American mothers (n = 236) and their children aged 3-5 years (n = 232; N = 500), using the Life Events Checklist-5 (LEC) and Traumatic Events Screening Inventory-Parent Report Revised (TESI-PRR). We identified no DNAm sites significantly associated with potentially traumatic experience scores in mothers. One CpG site on the ENOX1 gene was methylome-wide-significant in children (FDR-corrected q-value = 0.05) from the TESI-PRR. This protein-coding gene is associated with mental illness, including unipolar depression, bipolar, and schizophrenia. Future research should further examine the associations between childhood trauma, DNAm, and health outcomes among this understudied and high-risk group. Findings from such longitudinal research may inform clinical and translational approaches to prevent adverse health outcomes associated with epigenetic changes.

Functional Limitations and Access to Long-Term Services and Supports Among Sexual Minority Older Adults.

Objective: Little is known about sexual minority (SM) older adults' activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) limitations and their subsequent access to long-term services and supports (LTSS). Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from the 2016 Health and Retirement Study limited to individuals ≥50 years old. Bivariate analyses were performed to examine 1) sexual identity differences in the prevalence of ADL/IADL limitations and 2) associations of sexual identity with having ADL/IADL limitations and having access to help with ADL/IADL limitations. Results: Our sample consisted of 3833 older adults, 6% (n = 213) were SM. Compared to heterosexual participants, bisexual older adults had greater reports of ADL/IADL limitations (20.9% vs. 35.9%, p = 0.013). Among those who reported having ADL/IADL limitations (n = 803), there were no sexual identity differences in accessing help for ADL/IADL limitations (p = .901). Discussion: Our findings contribute to the limited research on LTSS access among SM older adults.

Diet, Food Insecurity, and CVD Risk in Sexual and Gender Minority Adults.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Sexual and gender minority (SGM) adults experience significant cardiovascular health disparities, yet little is known about diet and food insecurity in this population. This review summarizes recent literature on diet and food insecurity in SGM adults and their contribution to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in this population. RECENT FINDINGS: Existing evidence on diet and food insecurity disparities among SGM adults is inconclusive and research examining their link with CVD risk in SGM adults is limited. The majority of existing studies lack standardized and validated assessments of diet and food insecurity. Correlates of unhealthy diet and food insecurity among SGM adults are poorly understood. Research examining the associations between diet and food insecurity with CVD risk in SGM adults is limited. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate whether diet and food insecurity contribute to the cardiovascular health disparities observed in SGM adults.

A scoping review of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use treatment interventions for sexual and gender minority populations.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use are among the most prevalent and important health disparities affecting sexual and gender minority (SGM; e.g., lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) populations. Although numerous government agencies and health experts have called for substance use intervention studies to address these disparities, such studies continue to be relatively rare. METHOD: We conducted a scoping review of prevention and drug treatment intervention studies for alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use that were conducted with SGM adults. We searched three databases to identify pertinent English-language, peer-reviewed articles published between 1985 and 2019. RESULTS: Our search yielded 71 articles. The majority focused on sexual minority men and studied individual or group psychotherapies for alcohol, tobacco, or methamphetamine use. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the need for intervention research focused on sexual minority women and gender minority individuals and on cannabis and opioid use. There is also a need for more research that evaluates dyadic, population-level, and medication interventions.

A population-based study of the intersection of sexual identity and race/ethnicity on physiological risk factors for CVD among U.S. adults (ages 18-59).

Objectives: Sexual minorities face significant psychosocial stressors (such as discrimination and violence) that impact their health. Several studies indicate that sexual minority women (SMW) and bisexual men may be at highest risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but limited research has examined physiological CVD risk or racial/ethnic differences. This study sought to examine racial/ethnic differences in physiological risk factors for CVD among sexual minority and heterosexual adults.Design: We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2016) using sex-stratified multiple linear regression models to estimate differences in physiological CVD risk. We compared sexual minorities (gay/lesbian, bisexual, 'not sure') to heterosexual participants first without regard to race/ethnicity. Then we compared sexual minorities by race/ethnicity to White heterosexual participants.Results: The sample included 22,305 participants (ages 18-59). Lesbian women had higher body mass index (BMI) but lower total cholesterol than heterosexual women. Bisexual women had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP). Gay men had lower BMI and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) relative to heterosexual men. White and Black lesbian women and bisexual women of all races/ethnicities had higher BMI than White heterosexual women; Black bisexual women had higher SBP and HbA1c. Black sexual minority men had higher HbA1c relative to White heterosexual men. Latino 'not sure' men also had higher SBP, HbA1c, and total cholesterol than White heterosexual men.Conclusions: Given evidence of higher CVD risk in sexual minority people of color relative to White heterosexuals, there is a need for health promotion initiatives to address these disparities. Additional research that incorporates longitudinal designs and examines the influence of psychosocial stressors on CVD risk in sexual minorities is recommended. Findings have implications for clinical and policy efforts to promote the cardiovascular health of sexual minorities.