RESUMO
This paper deals with a detailed study on the occurrence and fate of heavy metals (plus As, Fe and Al) in five Italian large wastewater treatment plants treating municipal and industrial wastewaters. The study showed that some of the compounds (As, Hg and Cd) were present at trace levels, while others were dispersed in a broad range of concentrations and were sometimes under the detection limit. The occurrence followed the order Hg = As < Hg < Pb < Ni < Cu < Cr < Fe < Zn < Al. Metals were mainly present bound to particulate organic matter in municipal wastewaters while they were often present in soluble phase in industrial wastewaters. Some heavy metals, like Hg and Pb, showed clear correlations with Al and Fe, therefore the last could be used as control parameters. Metals were removed with good efficiency in the treatment works, with the order As < Cd = Cr = Zn < Pb < Hg < Ni = Al < Cu < Fe. Metals then concentrated in waste activated sludge and accumulated after sludge stabilisation because of volatile solids degradation, therefore some problems may arise with limit for agricultural application, in particular for Hg, Cd and Ni.
Assuntos
Resíduos Industriais/análise , Metais Pesados/análise , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodosRESUMO
Adsorption of the pertussis antigens, pertussis toxoid (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and pertactin (PRN) onto aluminium phosphate rather than aluminium hydroxide leads to a lower humoral response and poorer protection against intranasal pertussis challenge in mice. These effects could be reversed by inclusion of fimbriae (FIM) 2 and 3 in the formulation. These data emphasis the importance of correct formulation for such vaccines.
Assuntos
Alumínio/química , Antígenos de Bactérias/química , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/química , Hemaglutininas/química , Vacina contra Coqueluche/administração & dosagem , Toxoides/química , Fatores de Virulência de Bordetella/química , Coqueluche/prevenção & controle , Administração Intranasal , Adsorção , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/biossíntese , Feminino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Vacina contra Coqueluche/imunologia , Coqueluche/imunologiaRESUMO
Bicomponent, tricomponent and pertactin DTPa vaccines were tested in sublethal aerosol, and lethal and sublethal intranasal murine Bordetella pertussis respiratory challenge models. Pertactin and bicomponent vaccines induced protective immunity against lethality but with little or no bacterial clearance. Intranasal challenge discriminated in a reproducible, statistically significant manner between the efficacies of bicomponent and tricomponent DTPa, in agreement with clinical trial data. This discrimination was not observed in the aerosol challenge. Pertactin had a synergistic effect with bicomponent DTPa. Intranasal challenge may be useful as part of the preclinical evaluation of new acellular pertussis formulations or DTPa-based combinations.
Assuntos
Bordetella pertussis/imunologia , Vacina contra Difteria, Tétano e Coqueluche/imunologia , Coqueluche/imunologia , Coqueluche/prevenção & controle , Administração por Inalação , Administração Intranasal , Aerossóis , Animais , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Vacinas contra Difteria, Tétano e Coqueluche Acelular , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Vacinas Combinadas/imunologia , Coqueluche/mortalidadeRESUMO
When pertussis toxin S1 subunit and pertactin structural genes in Bordetella pertussis clinical isolates from France and Germany were sequenced, 3 previously described S1 subunit types (S1 A, B and E), and 4 pertactin types (PRN A, B, C, A*) were found. PRN A*, present in the WHO reference strain 18323, was not described previously. In a respiratory mouse model, a tricomponent acellular pertussis vaccine (Infanrix) was highly effective in promoting lung clearance of all isolates expressing different S1 subunit and pertactin suggesting that use of acellular vaccine will not increase the risks of pertussis infection by these B. pertussis variants.