First record of Trypanosoma chattoni in Brazil and occurrence of other Trypanosoma species in Brazilian frogs (Anura, Leptodactylidae).

The present study provides the first record of Trypanosoma chattoni Mathis and Leger, 1911, in a new host, Leptodactylus fuscus Schneider, 1799 (Anura, Leptodactylidae), and the occurrence of Trypanosoma rotatorium-like species in Leptodactylus chaquensis Cei, 1950. The anurans were captured in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture, and blood smears were examined for the presence of hemoparasites. The Trypanosoma rotatorium-like species in this study refers to a short-bodied trypomastigote that has a conspicuous undulating membrane but lacks a free flagellum; T. chattoni refers to a monomorphic parasite that has a rounded body, a kinetoplast adjacent to the nucleus, and a short flagellum.

[Functional method in nursing practice approached through group dynamics: our experience]. / O método funcional na prática da enfermagem abordado através da dinâmica de grupo: relato de uma experiência.

This study discusses the functional method applied to Nursing, approached through a group dynamics developed with three groups of Master students from the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing. After the dynamics, the subjects answered a questionnaire with four questions. The responses of the first group showed the limitations of the functional model that interfere in the work such as: impersonal relationships, fragmentation of tasks, centralization of decisions causing the workers' dissatisfaction. The groups II and III pointed out some advantages when the work is based on a team, such as the exchange of experiences, participant planning and shared decisions, resulting in satisfaction at work.

Immunization with liposome-encapsulated Bothrops jararaca venom.

The venom of Bothrops jararaca (BjV) snake was encapsulated into liposomes. The toxicity and ability of the resultant liposomes to protect mice were evaluated. No acute toxicity was found in mice, when liposomes were subcutaneously injected whereas the same dose of venom emulsified in Freund's adjuvant caused the mice to die. Immunization with the venom containing liposomes and associated immunostimulants, protected 50% of mice after challenge with BjV (4 x LD50). The hemorrhagic activity induced by BjV was reduced after immunization with liposomes associated with immunostimulants, similarly to immunization with BjV emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. However, mice immunized with BjV:Freund's were better protected against the lethal effects of the venom.

[The most common errors and risk factors in the administration of medicines at basic health units]. / Erros mais comuns e fatores de risco na administração de medicamentos em unidades básicas de saúde.

The present study identified and analyzed the opinions of nurses and nursing professionals about the more common risk factors regarding errors in medicine administration as well as the consequences, interventions and measures to minimize this problem. Therefore, the authors applied an instrument of data collection with questions on the opinions of the nursing professionals who work at the Basic Health Units from a city of the state of São Paulo. Results showed that the risk factors associated to the professional were lack of attention and difficulty to understand medical prescriptions. The interventions were related to punishment and education and the proposals to minimize the occurrences were orientation and up-date of the involved professionals.