Incidence of Nonunion of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis After Failed Implant Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review.

Joint arthroplasty of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint is an accepted surgical option for patients with hallux rigidus. However, this procedure has been reported to have a high complication rate and unpredictable survivorship. Implant arthroplasty failure is a devastating complication that results in significant osseous defect with altered biomechanics of the foot. Commonly, salvage options are limited to arthrodesis with bone grafting. However, outcomes are rarely reported. The purpose of this study is to investigate the fusion rates of first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis after conversion from failed implant arthroplasty. A systematic review of electronic databases to find reports of conversion arthrodesis after failed implant arthroplasty was performed. Six studies involving a total of 76 patients with a weighted mean age of 54.9 met the inclusion criteria. Out of the 6 included articles, the nonunion rate was 16.5% at a weighted mean follow-up of 48.1 months. The nonunion rate in the current report is higher than reported nonunion rates of primary arthrodesis. More prospective studies with consistent and standard outcome measures are needed to further determine the success rate of this salvage procedure.Levels of Evidence: 4, Systematic Review of Level 4 Studies.

Total Ankle Arthroplasty Survivorship, Complication, and Revision Rates in Patients Younger Than 55 Years.

Total ankle replacement has become a viable alternative to ankle arthrodesis in the surgical management of advanced ankle arthritis. Total ankle replacement has generally been reserved for patients who are older and for those who will have a lower demand on the replacement. The purpose of the current study is to review patient outcomes, complications, and implant survival in patients younger than 55 years who underwent total ankle replacement at a single institution. A single-center chart and radiographic review was performed of consecutive patients who underwent total ankle replacement for treatment of end-stage ankle arthritis. All surgeries were performed by 1 of 5 fellowship-trained foot and ankle surgeons at a single institution. A total of 51 patients met inclusion criteria with a mean follow-up of 31.2 months (SD = 16.2). Implant survival was 94%, There were 7 major complications (13%) requiring an unplanned return to the operating room and 8 minor complications (15%) that resolved with conservative care. The results of this study show that total ankle replacement is a viable treatment option for patients younger than 55 years.Levels of Evidence: A retrospective case series.

A Comparison of Complications and Reoperations Between Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Versus Primary Arthrodesis Following Lisfranc Injury.

There is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding optimal treatment methods for Lisfranc injuries, and recent literature has emphasized the need to compare open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with primary arthrodesis (PA). The purpose of the current study is to compare reoperation and complication rates between ORIF and PA following Lisfranc injury in a private, outpatient, orthopaedic practice. A retrospective chart review was performed on patients undergoing operative intervention for Lisfranc injury between January 2009 and September 2015. A total of 196 patients met the inclusion criteria (130 ORIF, 66 PA), with a mean follow-up of 61.3 and 81.7 weeks, respectively. The ORIF group had a higher reoperation rate than the PA group, due to hardware removal. When hardware removals were excluded, the reoperation rate was similar. Postsurgical complications were compared between the 2 groups with no significant difference. In conclusion, ORIF and PA had similar complication rates. When hardware removals were excluded, the reoperation rates were similar, although hardware removals were more common in the ORIF group compared with the PA group.Levels of Evidence: Level III.

Outcomes of Ankle Arthrodesis Conversion to Total Ankle Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review.

Ankle arthrodesis (AA) provides reliable pain relief, good patient satisfaction scores, and improved overall function. However, this procedure has been associated with numerous complications and sequelae, such as pseudoarthrosis, malunion, gait abnormalities, increased demand on surrounding joints, and a long period of convalescence. Conversion to total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is a potential option in the management of these complex and challenging situations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the outcomes of AA conversion to TAA. A systematic review of electronic databases was performed. Six studies involving 172 ankles met inclusion criteria. The weighted mean preoperative Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score at the time of TAA conversion was 7.8 and the weighted mean postoperative VAS score at the time of final follow-up was 2.5. The weighted mean preoperative AOFAS score at the time of TAA conversion was 32 and the weighted mean postoperative AOFAS score at the time of final follow-up was 72.4. The rate of salvage tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis was 2.3% and rate of transtibial amputation was also 2.3% after attempted conversion from initial AA to TAA. Conversion of AA to TAA appears to be a viable option to improve patient outcomes and prevent extensive hindfoot arthrodesis and transtibial amputation. More prospective studies with consistent reporting of outcomes, complications, and revision rates with long-term follow-up are needed.

Safety of Early Weight Bearing Following Fixation of Bimalleolar Ankle Fractures.

Ankle fractures are common orthopedic injuries. Although operative indications and subsequent stabilization of these fractures have not significantly changed, postoperative protocols remain highly variable. Effects of early weight bearing (EWB) on fracture characteristics in operatively stabilized bimalleolar and bimalleolar equivalent ankle fractures remain poorly publicized. This study seeks to clarify postoperative fracture union rates, rates of hardware loosening or failure, and radiographic medial clear space changes when comparing EWB to late weight bearing (LWB) following open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). A total of 95 patients with either bimalleolar (66%) or bimalleolar equivalent (34%) fractures who underwent ORIF were retrospectively reviewed. Weight bearing was allowed at three weeks in the EWB group and when signs of radiographic union were noted in the LWB group. Postoperatively, patients were evaluated at regular intervals for fracture union, signs of implant failure, and evidence of medial clear space widening radiographically. There were 38 patients (40%) in the EWB group and 57 patients (60%) comprising the LWB cohort. There were no significant demographic differences between groups. The EWB group on average began to weight bear at 3.1 + 1.4 weeks postoperatively, whereas the LWB group began at 7.2 + 2.1 weeks postoperatively (p<0.01). Union rate (p=0.51), time to union (p=0.23), and implant failure (p>0.1 at all time intervals) were not notably different between groups. No differences in medial clear space were detected at any postoperative interval between groups (p>0.1 at all time intervals). This study suggests that EWB at three weeks postoperatively does not increase markers of radiographic failure compared to six weeks of non-weight bearing (NWB), which has been regarded as the gold standard of treatment to allow for healing; this may represent an improvement to rehabilitation protocols after bimalleolar ankle ORIF of unstable ankle fractures.

Effectiveness of the Cadaver Lab in Podiatric Surgery Residency Programs.

Since the inception of the first surgical training system by Sir William Stewart Halsted, resident surgical skill development has been promulgated in teaching hospitals. Currently, the Council on Podiatric Medical Education does not mandate the availability of a cadaver lab as a residency curriculum requirement. The purpose of the present study is to assess the structure of the cadaver lab and availability in the current podiatric surgical training programs. A survey was sent electronically to 229 American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine-approved residency programs, excluding OhioHealth, across all residency programs. A total of 173 (6.9%) residents from 74 (32.3%) residency programs completed the survey. This survey analyzed the characteristics and perception of the current state of cadaver lab in podiatric residency. The most reported type of cadaver labs available were medical company sponsored and hospital sponsored. Other hands-on training, including inanimate simulators (n = 24) and animal models (n = 5), was also reported. Overall, 87.9% of the surveyed residents found that cadaver lab is either extremely beneficial (57.8%) or somewhat beneficial (30.1%). The most important factors perceived in a successful cadaver lab were faculty instruction (n = 78), accessibility of lab (n = 46), and availability of instrumentation/hardware (n = 26). This qualitative survey is the first study to address the uniformity, perception, and potential value of the cadaver lab in a podiatric surgical residency.

The Incidence of Nonunion of the Naviculocuneiform Joint Arthrodesis:A Systematic Review.

Naviculocuneiform (NC) joint arthrodesis is an effective procedure to treat pain and provide stability to the medial column. Various forms of fixation have been described for NC arthrodesis. Despite this, the available literature is scant and questions remain regarding nonunion rate and contributory factors. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to determine the rate of nonunion for NC joint arthrodesis. Seven studies involving 139 NC joint arthrodeses met inclusion criteria. The nonunion rate was 6.5% at a weighted mean follow-up of 73.2 months. There is insufficient evidence to provide a practice guideline based on the current literature. Adequately powered prospective clinical trials comparing well-matched patient groups with long-term follow-up are required to limit systematic error and enhance external validity. Specific outcomes measures should include union, functional assessment, complications, and cost-benefit analysis.

Rate of Development of Hallucal Interphalangeal Degenerative Joint Disease After First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis: A Retrospective Radiographic Analysis.

The development of hallux interphalangeal joint (IPJ) arthritis after an arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint has been established in the literature. However, the significance has not been well reported. A retrospective, radiographic review of patients who had undergone a first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis was performed. The Coughlin classification for degree of arthritic degeneration, hallux abductus angle, and hallux interphalangeus angle were measured in 107 radiographs of 103 patients preoperatively and postoperatively. Postoperative angles were measured immediately following surgery at approximately 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months. We found that the hallux abductus angle had decreased in the patients postoperatively; however, the hallux abductus interphalangeus angle increased on average after first metatarsophalangeal fusion. The majority of patients started with a Coughlin classification I of the hallux IPJ, which remained unchanged over the postoperative period, with no statistically significant difference in IPJ degeneration in the patients with or without fusion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. In addition, no patients had a symptomatic hallux IPJ postoperatively within our limited study period. Further prospective studies would be beneficial with longer follow-up times to assess IPJ degeneration following first metatarsophalangeal joint fusions. Levels of Evidence: Level III: Retrospective, comparative study.

Incidence of Nonunion of the Hallux Interphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis: A Systematic Review.

Hallux interphalangeal joint arthrodesis is an effective procedure to treat pain and provide stability and is often performed for intrinsic pain to the hallux interphalangeal joint. Additionally, this procedure is typically used in concert with the Jones tenosuspension. Although this as an accepted technique, the available data are scant, and questions remain regarding nonunion rates and contributory factors to poor healing. A systematic review of the reported data were undertaken to determine the rate of nonunion for hallux interphalangeal joint arthrodesis. Seven studies involving 313 hallux interphalangeal joint arthrodeses met the inclusion criteria. The nonunion rate was 28.3% at a weighted mean follow-up period of 8.4 months. The overall complication rate was 33.0%. Considering the increased rate of complications and nonunion rate for this commonly used procedure, additional prospective comparative analyses are needed regarding this topic to identify important patient demographic data and determine superior fixation constructs.