Visible-light-driven Photocatalytic N-arylation of Imidazole Derivatives and Arylboronic Acids on Cu/graphene catalyst.

N-aryl imidazoles play an important role as structural and functional units in many natural products and biologically active compounds. Herein, we report a photocatalytic route for the C-N cross-coupling reactions over a Cu/graphene catalyst, which can effectively catalyze N-arylation of imidazole and phenylboronic acid, and achieve a turnover frequency of 25.4 h(-1) at 25°C and the irradiation of visible light. The enhanced catalytic activity of the Cu/graphene under the light irradiation results from the localized surface plasmon resonance of copper nanoparticles. The Cu/graphene photocatalyst has a general applicability for photocatalytic C-N, C-O and C-S cross-coupling of arylboronic acids with imidazoles, phenols and thiophenols. This study provides a green photocatalytic route for the production of N-aryl imidazoles.

2-Acetyl-amino-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-(tri-methyl-silyl)-2-de-oxy-α-d-gluco-pyran-ose.

The title compound, C20H47NO6Si4, was synthesized by per-O-tri-methyl-silylation of N-acetyl-d-glucosa-mine using chloro-tri-methyl-silane in the presence of hexa-methyl-disiloxane. The tri-methyl-silyl group and acetamido group are located on the same side of the pyran ring, showing an α-configuration glycoside. One of the tri-methyl-silyl groups is disordered over two orientations, with site-occupancy factors of 0.625 (9) and 0.375 (9). In the crystal, N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into supra-molecular chains along the a-axis direction.

2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-ß-d-galacto-pyrano-syl butyrate.

The title compound, C(18)H(26)O(11), was synthesized by a condensation reaction of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-d-galactopyranosyl bromide and butyric acid. The acet-oxy-methyl and butyrate groups are located on the same side of the pyran ring, showing the ß configuration for the d-glycosyl ester; the butyl group adopts an extend conformation, the C-C-C-C torsion angle being 179.1 (7)°. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked by weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

[Current status of primary hypertension in China: an epidemiological study of 12 provinces, 1 autonomous regions, and 1 municipality].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current prevalence of primary hypertension in China in 2002 so as to lay a foundation for further control of hypertension in future. METHODS: Physical examination, including measurement of the blood pressure using international standardized methods especially, was conducted among 29,076 persons aged 35 - 85, 13,555 males (46.6%) and 15,521 females (53.4%), by cluster sampling in Tianjin, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Yunnan, and Shaanxi. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension was 27.9% in general. The prevalence increased along with the age. The rate of awareness of being ill with hypertension was 60.71% in general (9872/29,076), and was 55.64% among the males, significantly lower than that among the females (65.42, P < 0.001). The treatment rate 49.65% (4901/9872) in general, and was significantly higher among the females than among the males (P < 0.01). The control rate was 5.7% (562/9872). In general, the prevalence of hypertension was higher in the North than in the South, and was becoming lower and lower from the North to the South. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of hypertension is high, while the rates of awareness, treatment and control are low in China.

[Epidemiology of obesity and overweight and relation thereof to the prevalence of hypertension in 14 provinces/municipality in China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current epidemiological characteristics of obesity and overweight in the middle-aged and elderly populations of china and to disclose their relation with such chronic diseases as hypertension. METHODS: A questionnaire survey and physical examination were conducted among the 35-85-years-old persons from 14 densely populated residential areas representative in economic development and medical conditions in 14 provinces/municipality in China (i.e., Henna, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Tianjin, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Hunan, Hubei, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Zhejiang) where a large-scale epidemiological survey of atrial fibrillation were being conducted, one residential area for a province, selected by cluster sampling to investigate the health-related personal conditions and examine the blood pressure (BP), body height, weight, body mass index (BMI), etc. so as to understand the prevalence of overweight and obesity based on the diagnostic criteria of Chinese adults recommended by the Working Group on Obesity in China. RESULTS: 29056 persons, 13549 males with the average body height of 168 cm +/- 7 cm, average weight of 68 kg +/- 11 kg, and average body mass index (BMI) of 24 kg/m(2) +/- 3 kg/m(2), and 15507 females with the average body height of 156 cm +/- 6 cm, average weight of 60 kg +/- 10 kg, and average BMI of 24 kg/m(2) +/- 4 kg/m(2), were surveyed. The BMI of women was significantly higher than that of men (P = 0.005). The total prevalence of overweight in the 14 provinces/municipality was 38.93%, and the standardized prevalence of overweight was 37.17%, the total prevalence of obesity was 13.94%, and the standardized prevalence was 12.63%. The prevalence of obesity of men was 12.29%, significantly lower then that of women (15.39%, P < 0.001). The prevalence of overweight of men was 412.18%, significantly higher then that of women (36.97%, P < 0.001). The prevalence rates of obesity and overweight increased with age in the age group 35-64; and decreased with age in the age group 65 and over. In the men, the prevalence of overweight was the highest in the age group 45-54 (44.57%), and the prevalence of obesity was the highest in the age 55-64 (13.60%). In the women, the prevalence of overweight was the highest in the age group 55-64 (40.10%), and the prevalence of obesity was the highest in the age group 65-74 (19.97%). The prevalence of hypertension increased obviously with the BMI in these populations. CONCLUSION: Overweight and obesity are prevalent in China. Control of body weight is of great importance to the prevention and treatment of such chronic diseases as hypertension.