Infrapatellar fat pad volume and Hoffa-synovitis after ACL reconstruction: Association with early osteoarthritis features and pain over 5 years.

Infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) morphology and Hoffa-synovitis may be relevant to the development and progression of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA). We aimed to compare IPFP volume and Hoffa-synovitis in participants with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and uninjured controls, and to determine their association with prevalent and worsening early knee OA features and pain in participants post-ACLR. We assessed IPFP volume and Hoffa-synovitis from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 111 participants 1-year post-ACLR and 20 uninjured controls. Patellofemoral and tibiofemoral cartilage and bone marrow lesions (BMLs) were assessed from MRIs at 1 and 5 years post-ACLR, and worsening defined as any longitudinal increase in lesion size/severity. IPFP volume and Hoffa-synovitis prevalence were compared between groups with analysis of covariance and χ 2 tests, respectively. Generalized linear models assessed the relation of IPFP volume and Hoffa-synovitis to prevalent and worsening features of OA and knee pain (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score-Pain Subscale, Anterior Knee Pain Scale). No significant between-group differences were observed in IPFP volume (ACLR 34.39 ± 7.29cm3 , Control 34.27 ± 7.56cm3 ) and Hoffa-synovitis (ACLR 61%, Control 80%). Greater IPFP volume at 1-year post-ACLR was associated with greater odds of patellofemoral BMLs at 1-year (odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence intervals]: 1.104 [1.016, 1.200]) and worsening tibiofemoral cartilage lesions at 5-year post-ACLR (OR: 1.234 [1.026, 1.483]). Hoffa-synovitis at 1-year post-ACLR was associated with greater odds of worsening patellofemoral BMLs at 5-year post-ACLR (OR: 7.465 [1.291, 43.169]). In conclusion, IPFP volume and Hoffa-synovitis prevalence are similar between individuals 1-year post-ACLR and controls. Greater IPFP volume and Hoffa-synovitis appear to be associated with the presence and worsening of some early OA features in those post-ACLR, but not pain.

Development of herbal disinfectants formulation for mopping households and its antibacterial activity.

There are many household products like detergents, disinfectants, stain removers and cosmetics releasing chemicals that may be harmful to human health as well as cause hazardous effect on environment. Global world is now focusing on use of herbal products. They are eco-friendly and more suitable to household applications than chemicals. The present study focused on preparation of three plant-based formulations for household cleaning applications. Result showed antibacterial activity against most commonly available microbes viz. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This is the first report of Terminalia chebula for preparation of herbal cleaners.