Pyrolysis of pine and gasification of pine chars--influence of organically bound metals.

Pyrolysis of pine and gasification of pine chars was studied in this work, focusing on the influence of organically bound metals. Selective leaching of the major ash-forming elements in pine wood was performed with different acids, namely, nitric, sulfuric, hydrochloric and oxalic acids. No other major changes in the chemical composition of the biomass were observed except the removal of the metals. The effect of organically bound sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium was studied in both pyrolysis and gasification. Removal of the metals had a positive effect on the pyrolysis, resulting in higher bio-oil, lower char and gas yields.

Analysis of the state and size of silver on alumina in effective removal of NOx from oxygen rich exhaust gas.

Ag/alumina catalysts with different silver contents for octane-SCR were prepared by impregnation and incipient wetness methods. Activity tests revealed that the decisive factor for high activity is not only a high dispersion of silver, but also the ability of the system to redisperse clustered silver. Determination of dispersion by TEM/HAADF and O2-chemisorption experiments resulted in values close to each other even if the results were not directly comparable. This is suggested to be due to not complete silver reduction below 700 degrees C and the samples being very heterogeneous in terms of particle size, e.g., having a bimodal size distribution. Small charged Agsigman+ clusters containing 2-8 silver atoms highly prevailed in the samples containing <2 wt% Ag and exhibiting high octane-SCR activity. In highly loaded Ag/alumina samples or those reduced and reoxidized at high temperature (>400 degrees C), large metallic particles are stabilized, resulting in poor conversion of NOx to N2.

Structure-activity relationship in HC-SCR of NOx by TEM, O2-chemisorption, and EDXS study of Ag/Al2O3.

Ag/alumina catalysts with different silver loading (1.28-6 wt %) for lean NO reduction activity were prepared by impregnation and the incipient wetness method. Complementary HRTEM, HAADF, O2-chemisorption, and EDXS studies were applied to investigate the dependence between silver particle size and catalytic activities of the prepared materials. The catalyst with the lowest silver loading (1.28 wt %) was found to be the most active catalyst in terms of reacted NO molecules per mole of silver. On the basis of the HRTEM, HAADF, and O2-chemisorption studies it could be concluded that the mean particle size or particle size distribution of the samples alone could not explain the big difference in the activities. EDXS analyses showed on the other hand that all of the samples were very heterogeneous in terms of particle size distribution, e.g., including both small and very big particles. Furthermore, both metallic silver and mainly hexagonal silver oxide (Ag2O) were found to be present in the samples. Despite the valuable information provided by ex situ characterization of the prepared samples, it needs to be emphasized that establishing a structure-reactivity relationship for this type of catalyst requires in situ characterization.