Bioaccumulation and Depletion of the Antibiotic Sulfadiazine 14C in Lambari (Astyanax bimaculatus).

Antibiotics are present in the environment, primarily due to their release through wastewater treatment plants, agricultural practices, and improper disposal of unused medications. In the environment, these drugs can be bioaccumulated by organisms and transferred along the food chain. This is a problem when considering the consumption of fish meat. In the United States, legislation stipulates that the maximum residue limit for sulfadiazine (SDZ) should not exceed 100 µg kg-1. Lambari fishes have potential economic importance in aquaculture, as they are relatively easy to breed and can be raised in small-scale operations. Finally, studying the biology and ecology of lambari could provide valuable information about freshwater ecosystems and their inhabitants. The current work aimed to measure the bioaccumulation and depletion of the antibiotic SDZ 14C in lambari (Astyanax bimaculatus). For this purpose, the tests were divided into two stages; seven days of exposure and seven days of depletion, where one fish was randomly selected and sampled every day. In the exposure phase, the fish were fed the medicated feed three times a day at a concentration of 2.5 mg·g-1. The control fish were fed uncontaminated feed. For the depletion phase, the remaining lambari were transferred to clean tanks and fed uncontaminated feed three times a day. The fish samples were burned in the Oxidizer and the reading of radioactivity was performed in a liquid scintillation spectrometer. It is worth noting that on day 7 and day 14, the water in the aquariums was filtered through filter paper to collect the metabolic excrement. SDZ concentrations increased over the days and accumulation occurred in the fish, with day seven presenting the maximum accumulation value of 91.7 ng·g-1 due to feeding uptake. After the depletion phase on day 13, the value found was 0.83 ng·g-1. The bioconcentration factor calculated was 20 L·kg-1. After the bioaccumulation period, the concentrations of SDZ in the water and excreta were 4.5 µg·L-1 and 363.5 ng·g-1, respectively. In the depletion period, the concentrations in the water and excreta were 0.01 µg·L-1 and 5.96 ng·g-1, respectively. These results imply that there was little SDZ bioaccumulation in the fish, but that it was distributed in larger amounts in the water. This is due to the physicochemical properties of the molecule with the low Log P value. Regarding the maximum residue limit, the value was below the established value. This study contributes to understanding SDZ dynamics in an aquatic species native to Brazil.

Geriatric Pharmacotherapy Case Series: Poly-Provider Leading to Polypharmacy.

Background: This case study reviews the complicated treatment of an older person under the care of numerous specialists in the ambulatory care setting. As various providers made concurrent changes in pharmacotherapy without communication with other providers, the patient experienced acute changes and decompensation. Assessment: Polypharmacy played a significant role in the acute decompensation of the patient. Changes made in the context of specific specialties inadvertently had a negative impact on other disease states. Outcome: Intentional communication between all providers on the patient's health care team resulted in a deeper understanding of the overall plan and therapeutic goals. Care synchronization ultimately improved patient outcomes. The clinical pharmacy team provided multiple pharmacotherapy recommendations to improve pain and anxiety without jeopardizing safety and therapeutics for other disease states. These interventions provided a key element that streamlined and improved patient-centered care. Conclusion: In this case, poly-provider was responsible for polypharmacy that significantly impacted the patient's care and quality of life. Pharmacists and the pharmacists' patient care process play a significant role in improving patient-centered care by identifying medication changes and potential side effects, especially in the wake of interventions by multiple providers.

Microbiological water quality monitoring of four ponds from Lagoa do Sino Farm located in São Paulo State, Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of the water of four ponds used for irrigation on the Lagoa do Sino Farm, as well as to perform the genotypic characterization of virulence factors in Escherichia coli isolates. Sampling was conducted for 11 months, between 2015 and 2016. Samples were analyzed for the presence of thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli and heterotrophs. DNA was extracted from E. coli isolates, followed by genotypic characterization by polymerase chain reaction. Agricultural activities and pesticides used in the sampling period were documented in order to assess possible relationships between agricultural activities and microbiological water quality. The absence of suitable riparian vegetation around all the ponds was observed, benefiting the entry of organic matter and contaminants in the water body. A high index of thermotolerant coliforms in some months indicated the possibility of the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms in these ponds. The values found in some months were above the regulatory limits for water potability and water intended for irrigation. The agrochemicals used in the period seem to influence the results obtained. All 17 E. coli isolates showed at least one of the virulence genes estA, stx1, stx2, and aatA, indicating enterotoxigenic, enterohaemorrhagic or enteroaggregative nature. The presence of E. coli in the waters may be associated with the presence of animals. The water samples analyzed are not suitable for irrigation of vegetables that are consumed raw and/or low lying fruits ingested without skin removal. It is essential to broaden the control of the use of chemicals, as well as the preservation of riparian vegetation to improve the quality of water used in the farm's agricultural activities.

Historia natural de la alergia a la leche de vaca mediada por inmunoglobulina E en una población de niños argentinos / Natural history of immunoglobulin E-mediated cow's milk allergy in a population of Argentine children

Introducción. La alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca es la alergia alimentaria más frecuente en pediatría. El subtipo de las mediadas por inmunoglobulina E (IgE) presenta mayor riesgo de vida y peor pronóstico. Objetivos. Describir la evolución de la alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca mediada por IgE y los factores de riesgo asociados a la persistencia de la enfermedad. Pacientes y método. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo en pacientes que consultaron a la sección de Alergia Pediátrica del Hospital Italiano entre junio de 2006 y junio de 2012 con diagnóstico de alergia a la leche de vaca mediada por IgE. Resultados: Se hallaron 72 pacientes con alergia a la leche de vaca mediada por IgE, 39 (54%) de sexo masculino. La edad promedio al momento del diagnóstico fue de 5,19 ± 3,7 meses; los síntomas de presentación más frecuentes fueron urticaria y vómitos. La rinitis y el asma fueron las enfermedades atópicas concomitantes más frecuentemente observadas. En el período de estudio, el 54,5% adquirieron tolerancia a la edad promedio de 32 meses. La presencia de pápulas mayores de 8mm en el prick test y de sensibilización a la caseína se asoció con la persistencia de la enfermedad. Conclusión. El 54,5% de los pacientes desarrolló tolerancia a los 32 meses de vida. Se encontró una asociación significativa entre el tamaño de la pápula al momento del diagnóstico y la sensibilización a la caseína con la persistencia de la enfermedad.

Introduction. Cow's milk protein allergy is the most common allergy in pediatrics. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated cow's milk allergy poses a higher risk for life and a worse prognosis. Objectives. To describe the course of IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy and risk factors associated with disease persistence. Patients and methods. This was a descriptive, retrospective study conducted in patients seen at the Division of Pediatric Allergy of Hospital Italiano between June 2006 and June 2012 who had been diagnosed with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy. Results. Out of the 72 patients with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy, 39 (54%) were boys. Patients' average age at the time of diagnosis was 5.19 ± 3.7 months old; the most common symptoms were urticaria and vomiting. Rhinitis and asthma were the most commonly observed concomitant atopic diseases. In the study period, 54.5% of patients developed tolerance at an average age of 32 months old. An 8-mm papule in the skin prick test and casein sensitization were associated with disease persistence. Conclusion. Overall, 54.5% of patients developed tolerance at 32 months old. A significant association was observed between papule size at the time of diagnosis and casein sensitization and disease persistence.

Natural history of immunoglobulin E-mediated cow's milk allergy in a population of Argentine children. / Historia natural de la alergia a la leche de vaca mediada por inmunoglobulina E en una población de niños argentinos.

INTRODUCTION: Cow's milk protein allergy is the most common allergy in pediatrics. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated cow's milk allergy poses a higher risk for life and a worse prognosis. OBJETIVES: To describe the course of IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy and risk factors associated with disease persistence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a descriptive, retrospective study conducted in patients seen at the Division of Pediatric Allergy of Hospital Italiano between June 2006 and June 2012 who had been diagnosed with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy. RESULTS: Out of the 72 patients with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy, 39 (54%) were boys. Patients' average age at the time of diagnosis was 5.19 ± 3.7months old; the most common symptoms were urticaria and vomiting. Rhinitis and asthma were the most commonly observed concomitant atopic diseases. In the study period, 54.5% of patients developed tolerance at an average age of 32 months old. An 8-mm papule in the skin prick test and casein sensitization were associated with disease persistence. CONCLUSION: Overall, 54.5% of patients developed tolerance at 32 months old. A significant association was observed between papule size at the time of diagnosis and casein sensitization and disease persistence.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca es la alergia alimentaria más frecuente en pediatría. El subtipo de las mediadas por inmunoglobulina E (IgE) presenta mayor riesgo de vida y peor pronóstico. OBJETIVOS: Describir la evolución de la alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca mediada por IgE y los factores de riesgo asociados a la persistencia de la enfermedad. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo en pacientes que consultaron a la sección de Alergia Pediátrica del Hospital Italiano entre junio de 2006 y junio de 2012 con diagnóstico de alergia a la leche de vaca mediada por IgE. RESULTADOS: Se hallaron 72 pacientes con alergia a la leche de vaca mediada por IgE, 39 (54%) de sexo masculino. La edad promedio al momento del diagnóstico fue de 5,19 ± 3,7 meses; los síntomas de presentación más frecuentes fueron urticaria y vómitos. La rinitis y el asma fueron las enfermedades atópicas concomitantes más frecuentemente observadas. En el período de estudio, el 54,5% adquirieron tolerancia a la edad promedio de 32 meses. La presencia de pápulas mayores de 8mm en el prick test y de sensibilización a la caseína se asoció con la persistencia de la enfermedad. CONCLUSIÓN: El 54,5% de los pacientes desarrolló tolerancia a los 32 meses de vida. Se encontró una asociación significativa entre el tamaño de la pápula al momento del diagnóstico y la sensibilización a la caseína con la persistencia de la enfermedad.

Cardio-metabolic risk factors in Argentine children. A comparative study.

UNLABELLED: Obesity and its complications are emerging in an epidemic manner in Latin American countries. AIMS: To estimate the prevalence of Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors (CMRFs) and Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in overweight/obese (OW/OB) and normal weight (NW) adolescents and to examine the associated variables. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in two groups of children, between 10 and 19 years of age, in seven Argentine provinces. A survey on dietary habits, physical activity, anthropometric and biochemical data was collected to identify CMRF and MS. The WHO definition adapted to children was used. RESULTS: 1009 children were assessed; 398 were male (39.4%), 601 (59.6%) were NW and 408 (40.4%) were OW/OB. The OW/OB had a significantly higher proportion of values defined as CMRF: 3.7% impaired fasting glucose >110mg/dl; 27.9% insulin >15 or 20µU/l as they were pubertal/prepubertal; 53.2% Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA)>2.5; 45.6% High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)<40mg/dl; 37.7% TG>110mg/dl and 13.5% hypertension (SBP and/or diastolic Blood Pressure percentile >90). Prevalence of the MS in OW/OB patients was 40.3%. The MS was not observed in NW children. Significant differences were found for: family history of OW/OB, birth weight (BW), age at menarche, presence of acanthosis nigricans, waist circumference (WC) >90th percentile. The WC was positively correlated with BP, TG, insulin, HOMA and Body mass index Z score and negatively with HDL in the study population. CONCLUSIONS: We confirm obesity as a major determinant of CMRF and MS (40%), especially fat centralization. We stress the need to address obesity prevention plans in children and adolescents.

Imunodeficiência comum variável: relato de caso / Common variable immunodeficiency: case report

Contexto: A imunodeficiência comum variável é uma síndrome caracterizada por hipogamaglobulinemia de início tardio, infecções bacterianas de repetição e várias anormalidades imunológicas, incluindo incidência aumentada de doenças autoimunes e malignidade. Descrição docaso: Paciente L. J. G., do sexo masculino, de 21 anos, caucasiano, apresentava histórico de infecções bacterianas e infecções sinopulmonares recorrentes, destacando-se pelos quadros de pneumonias de repetição extensas e necessidade de tratamento prolongado. Nos anos de 2007 e 2008, apresentou pneumonia, e radiografias de tórax realizadas neste período sugeriam imagens de bronquiectasias, o que ocasionou acontinuidade do tratamento, nos anos de 2009 e 2010, com pneumologista e infectologista. Em 2010, os exames revelaram hipogamaglobulinemiaacentuada de imunoglobulinas IgM, IgA, IgE e IgG. A partir desse momento, o paciente começou a receber reposição intravenosa de imunoglobulina humana. Discussão: O tratamento por substituição de imunoglobulina sérica visa manter o doente sem infecções e prevenir o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas. As infusões mensais de imunoglobulina apresentam risco residual para os pacientes como aquisição de infecções hematogênicas, reações pirogênicas, autoimunidade, entre outras. Além disso, o atraso para o tratamento é situação frequente que contribui para a morbidade e a mortalidade nesses pacientes. Conclusões: As perspectivas dos doentes com imunodeficiência comum variáveldependem da dimensão dos danos que ocorreram nos órgãos antes do diagnóstico e tratamento de substituição com imunoglobulina, além do sucesso com que as infecções são prevenidas, utilizando a terapia com imunoglobulina e antibióticos e controle rigoroso em relação ao tratamento intravenoso, monitorando possíveis riscos residuais que o tratamento invasivo pode causar.

Estudio clínico del síndrome metabólico en niños y adolescentes de Argentina / Clinical study of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents of Argentina

INTRODUCCIÓN: la obesidad y el síndrome metabólico (SM) representan un problema de Salud Pública. OBJETIVO: estimar la prevalencia y distribución del SM en adolescentes consobrepeso/obesidad (SP/OB) y normopesos (NP) y examinar variablesasociadas a SM y sus componentes. MÉTODOS: estudio comparativo transversal, en dos grupos de adolescentes de 10 a 19 años de siete provincias argentinas. Se realizó una encuesta social, demográfica, de hábitos alimentarios, de actividad física (AF), examen físico y determinamos indicadores antropométricos y bioquímicos. RESULTADOS: se evaluaron 1.009 adolescentes, de los cuales 398 eran varones (39,4 %), 601 (59,6 %) controles (NP) y 408 (40,4%) casos (SP/OB). La prevalencia de SM en los SP/OB fue 40.3% y de 0 % en los NP. Se encontraron diferencias significativas para: antecedentes familiares de SP/OB, peso de nacimiento, edad de la menarca, presencia de acantosis nigricans, circunferencia de cintura (CC) mayor al punto de corte y las variables metabólicas de laboratorio. Los SP/OB presentaron mayor proporción de componentes de SM (3,7 % hiperglucemia basal; 27,9 % hiperinsulinemia, 53,2 % índice HOMA elevado, 45,6 % colesterol HDL bajo, 37,7% triglicéridos altos y 13,5% hipertensión arterial). La CC se correlacionó positivamente con: presión arterial, triglicéridos, insulina, HOMA y Score Z de índice de masa corporal y negativamente con colesterol HDL. Todoslos pacientes estudiados presentaron malos hábitos alimentarios y los adolescentes con SM tuvieron menor tiempo de actividad física.CONCLUSIONES: la obesidad es un determinante del SM (40%) y la grasa corporal central se asocia con sus componentes.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (MS) represent a public health problem. OBJECTIVE: To estimatethe prevalence and distribution of MS in adolescents with overweight/obesity (OW/OB) and normal weight (NW)and examine variables associated with MS and its components.METHODS: A cross-sectional comparative study in 2 groups of adolescents aged 10 to 19 years of 7 provinces of Argentina. A survey social, demographic, dietary habits, physical activity (AF), physical examination and determine the anthropometric and biochemical indicators. RESULTS: We evaluated 1,009 adolescents, 398 males (39.4 %), 601 (59.6 %) controls (NW)and 408 (40.4 %) cases (OW/OB). The prevalence of MS in the OW/OB was 40.3 % and 0 % in the NP. We found significant differences in family history of OW/OB, birth weight, age atmenarche, presence of acanthosis nigricans, waist circumference (WC) above the cut-off and all metabolic laboratory measures.The OW/OB had a higher proportion of constituents of MS (3.7 % basal hyperglycemia, 27.9 % hyperinsulinemia, 53.2 % higher HOMA index, 45.6 % low HDL cholesterol, 37.7 % higher triglycerides and 13.5 % higher blood pressure). The WC was positively correlated with blood pressure, triglycerides, insulin, HOMA and Body Mass Index - Z Score and negatively with HDL cholesterol. All patients studied had poor eating habits and adolescents with MS had shorter physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is a determinant of SM (40%) and central body fat is associated with its components.

Estudio clínico del Síndrome metabólico en niños y adolescentes de Argentina / Clinical Study of Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents of Argentina

INTRODUCCION: la obesidad y el síndrome metabólico (SM) representan un problema de Salud Pública. OBJETIVO: estimar la prevalencia y distribución del SM en adolescentes consobrepeso/obesidad (SP/OB) y normopesos (NP) y examinar variablesasociadas a SM y sus componentes. METODOS: estudio comparativo transversal, en dos grupos de adolescentes de 10 a 19 años de siete provincias argentinas. Se realizó una encuesta social, demográfica, de hábitos alimentarios, de actividad física (AF), examen físico y determinamos indicadores antropométricos y bioquímicos. RESULTADOS: se evaluaron 1.009 adolescentes, de los cuales 398 eran varones (39,4

), 601 (59,6

) controles (NP) y 408 (40,4

) casos (SP/OB). La prevalencia de SM en los SP/OB fue 40.3

y de 0

en los NP. Se encontraron diferencias significativas para: antecedentes familiares de SP/OB, peso de nacimiento, edad de la menarca, presencia de acantosis nigricans, circunferencia de cintura (CC) mayor al punto de corte y las variables metabólicas de laboratorio. Los SP/OB presentaron mayor proporción de componentes de SM (3,7

hiperglucemia basal; 27,9

hiperinsulinemia, 53,2

índice HOMA elevado, 45,6

colesterol HDL bajo, 37,7

triglicéridos altos y 13,5

hipertensión arterial). La CC se correlacionó positivamente con: presión arterial, triglicéridos, insulina, HOMA y Score Z de índice de masa corporal y negativamente con colesterol HDL. Todoslos pacientes estudiados presentaron malos hábitos alimentarios y los adolescentes con SM tuvieron menor tiempo de actividad física.CONCLUSIONES: la obesidad es un determinante del SM (40

INTRODUCTION: Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (MS) represent a public health problem. OBJECTIVE: To estimatethe prevalence and distribution of MS in adolescents with overweight/obesity (OW/OB) and normal weight (NW)and examine variables associated with MS and its components.METHODS: A cross-sectional comparative study in 2 groups of adolescents aged 10 to 19 years of 7 provinces of Argentina. A survey social, demographic, dietary habits, physical activity (AF), physical examination and determine the anthropometric and biochemical indicators. RESULTS: We evaluated 1,009 adolescents, 398 males (39.4

), 601 (59.6

) controls (NW)and 408 (40.4

) cases (OW/OB). The prevalence of MS in the OW/OB was 40.3

and 0

in the NP. We found significant differences in family history of OW/OB, birth weight, age atmenarche, presence of acanthosis nigricans, waist circumference (WC) above the cut-off and all metabolic laboratory measures.The OW/OB had a higher proportion of constituents of MS (3.7

basal hyperglycemia, 27.9

hyperinsulinemia, 53.2

higher HOMA index, 45.6

low HDL cholesterol, 37.7

higher triglycerides and 13.5

higher blood pressure). The WC was positively correlated with blood pressure, triglycerides, insulin, HOMA and Body Mass Index - Z Score and negatively with HDL cholesterol. All patients studied had poor eating habits and adolescents with MS had shorter physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is a determinant of SM (40

) y la grasa corporal central se asocia con sus componentes (AU)

) and central body fat is associated with its components (AU)

[Obstructive sleep apneas in symptomatic obese children: polisomnographic confirmation and its association with disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism]. / Síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño en niños obesos sintomáticos: confirmación polisomnográfica y su asociación con trastornos del metabolismo hidrocarbonado.

INTRODUCTION: It has been shown that obesity is a risk factor for Obstructive Sleep Apneas (OSA) and that it could be related to insulin resistance (IR). OBJECTIVE: To establish the frequency of OSA in obese children and adolescents with suggestive symptoms of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) by polisomnografic study (PSG) and to clinically characterize the groups with and without OSA, and their association with IR. PATIENTS, MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study in patients with obesity and symptoms of SDB examined in the Hospital Nacional de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" between october/2002 and july/2008 to whom PGS had been done. Anthropometric and oral glucose tolerance test data were obtained and indices of insulin resistance derived from the homeostatic model were calculated. We assessed the presence of OSA defined as apnea-hypopnea Index > or = 1 Student's and Chi Square Tests were used, establishing a level of significance of 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 58 children were studied (59%M), average age 8.8 +/- 3.5 and Score Z-IMC 2.8 +/- 0.7. In 55.2% of cases, OSA was confirmed, independently of the degree of obesity. 56.9% presented IR. The patients were divided in groups according to the presence or not of OSA. There were no significant differences in age nor in Score Z-IMC. The patients with OSA presented greater frequency of tonsil hypertrophy (p= 0.01, OR= 6.86) and IR (p= 0.01, OR= 4,44) and less insulin sensitivity (p= 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Both IR and the presence of tonsil hypertrophy were predictors of OSA. This population seems to be heterogeneous. We underline the importance to look for SDB related signs and symptoms in patients with obesity of any degree.

Síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño en niños obesos sintomáticos: confirmación polisomnográfica y su asociación con trastornos del metabolismo hidrocarbonado / Obstructive sleep apneas in symptomatic obese children: polisomnographic confirmation and its association with disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism

La obesidad es un factor de riesgo para el síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) que estaría relacionado a insulinorresistencia(IR).Objetivo. Establecer la frecuencia de SAOS, mediante polisomnografía (PSG) en niños y adolescentes obesos con síntomas sugestivos de trastornos respiratorios del sueño y caracterizar clínicamente los grupos con SAOS y sin él, y su asociación con IR.Población, material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, transversal de pacientes obesos atendidos en el Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, entre octubre/2002-julio/2008, con PSG realizada porpresentar síntomas asociados a trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS).Se recabaron datos antropométricos, se realizó prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa y se calcularon índices de insulinorresistencia (modelo homeostático).Se evaluó la presencia de SAOS definida por Índice de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva/hora ≥ 1.Se aplicaron las pruebas de Student y c2. Se trabajó con un nivel de significación de 0,05.Resultados. Estudiamos 58 niños (60 por ciento V) edad (media) 8,8 años por ciento 3,5 y puntaje Z-IMC 2,8 más menos 0,7.En el 55,2 por ciento se confirmó SAOS, independientemente del grado de obesidad. En el 56,9 por ciento se hallóIR. Agrupamos los pacientes de acuerdo a la presencia o no de SAOS; no encontramos diferencias significativas en edad ni en puntaje ZIMC. Los pacientes con SAOS presentaron mayor frecuencia de hipertrofia amigdalina (p= 0,01;OR= 6,86), IR (p= 0,01; OR= 4,44) y menor sensibilidad a la insulina (p= 0,04).Conclusiones. Tanto la IR como la presencia de hipertrofia amigdalina fueron predictoras de SAOS. La población con SAOS parece ser heterogénea.Remarcamos la importancia de la búsqueda de signos y síntomas relacionados con TRS en los pacientes con obesidad de cualquier grado.

Síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño en niños obesos sintomáticos: confirmación polisomnográfica y su asociación con trastornos del metabolismo hidrocarbonado / Obstructive sleep apneas in symptomatic obese children: polisomnographic confirmation and its association with disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism

La obesidad es un factor de riesgo para el síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) que estaría relacionado a insulinorresistencia(IR).Objetivo. Establecer la frecuencia de SAOS, mediante polisomnografía (PSG) en niños y adolescentes obesos con síntomas sugestivos de trastornos respiratorios del sueño y caracterizar clínicamente los grupos con SAOS y sin él, y su asociación con IR.Población, material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, transversal de pacientes obesos atendidos en el Hospital Nacional de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, entre octubre/2002-julio/2008, con PSG realizada porpresentar síntomas asociados a trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS).Se recabaron datos antropométricos, se realizó prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa y se calcularon índices de insulinorresistencia (modelo homeostático).Se evaluó la presencia de SAOS definida por Indice de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva/hora ≥ 1.Se aplicaron las pruebas de Student y c2. Se trabajó con un nivel de significación de 0,05.Resultados. Estudiamos 58 niños (60 por ciento V) edad (media) 8,8 años por ciento 3,5 y puntaje Z-IMC 2,8 más menos 0,7.En el 55,2 por ciento se confirmó SAOS, independientemente del grado de obesidad. En el 56,9 por ciento se hallóIR. Agrupamos los pacientes de acuerdo a la presencia o no de SAOS; no encontramos diferencias significativas en edad ni en puntaje ZIMC. Los pacientes con SAOS presentaron mayor frecuencia de hipertrofia amigdalina (p= 0,01;OR= 6,86), IR (p= 0,01; OR= 4,44) y menor sensibilidad a la insulina (p= 0,04).Conclusiones. Tanto la IR como la presencia de hipertrofia amigdalina fueron predictoras de SAOS. La población con SAOS parece ser heterogénea.Remarcamos la importancia de la búsqueda de signos y síntomas relacionados con TRS en los pacientes con obesidad de cualquier grado.(AU)

[Three-year follow up of metabolic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes with and without eating disorders]. / Seguimiento a 3 años del control metabólico en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y sin ellos.

UNLABELLED: Eating disorders associated to type 1 diabetes (T1D) raise the risk of impairments in metabolic control increasing short and long term complications. OBJECTIVE: To compare the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels variation in a group of T1D adolescents with and without disordered eating behaviour (DEB) during 3-year follow-up and to relate the metabolic control, with pubertal stage, T1D duration, Body Mass Index and gender at the end of the study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analytyc an observational comparative study of two cohorts: patients were selected from a previous multicentric study done by the Paediatric Committee of the Argentinean Diabetes Association. One DEB sample group and another group without DEB were conformed. HbA1c levels were estimated al baseline and after 3 years. Pubertal stage, BMI, gender and duration of T1D were assessed at the end of the study. Comparison of statistical tests of HbA1c levels and association tests were made. RESULTS: Eighty seven patients, 22 with DEB and 65 without DEB were studied. Patient's mean ages (13.6 vs.14.3 years) and T1D evolution time (4.0 vs. 4.7 years) were similar in both groups. Three years later, there was an increase in the mean HbA1c levels in both groups, with statistical differences only in the DEB group (8.40 vs. 9.93) (p: 0.001), but not in the group without DEB [8.57 vs. 9.01 (p: 0.06)]. An association between metabolic control and the presence of DEB was observed but not with the other studied variables. CONCLUSION: Presence and persistence DEB in T1D patients implies a worsening prognosis of the metabolic control in the future.

Seguimiento a 3 años del control metabólico en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y sin ellos / Three-year follow up of metabolic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes with and without eating disorders

Los trastornos de conducta alimentaria pueden repercutir notoriamente sobre el control metabólico y aumentar el riesgo de complicaciones a corto y largo plazos.Objetivo. Comparar la variación de la hemoglobina glucosilada A1c (HbA1c) en un grupo de adolescentes diabéticos tipo 1 con y sin trastornos de conducta alimentaria al inicio y a los 3 años,y determinar asociaciones del control metabólico con el estadio puberal, índice de masa corporal (IMC), género y duración de la diabetes.Material y métodos. Estudio analítico, observacional de comparación entre dos cohortes. Los pacientes se seleccionaron de un estudio multicéntricoprevio y se conformó una muestra de dosgrupos: con y sin trastornos de conducta alimentaria.Se determinaron las concentraciones de HbA1c iniciales y a los 3 años de seguimiento, y las variablesindependientes estadio puberal, IMC, género y tiempo de evolución de la diabetes, al final del estudio. Se realizaron pruebas estadísticas decomparaciones entre concentraciones medias de HbA1c y de asociación.Resultados. Se estudiaron 87 pacientes, 22 presentaron trastornos de conducta alimentaria y 65 no, edad media 13,6 contra 14,3 años y tiempo de evolución de diabetes 4,0 contra 4,7 años. Lasconcentraciones de HbA1c a 3 años, aumentaron significativamente, sólo en el grupo con trastornos de conducta alimentaria (8,40 contra 9,93; p=0,001). Hubo asociación del control metabólico con trastornos de conducta alimentaria.Conclusión. La presencia de trastornos de conducta alimentaria en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 presupone peor pronóstico en el control metabólico futuro.

Seguimiento a 3 años del control metabólico en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y sin ellos / Three-year follow up of metabolic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes with and without eating disorders

Los trastornos de conducta alimentaria pueden repercutir notoriamente sobre el control metabólico y aumentar el riesgo de complicaciones a corto y largo plazos.Objetivo. Comparar la variación de la hemoglobina glucosilada A1c (HbA1c) en un grupo de adolescentes diabéticos tipo 1 con y sin trastornos de conducta alimentaria al inicio y a los 3 años,y determinar asociaciones del control metabólico con el estadio puberal, índice de masa corporal (IMC), género y duración de la diabetes.Material y métodos. Estudio analítico, observacional de comparación entre dos cohortes. Los pacientes se seleccionaron de un estudio multicéntricoprevio y se conformó una muestra de dosgrupos: con y sin trastornos de conducta alimentaria.Se determinaron las concentraciones de HbA1c iniciales y a los 3 años de seguimiento, y las variablesindependientes estadio puberal, IMC, género y tiempo de evolución de la diabetes, al final del estudio. Se realizaron pruebas estadísticas decomparaciones entre concentraciones medias de HbA1c y de asociación.Resultados. Se estudiaron 87 pacientes, 22 presentaron trastornos de conducta alimentaria y 65 no, edad media 13,6 contra 14,3 años y tiempo de evolución de diabetes 4,0 contra 4,7 años. Lasconcentraciones de HbA1c a 3 años, aumentaron significativamente, sólo en el grupo con trastornos de conducta alimentaria (8,40 contra 9,93; p=0,001). Hubo asociación del control metabólico con trastornos de conducta alimentaria.Conclusión. La presencia de trastornos de conducta alimentaria en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 presupone peor pronóstico en el control metabólico futuro.(AU)

Perfil sorológico dos marcadores de hepatite B em profissionais acadêmicos da área da saúde / Serologic profile of hepatitis B markers in professionals academics of the area of the health

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de marcadores sorológicos para hepatite B em profissionais acadêmicos da área da saúde, assim como a situação vacinal destes acadêmicos. Participaram da pesquisa 50 profissionais acadêmicos da área da saúde. As amostras foram identificadas e estocadas até a realização dos testes. Realizou-se através de ensaio imunoenzimático a detecção dos seguintes marcadores HBsAg, anti HBc e anti HBs. Os dados analisados mostraram que 28% foram reagentes para o HBsAg e 72% não reagentes. Quanto ao anti HBc, 98% foram não reagentes e 2% mostraram reagentes. Em relação ao anti HBs, 48% mostraram positividade enquanto 52% foram não regentes. Observou-se qua a grande maioria dos acad~emicos foi vacinada (80%), e 20% nunca receberam a vacina. A imunogênese anti HBs (+) completou-se em 57, 5% dos vacinados, entretanto 42,5% dos participantes que foram vacinados apresentaram anti HBs (-). Baseados nestes resultados, conclui-se que a campanha de vacinação e implantação de medidas profiláticas devem ser intensificadas, bem como a realização de triagem sorológica para hepatite B dos profissionais da área da saúde para confirmação da imunização, visando à prevenção e controle da infecção pelo HBV nestes profissionais.

[The hospital bed referral center under the Unified National Health System in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: the case of hospitalization for ischemic heart disease]. / Central de regulação de leitos do SUS em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: avaliação de seu papel pelo estudo das internações por doenças isquêmicas do coração.

The hospital admissions center in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, aims to assure fast, timely, and equitable access to hospitalization services through the Unified National Health System. However, many patients are admitted directly to the hospitals, without going through the admissions center. This study compared the characteristics of hospitalizations in Belo Horizonte in 2002 according to type of access. All admissions for acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary disease were included. Of 3,705 admissions, 24.9% were processed through the hospital admissions center and 75.1% through direct access. Direct hospitalizations were more common as compared to processing by the hospital admissions center for patients>70 years), those with presumptive diagnosis of acute coronary disease, to the surgical department, and on weekends. Admissions via the hospital admissions center were more common than direct access for patients residing outside Belo Horizonte, at non-public hospitals, and for the intensive care unit. Length-of-stay also varied according to type of access. The results confirm differences in the characteristics of admissions according to the two types of access.

Hospital admission and hospital death associated to ischemic heart diseases at the National Health System (SUS).

BACKGROUND: Analyses on mortality rate due to diseases when outcome depends on proper, timely medical intervention may point out the vulnerabilities and inequity associated to health care access. Ischemic heart diseases will act as models for such assessment. OBJECTIVE: The present study investigates factors associated to the hospital death rate of patients admitted to hospital due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and heart failure (HF), and whether admittance through Belo Horizonte Municipal Health Office (SMSA-BH) Admission Center (AC) was in any way associated to hospital death after adjustment of relevant factors. METHODS: Data obtained from the Hospital Admission Authorizations (AIH) and requests for hospital beds at SMSA data base on latest hospital admissions based on AMI or HF diagnostic hypotheses. Multivariate analysis was conducted to investigate risk factors for hospital death. RESULTS: No association was found between hospital admittance access and hospital death risk from those causes. Multivariate analysis showed higher death risk for 60 and 60+ year-old patients (OR=2.9), AMI diagnostic hypothesis (OR=3.0), the need for ICU care (OR=1.6), females (OR=1.4), surgery type (OR=1.9), and public health service hospital (OR=3.5). Hospital admissions due to AMI on weekends also showed higher death risk for death (OR=1.7). CONCLUSION: Further investigation is necessary in order to evaluate the kind of medical assistance provided on weekends at public hospitals. Other hospital factors are to be taken into account, as well as patients and assistance procedures, as subsidies for proposals to ensure higher equity and quality standard for public health services.

Central de regulação de leitos do SUS em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: avaliação de seu papel pelo estudo das internações por doenças isquêmicas do coração / The hospital bed referral center under the Unified National Health System in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: the case of hospitalization for ischemic heart disease

A Central de Internações de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, visa tornar ágil o acesso às internações pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Entretanto, muitas internações ocorrem diretamente nos hospitais, sem intermediação da Central de Internação. O estudo comparou as características das internações realizadas em 2002, com relação à via de acesso. Foram selecionadas internações com hipótese diagnóstica de infarto agudo do miocárdio e insuficiência coronariana aguda. De 3.705 internações, 24,9 por cento foram realizadas pela Central de Internação e 75,1 por cento por via direta. As proporções de internações via direta foram maiores que pela Central de Internação para pacientes > 70 anos, internados por insuficiência coronariana aguda, na clínica cirúrgica e no fim de semana. Os percentuais das internações via Central de Internação foram maiores que os feitos por via direta para residentes em outros municípios, em hospitais não públicos e com utilização de UTI. O número de dias de internação também foi diferente entre as vias. O estudo mostrou diferenças nas características das internações realizadas pelas duas vias de acesso.

The hospital admissions center in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, aims to assure fast, timely, and equitable access to hospitalization services through the Unified National Health System. However, many patients are admitted directly to the hospitals, without going through the admissions center. This study compared the characteristics of hospitalizations in Belo Horizonte in 2002 according to type of access. All admissions for acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary disease were included. Of 3,705 admissions, 24.9 percent were processed through the hospital admissions center and 75.1 percent through direct access. Direct hospitalizations were more common as compared to processing by the hospital admissions center for patients > 70 years ), those with presumptive diagnosis of acute coronary disease, to the surgical department, and on weekends. Admissions via the hospital admissions center were more common than direct access for patients residing outside Belo Horizonte, at non-public hospitals, and for the intensive care unit. Length-of-stay also varied according to type of access. The results confirm differences in the characteristics of admissions according to the two types of access.