Community Care Needs of Highly Complex Chronic Patients: An Epidemiological Study in a Healthcare Area.

One of the priorities in family and community care is the epidemiological surveillance of the care needs and dysfunctionality present in populations of highly complex chronic patients (HCCPs) using standardised nursing languages. The aim of this study is to establish the prevalence of care needs and dysfunctionality among HCCPs in a specific health area by municipalities and geographical areas (metropolitan, north, and south) while verifying correlations with sociodemographic, financial, and health characteristics. This is an epidemiological, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out with a sample of 51,374 HCCPs, whose data were grouped into 31 municipalities. Data were collected on the following variables: sociodemographic, financial, health, functional status (health patterns), and care needs (nursing diagnoses). The mean age of the HCCPs was 73.41 (1.45) years, of which 56.18 (2.86)% were women. The municipalities in the northern area have a significantly higher proportion of older patients, HCCPs, lower incomes, and higher unemployment rates. The southern area had higher proportions of non-Spanish nationals and professionals in the hotel and catering industry, and the metropolitan area had a higher proportion of employed individuals and higher levels of education. Northern municipalities had a higher prevalence of illnesses and anxiolytic and anti-psychotic treatments. Dysfunctionality frequencies did not differ significantly by area. However, a higher prevalence of 13 nursing diagnoses was observed in the north. A high number of correlations were observed between population characteristics, dysfunctionality, and prevalent diagnoses. Finally, the frequencies of dysfunctionality in the population and the most common care needs were mapped by municipality. This research sought to ascertain whether there was an unequal distribution of these two aspects among HCCPs in order to gain a deeper epidemiological understanding of them from a family and community perspective using standardised nursing languages. This study was not registered.

Effectiveness of a Standardized Nursing Process Using NANDA International, Nursing Interventions Classification and Nursing Outcome Classification Terminologies: A Systematic Review.

The decision-making in clinical nursing, regarding diagnoses, interventions and outcomes, can be assessed using standardized language systems such as NANDA International, the Nursing Interventions Classification and the Nursing Outcome Classification; these taxonomies are the most commonly used by nurses in informatized clinical records. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the evidence on the effectiveness of the nursing process with standardized terminology using the NANDA International, the Nursing Interventions Classification and the Nursing Outcome Classification in care practice to assess the association between the presence of the related/risk factors and the clinical decision-making about nursing diagnosis, assessing the effectiveness of nursing interventions and health outcomes, and increasing people's satisfaction. A systematic review was carried out in Medline and PreMedline (OvidSP), Embase (Embase-Elsevier), The Cochrane Library (Wiley), CINAHL (EbscoHOST), SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI and Scielo (WOS), LILACS (Health Virtual Library) and SCOPUS (SCOPUS-Elsevier) and included randomized clinical trials as well as quasi-experimental, cohort and case-control studies. Selection and critical appraisal were conducted by two independent reviewers. The certainty of the evidence was assessed with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Methodology. A total of 17 studies were included with variability in the level and certainty of evidence. According to the outcomes, 6 studies assessed diagnostic decision-making and 11 assessed improvements in individual health outcomes. No studies assessed improvements in intervention effectiveness or population satisfaction. There is a need to increase studies with rigorous methodologies that address clinical decision-making about nursing diagnoses using NANDA International and individuals' health outcomes using the Nursing Interventions Classification and the Nursing Outcome Classification as well as implementing studies that assess the use of these terminologies for improvements in the effectiveness of nurses' interventions and population satisfaction with the nursing process.

Knowledge of Diabetic Retinopathy among Primary Care Nurses Performing Fundus Photography and Agreement with Ophthalmologists on Screening.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), with macular oedema being one of the leading causes of avoidable blindness among individuals with DM worldwide. Fundus screening is the only method for early detection and treatment. High-quality training programmes for professionals performing primary care screening are essential to produce high-quality images that facilitate accurate lesion identification. This is a two-phase observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. The first phase analysed DR knowledge in a sample of nurses. The second phase explored agreement on DR screening between referral ophthalmologists in image assessment (gold standard) and a small group of nurses involved in the previous phase. In phase 1, the agreement rate for screening results was 90%. In phase 2, the overall raw agreement on the screening of fundus photography results between nurses and ophthalmologists was 75% (Cohen's kappa = 0.477; p < 0.001). Agreement on screening with ophthalmologists was moderate, suggesting that implementing a specific training programme for nurse-led imaging screening would help develop this competence among nurses, ensuring a good level of agreement and patient safety and adding value for users, and also for the sustainability of the healthcare system. This study was not registered.

Cross-mapping medical records to NANDA-I to identify nursing diagnoses in a vulnerable population.

PURPOSE: To assess the association between vulnerable populations and nursing care needs, using NANDA-I diagnostics, in the population of the Canary Islands, Spain. METHODS: Nursing social epidemiology study. Cross Mapping of Medical Records to NANDA-I to Identify Nursing Diagnoses in a Population usinga medical, epidemiological follow-up study of a cohort of 7,190 people. The level of vulnerability of the participants was assigned, among those who were also assigned nursing diagnoses, using the "ICE index" to calculate the expected associations. FINDINGS: The most prevalent nursing diagnosis in our sample was Sedentary lifestyle (60.5%), followed by Ineffective health self-management (33.8%) and Risk-prone health behaviour (28.7%). Significant differences were found by sex, age group and social class, with the nursing diagnoses included in the study being more prevalent among the most socio-economically disadvantaged social class. CONCLUSIONS: The cross-mapping method is useful to generate diagnostic information in terms of care needs, using the NANDA-I classification. The expected associations between high social vulnerability and care needs have been verified in a comprehensive and representative sample of the Canarian population (Spain). IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: From an epidemiological perspective, identifying nursing diagnoses at the population level allows us to find the most prevalent needs in the different community groups and to focus appropriate nursing interventions for their implementation and impact assessment.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre las poblaciones vulnerables y las necesidades de cuidados de enfermería, utilizando la clasificación diagnóstica NANDA-I, en la población de las Islas Canarias, España. MÉTODOS: Estudio de epidemiología social enfermera. Mapeo cruzado de registros médicos con la clasificación NANDA-I para identificar los diagnósticos de enfermería en una población mediante un estudio de seguimiento médico y epidemiológico de una cohorte de 7.190 personas. Se asignó el nivel de vulnerabilidad de los participantes, entre los que también se asignaron diagnósticos de enfermería, utilizando el "índice REI" para calcular las asociaciones esperadas. RESULTADOS: El diagnóstico de enfermería más prevalente en nuestra muestra fue Estilo de vida sedentario (60,5%), seguido de Autogestión ineficaz de la salud (33,8%) y Tendencia a adoptar conductas de riesgo para la salud (28,7%). Se encontraron diferencias significativas por sexo, grupo de edad y clase social, siendo los diagnósticos de enfermería incluidos en el estudio más prevalentes entre la clase social más desfavorecida socioeconómicamente. CONCLUSIONES: El método de mapeo cruzado es útil para generar información diagnóstica en términos de necesidades de cuidados, utilizando la clasificación NANDA-I. Se han verificado las asociaciones esperadas entre alta vulnerabilidad social y necesidades de cuidados en una muestra amplia y representativa de la población canaria (España). IMPLICACIONES PARA LA PRÁCTICA ENFERMERA: Desde una perspectiva epidemiológica, la identificación de los diagnósticos de enfermería a nivel poblacional permite encontrar las necesidades más prevalentes en los diferentes grupos de la comunidad y focalizar las intervenciones enfermeras adecuadas para su implementación y evaluación de impacto.

Nursing Diagnoses, Planned Outcomes and Associated Interventions with Highly Complex Chronic Patients in Primary Care Settings: An Observational Study.

The information logged by nurses on electronic health records (EHRs) using standardised nursing languages can help us identify the characteristics of highly complex chronic patients (HCCP) by focusing on care in terms of patients' health needs. The aim of this study was to describe the profile of HCCPs using EHRs from primary care (PC) facilities, presenting patients' characteristics, functional status based on health patterns, NANDA-I nursing diagnoses, health goals based on Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), and care interventions using Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC). With an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, epidemiological study design, this study was carried out with a sample of 51,374 individuals. The variables were grouped into sociodemographic variables, clinical variables, resources, functional status (health patterns), nursing diagnoses, outcomes, and interventions. A total of 57.4% of the participants were women, with a mean age of 73.3 (12.2), and 51% were frail or dependent. Prevalent conditions included high blood pressure (87.2%), hyperlipidaemia (80%), osteoarthritis (67.8%), and diabetes (56.1%). The participants were frequent users of healthcare services, with 12.1% admitted to hospital in the past year. Some 49.2% had one to four health patterns assessed, with more information on biological and functional aspects than on psychosocial aspects. The mean number of nursing diagnoses was 7.3 (5.2), NOC outcomes 5.1 (4.1), and NIC interventions 8.1 (6.9). Moderately and highly significant differences were observed between dysfunction in physical activity/exercise health pattern and age group, and between dysfunction in other health patterns and classification as a frail or dependent elderly person. Regarding the presence of certain nursing diagnoses, significant differences were observed by age group, classification of elderly person status, and presence of diseases. A total of 20 NIC interventions showed moderately or relatively strong associations for older age groups, higher levels of dependency, and chronic health conditions.

Use of the Nursing Interventions Classification and Nurses' Workloads: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: The Nursing Interventions Classification allows the systematic organisation of care treatments performed by nurses, and an estimation of the time taken to carry out the intervention is included in its characteristics. The aim of this study is to explore the evidence related to the use of the Nursing Interventions Classification in identifying and measure nurses' workloads. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted through a search of the databases Ovid Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus, LILACS and Cuiden. The DeCS/MeSH descriptors were: "Standardized Nursing terminology" and "Workload". The search was limited to articles in Spanish, English and Portuguese. No limits were established regarding year of publication or type of study. RESULTS: Few reports were identified (n = 8) and these had methodological designs that contributed low levels of evidence. Research was focused on identifying specific interventions, types of activities, the prevalence of interventions and the time required to perform them. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence found on determination of nurses' workloads using the Nursing Interventions Classification was inconclusive. It is essential to increase the number of reports, as well as the settings and clinical context in which the Nursing Interventions Classification is used, with greater quality and methodological rigour.

Use of the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) to measure perceived knowledge about the control of SARS-CoV-2 infection: The impact of a training program in primary healthcare professionals.

PURPOSE: To analyze the impact of an online training intervention on primary healthcare professionals in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain), evaluating the perceived knowledge about prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 infection using the NOC outcome "Knowledge: Infection management" [1842]. METHODS: Quasi-experimental design with prepost analysis of 12 indicators. The participants were the 705 primary healthcare professionals, both healthcare professionals and nonhealthcare professionals, who completed the online training program prepared and implemented by nurses in the teaching and research fields between May and July 2020. The change in the perceived level of knowledge before and after, as well as other associations between this knowledge and the other variables included in the study, were confirmed. FINDINGS: The results of the study describe significant differences in the change between pre- and posttraining for all indicators included in the comparison. CONCLUSIONS: This research shows the effectiveness of an online training program, appropriate for the need for social distancing required by the pandemic, in improving the knowledge of primary healthcare professionals about prevention and control of COVID-19. It also describes a new context for the use of the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) through a training program organized and led by nurses. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Our results suggest that the NOC classification is useful for assessing perceived knowledge about prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the community among primary healthcare professionals. This study also provides evidence of the effectiveness of a nurse-led, nurse-designed online training intervention. To this end, the outcome criterion "Knowledge: Infection management" [1842] was used and its 12 original indicators were operationally defined. Overall, this study proposes a useful new framework for the NOC taxonomy, which, in addition to being intended for the assessment of outcomes among patients, families, and communities, is versatile enough to assess knowledge outcomes among professionals as well.

Care Needs of Highly Complex Chronic Patients in the Canary Islands: An Observational Study.

In the last few decades, the impact of chronic health conditions on health systems, as well as on the quality of life, frailty, and dependence of those affected, has been brought to light. The objective of this study was to describe the population care needs of highly complex chronic patients (HCCPs). METHODS: An epidemiological observational study was conducted. RESULTS: A total of 13,262 patients were identified, 51% of which were elderly women. Among all patients, 84.4% had received a nursing assessment related to health patterns. Three diagnoses were established in 25% of the sample: readiness for enhanced health management, impaired skin integrity, and risk for falls. There were significant differences according to age, most importantly in terms of impaired skin integrity (39% of patients under 80 years old). Risk for falls, social isolation, situational low self-esteem, chronic low self-esteem, impaired home maintenance, anxiety, ineffective health management, ineffective coping, impaired memory, insomnia, and self-care deficits were more common in those living alone. A total of 37 diagnoses featured differences according to frailty/dependence. Approximately 23% of HCCPs suffered from frail elderly syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents the most common care needs of HCCPs, describing the sociodemographic profile of this part of the population. The planning of HCCP care varies in nature. Factors such as the dependence level and frailty of these people should be taken into consideration.

[Emotional management of the health crisis by coronavirus: A narrative review]. / Manejo emocional de la crisis sanitaria ante el coronavirus: una revisión narrativa.

OBJECTIVE: To make a synthesis of the available scientific evidence in the emotional management of the declared health crisis in the face of coronavirus. METHODS: A bibliographic search was made, without date limit, in Medline, CINAHL®, PsycINFO®, Scopus and Web of Science™ databases using the following keywords "emotional management", "health crisis" and "health crisis response". Initially, 73 studies were identified and, after selecting them according to eligibility criteria, 10 were included. RESULTS: The main recommendations based on the available evidence indicate emotional management measures such as offering support groups to professionals, ensuring their social non-discrimination, strengthening their confidence and control capacity through training actions, as well as reinforcing the recognition of nurses by the community. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The accumulated evidence comes from experience with previous outbreaks of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. Stress was the most studied aspect, concerning issues such as social stigma, professionalism, intention to care, burnout, ethical conflicts, anxiety, depression or guilt. The emotional management of health crises in the face of the coronavirus requires an individual, collective, social and institutional strategy to reinforce security on all fronts and reduce fear through effective control measures using sufficient and adequate material and human resources.

Manejo emocional de la crisis sanitaria ante el coronavirus: una revisión narrativa / Emotional management of the health crisis by coronavirus: A narrative review

OBJETIVO: Realizar una síntesis de la evidencia científica disponible en el manejo emocional ante la crisis sanitaria declarada frente al coronavirus. MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica, sin límite de fecha, en las bases de datos Medline, CINAHL(R), PsycINFO(R), Scopus y Web of ScienceTM empleando como palabras clave las siguientes: «emotional management», «health crisis» y «health crisis response». Inicialmente, se identificaron 73 estudios y, tras seleccionarlos según criterios de elegibilidad, se incluyeron 10. RESULTADOS: Las principales recomendaciones según la evidencia disponible indican medidas de manejo emocional como ofrecer grupos de apoyo a profesionales, garantizar su no discriminación social, fortalecer su confianza y capacidad de control mediante acciones formativas, así como reforzar el reconocimiento de las enfermeras por parte de la comunidad. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES: La evidencia acumulada procede de la experiencia ante los brotes epidémicos anteriores por coronavirus SARS-CoV-1 y MERS-CoV. El estrés fue el aspecto más estudiado, en relación con cuestiones como el estigma social, el profesionalismo, la intención de cuidar, el burnout, los conflictos éticos, la ansiedad, la depresión o la culpa. El manejo emocional de las crisis sanitarias ante el coronavirus exige una estrategia individual, colectiva, social e institucional, para reforzar la seguridad en todos los frentes y reducir el temor mediante medidas eficaces de control utilizando recursos materiales y humanos suficientes y efectivos

OBJECTIVE: To make a synthesis of the available scientific evidence in the emotional management of the declared health crisis in the face of coronavirus. METHODS: A bibliographic search was made, without date limit, in Medline, CINAHL(R), PsycINFO(R), Scopus and Web of ScienceTM databases using the following keywords "emotional management", "health crisis" and "health crisis response". Initially, 73 studies were identified and, after selecting them according to eligibility criteria, 10 were included. RESULTS: The main recommendations based on the available evidence indicate emotional management measures such as offering support groups to professionals, ensuring their social non-discrimination, strengthening their confidence and control capacity through training actions, as well as reinforcing the recognition of nurses by the community. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The accumulated evidence comes from experience with previous outbreaks of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. Stress was the most studied aspect, concerning issues such as social stigma, professionalism, intention to care, burnout, ethical conflicts, anxiety, depression or guilt. The emotional management of health crises in the face of the coronavirus requires an individual, collective, social and institutional strategy to reinforce security on all fronts and reduce fear through effective control measures using sufficient and adequate material and human resources

Intervenciones y criterios de resultado planificados por las enfermeras comunitarias en la atención al duelo en Canarias / Bereavement care interventions and outcome criteria planned by community nurses in the Canary Islands

La atención de enfermería ante un caso de duelo es compleja. En el tratamiento del duelo, poco se sabe sobre el plan de cuidados planificado por las enfermeras de Atención Primaria. Objetivo: Conocer los criterios de resultado e intervenciones planificadas por las enfermeras para los dolientes con y sin complicaciones en la comunidad autónoma de Canarias. Método: Estudio retrospectivo transversal, realizado con los registros de la historia clínica informatizada de Atención Primaria del Servicio Canario de la Salud en aquellos pacientes diagnosticados de duelo, riesgo de duelo complicado y duelo complicado en el periodo 2009-2014. Resultados: Se registran criterios de resultado NOC en el 67% de los dolientes, identificando hasta 24 diferentes. Los principales en la atención del doliente con complicaciones son: Resolución de la aflicción; Modificación psicosocial, cambio de vida; Afrontamiento de problemas; Afrontamiento de los problemas de la familia; Clima social de la familia y Salud emocional del cuidador principal. El resto está presente en menos del 1% de los dolientes. Pese a que los criterios de resultado que proponen las enfermeras en los dolientes con y sin complicaciones son bastante homogéneos, se encuentran diferencias en las intervenciones. Se registran intervenciones NIC en el 67%. Se identifican 99 intervenciones diferentes en los dolientes, siendo las más frecuentes en aquellos en los que registró alguna intervención: Apoyo emocional; Facilitar el duelo; Escucha activa; Aumentar el afrontamiento y Asesoramiento. El resto de intervenciones identificadas está presente en menos del 5% de los pacientes. Se realizan más en los dolientes con complicaciones: Facilitar el duelo; Aumentar el afrontamiento; Escucha activa; Asesoramiento y Estimulación de la integridad familiar. Conclusión: Los registros enfermeros demuestran que hay más intervenciones y resultados planificados en dolientes con complicaciones. Dados los pocos estudios metodológicamente confiables que prueban su efectividad, se recomienda continuar la investigación en esta área

Nursing care in bereavement is complex. Primary health care is the ideal setting to support the bereaved, but we do not know much about the care plans designed by primary health care nurses in the treatment of grief. Objective: To identify the outcomes criteria and interventions planned by nurses for mourners with and without complications in the Canary Islands. Method: Retrospective longitudinal study, using the electronic health records of the Canary Islands health service of people with a diagnosis of grieving, risk of complicated grieving and complicated grieving, in the period 2009-2014. Results: NOC outcomes criteria were recorded in 67% of the mourners, and up to 24 different outcomes were identified. The main outcomes measures were Grief resolution; Psychosocial adjustment, Life change; Coping; Family coping; Family social climate and Caregiver emotional health. The remaining outcomes were present in less than 1% of the mourners. Although the outcomes criteria proposed by nurses in the mourners with and without complications were quite homogeneous, differences in interventions were found. In 67% of the cases, NIC interventions were reported. Ninety-nine different interventions were identified in the mourners; the most frequent were Emotional support; Grief work facilitation; Active listening; Coping enhancement and counselling. The remaining identified interventions were present in less than 5% of patients. The main interventions in the mourners with complications were Grief work facilitation; Coping enhancement; Active listening; Counselling and Family integrity promotion. Conclusion: Nurses state that there are more interventions and outcomes in mourners with complications. Given the few methodologically reliable studies that prove their effectiveness, continued research in this area is recommended

Impacto de un programa formative en Atención Primaria sobre la actitud ante los diagnósticos enfermeros y los conocimientos en metodología / Attitude towards nursing diagnosis and knowledge of nursing methodology. Impact of a training program in primary health care

Introducción. El proceso enfermero facilita la identificación de necesidades biopsicosociales y el registro de cuidados en historias electrónicas, mediante el empleo de lenguajes estandarizados. La formación debe favorecer un uso coherente incidiendo favorablemente en la salud de las personas. Nuestro objetivo es analizar el impacto de un programa formativo sobre la actitud ante diagnósticos enfermeros (DE) y el nivel de conocimientos en metodología de un grupo de enfermeras de Atención Primaria (AP). Material y métodos. Estudio cuasiexperimental con medición antes-después para evaluar impacto de programa formativo de veinte horas sobre actitud y conocimientos. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas y profesionales. Participaron enfermeras de diez zonas de salud de Tenerife, excluyendo cuadernos incompletos. La actitud se evaluó con escala de posicionamiento ante el DE, EPADE-7, y los conocimientos con test evaluativo de respuestas alternativas. Resultados. Se recogieron 83 cuadernos de campo completos. Un 68 % eran mujeres, con 44.7(8.3)años y 20.8(8.4) de experiencia. Nivel bajo de competencia para DE en 88 % de participantes. Se observaron diferencias significativas entre los momentos pre-post para actitud ante DE y nivel de conocimientos, siendo los más jóvenes y los más expertos quienes puntuaron mejor. La satisfacción fue alta. Discusión. Los participantes respondieron a un perfil tipo de enfermeras de AP. Se comprueba que, a mayor contacto con lenguajes de cuidados, mejor integración y comprensión para su uso en la práctica asistencial real. Conclusiones. La fórmula docente, que combina talleres grupales y asesoramiento en consulta, resultó adecuada para mejorar la actitud ante DE y los conocimientos de enfermeras de AP en metodología

Introduction. The nursing process helps to identify bio-psycho-social needs of patients and helps register care plans in electronic health records, with the advantage of using standardized language. A consistent use of language supported with adequate training should ease the nursing process, finally resulting in a positive impact on health. Our aim is to analyze the impact that a training program had on the attitude towards nursing diagnoses (ND), and the level of methodology knowledge among a group of primary healthcare nurses (PHN). Material and methods. Quasi-experimental design with before-and-after measurement to evaluate the impact of a 20-hour training program on attitudes and knowledge. Socio-demographic and professional variables were included. Nurses from 10 health care areas in Tenerife took part in the study; incomplete field notebooks were excluded. Attitude was verified using the Position on Nursing Diagnosis Scale (EPADE-7), and knowledge was measured with an evaluative test with alternative answers. Results. 83 complete field notebooks were collected. 68 % participants were women, 44.7 (8.3) years old and with 20.8 (8.4) years of experience. There was a low level of ND expertise in 88 % of participants. Significant differences were observed between the pre and post evaluation for attitude towards ND and level of knowledge, finding the highest scores among the youngest nurses. The level of satisfaction among participants was high. Discussion. Participants met the standard profile for PHN. It has been proved that the greater the contact with care language, the better the integration and understanding for its use in healthcare settings. Conclusions. The teaching formula that combines group workshops and coaching in nurses’ office is suitable to improve the attitude towards ND and the knowledge of nursing methodology among PHN

Validación de la Escala de Incertidumbre ante la Enfermedad en pacientes y acompañantes que acuden a un servicio de urgencias / Validation of an uncertainty of illness scale adapted to use with Spanish emergency department patients and their accompanying relatives or friends

Objetivo. Validar la Escala de Incertidumbre ante la Enfermedad en los pacientes y los acompañantes de un servicio de urgencias hospitalario (SUH). Método. La validación de contenido incluyó el desarrollo de una versión adaptada a urgencias mediante consenso (versión 1), una versión tras validación del contenido (versión 2) y una versión tras un estudio piloto en 20 usuarios del SUH (versión 3). El estudio de validación se realizó en 320 sujetos adultos (160 pacientes y 160 acompañantes) que acudieron a un SUH entre noviembre de 2015 y septiembre de 2016. La Escala de Incertidumbre ante la Enfermedad en el Servicio de Urgencias (ESINESU) constó de 12 ítems (60 puntos) y fue administrada por dos enfermeras durante la estancia de los pacientes y los acompañantes en el SUH. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y de la percepción sobre la información recibida. Resultados. El grado de incertidumbre fue de 29 (DE 11) puntos en pacientes y 36 (DE 13) puntos en acompañantes. El análisis factorial confirmó, en las pruebas de validez de constructo, las dos dimensiones de la escala original (complejidad y ambigüedad), con 6 ítems en cada una de ellas. Dicho análisis factorial explicó un 60% de la varianza total en la versión de la escala para pacientes, y un 67% en la versión para acompañantes. Los valores de fiabilidad obtenidos fueron buenos, alfa de Cronbach de 0,912-0,938 y procedimiento de dos mitades 0,901-0,933. La validación convergente también mostró correlaciones significativas. Conclusiones. La ESINESU podría ser una escala sencilla, válida y fiable para medir la incertidumbre de pacientes y acompañantes en los SUH españoles (AU)

Objective. To validate a Spanish adaptation of the Mishel Uncertainty of Illness Scale for use with emergency-department (ED) patients and their accompanying relatives or friends (the UIS-ED). Methods. We first developed a version of the questionnaire for Spanish ED situations. Next we assessed the content validity index for each of its items, revised it, and reassessed its face validity to produce a second version, which we then piloted in 20 hospital ED patients. A third revised version was then validated in a population of 320 adults (160 patients and 160 accompanying persons) who attended the ED between November 2015 and September 2016. The 12-item UIS-ED (60 points) was administered by 2 nurses while the patients and accompanying persons were in the ED. We gathered sociodemographic and clinical data as well as the subjects' perception about the information they were given. Results. The mean (SD) uncertainty score among patients was 29 (11) points. Accompanying persons had a mean score of 36 (13) points. Factorial analysis confirmed the instrument's construct validity, finding that both dimensions of the original Mishel scale (complexity and ambiguity) were present in 6 items each. Factorial analysis explained 60% of the total variance in the patient version and 67% of the variance in the version for accompanying persons. Reliability statistics were good, with Cronbach's α values ranging from 0.912 to 0.938. Split-half reliability statistics ranged from 0.901 to 0.933. Correlations were significant in the analysis of convergent validity. Conclusion. The UIS-ED questionnaire may prove to be a simple, valid, and reliable way for assessing uncertainty in patients and their accompanying friends or relatives attending Spanish EDs (AU)

Validation of an uncertainty of illness scale adapted to use with Spanish emergency department patients and their accompanying relatives or friends. / Validación de la Escala de Incertidumbre ante la Enfermedad en pacientes y acompañantes que acuden a un servicio de urgencias.

OBJECTIVES: To validate a Spanish adaptation of the Mishel Uncertainty of Illness Scale for use with emergency-department (ED) patients and their accompanying relatives or friends (the UIS-ED). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We first developed a version of the questionnaire for Spanish ED situations. Next we assessed the content validity index for each of its items, revised it, and reassessed its face validity to produce a second version, which we then piloted in 20 hospital ED patients. A third revised version was then validated in a population of 320 adults (160 patients and 160 accompanying persons) who attended the ED between November 2015 and September 2016. The 12-item UIS-ED (60 points) was administered by 2 nurses while the patients and accompanying persons were in the ED. We gathered sociodemographic and clinical data as well as the subjects' perception about the information they were given. RESULTS: The mean (SD) uncertainty score among patients was 29 (11) points. Accompanying persons had a mean score of 36 (13) points. Factorial analysis confirmed the instrument's construct validity, finding that both dimensions of the original Mishel scale (complexity and ambiguity) were present in 6 items each. Factorial analysis explained 60% of the total variance in the patient version and 67% of the variance in the version for accompanying persons. Reliability statistics were good, with Cronbach's α values ranging from 0.912 to 0.938. Split-half reliability statistics ranged from 0.901 to 0.933. Correlations were significant in the analysis of convergent validity. CONCLUSION: The UIS-ED questionnaire may prove to be a simple, valid, and reliable way for assessing uncertainty in patients and their accompanying friends or relatives attending Spanish EDs.

OBJETIVO: Validar la Escala de Incertidumbre ante la Enfermedad en los pacientes y los acompañantes de un servicio de urgencias hospitalario (SUH). METODO: La validación de contenido incluyó el desarrollo de una versión adaptada a urgencias mediante consenso (versión 1), una versión tras validación del contenido (versión 2) y una versión tras un estudio piloto en 20 usuarios del SUH (versión 3). El estudio de validación se realizó en 320 sujetos adultos (160 pacientes y 160 acompañantes) que acudieron a un SUH entre noviembre de 2015 y septiembre de 2016. La Escala de Incertidumbre ante la Enfermedad en el Servicio de Urgencias (ESINESU) constó de 12 ítems (60 puntos) y fue administrada por dos enfermeras durante la estancia de los pacientes y los acompañantes en el SUH. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y de la percepción sobre la información recibida. RESULTADOS: El grado de incertidumbre fue de 29 (DE 11) puntos en pacientes y 36 (DE 13) puntos en acompañantes. El análisis factorial confirmó, en las pruebas de validez de constructo, las dos dimensiones de la escala original (complejidad y ambigüedad), con 6 ítems en cada una de ellas. Dicho análisis factorial explicó un 60% de la varianza total en la versión de la escala para pacientes, y un 67% en la versión para acompañantes. Los valores de fiabilidad obtenidos fueron buenos, alfa de Cronbach de 0,912-0,938 y procedimiento de dos mitades 0,901-0,933. La validación convergente también mostró correlaciones significativas. CONCLUSIONES: La ESINESU podría ser una escala sencilla, válida y fiable para medir la incertidumbre de pacientes y acompañantes en los SUH españoles.

Bereavement care interventions and outcome criteria planned by community nurses in the Canary Islands. / Intervenciones y criterios de resultado planificados por las enfermeras comunitarias en la atención al duelo en Canarias.

Nursing care in bereavement is complex. Primary health care is the ideal setting to support the bereaved, but we do not know much about the care plans designed by primary health care nurses in the treatment of grief. OBJECTIVE: To identify the outcomes criteria and interventions planned by nurses for mourners with and without complications in the Canary Islands. METHOD: Retrospective longitudinal study, using the electronic health records of the Canary Islands health service of people with a diagnosis of grieving, risk of complicated grieving and complicated grieving, in the period 2009-2014. RESULTS: NOC outcomes criteria were recorded in 67% of the mourners, and up to 24 different outcomes were identified. The main outcomes measures were Grief resolution; Psychosocial adjustment, Life change; Coping; Family coping; Family social climate and Caregiver emotional health. The remaining outcomes were present in less than 1% of the mourners. Although the outcomes criteria proposed by nurses in the mourners with and without complications were quite homogeneous, differences in interventions were found. In 67% of the cases, NIC interventions were reported. Ninety-nine different interventions were identified in the mourners; the most frequent were Emotional support; Grief work facilitation; Active listening; Coping enhancement and counselling. The remaining identified interventions were present in less than 5% of patients. The main interventions in the mourners with complications were Grief work facilitation; Coping enhancement; Active listening; Counselling and Family integrity promotion. CONCLUSION: Nurses state that there are more interventions and outcomes in mourners with complications. Given the few methodologically reliable studies that prove their effectiveness, continued research in this area is recommended.

Case Study: Community Nursing Care Plan for a Man With Functional and Psychosocial Problems Following a Stroke.

PURPOSE: The study aims to use the standardized nursing process to assist a middle-aged man with functional and psychosocial problems following a stroke. DATA SOURCES: Data were obtained from interviews with the patient during primary care nurse consultations, electronic health record reviews, and reports from other professionals. To build the care plan, we used available scientific evidence, and we also considered a nurse-patient agreement. DATA SYNTHESIS: We used clinical reasoning with NANDA-I classification, the Nursing Outcomes Classification, and the Nursing Interventions Classification to select nursing diagnoses, patient outcomes, and nursing interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial problems complicate the management of a patient with functional consequences after a stroke. This fact has high impact on people who are going through this process.

Blogged nursing: analysis of the phenomenon and contextualization in the Spanish setting.

Blogging within the health profession has grown in the recent past. This article aims to perform an analysis of the theoretical aspects of blogging, the use by professional nurses and students, benefits for patients, and, finally, an approach to the activities of Spanish nursing blogs. Blogs have great advantages as social communication tools. Immediacy in content update, closeness to information consumers, and compatibility with other Web 2.0 tools are points to be highlighted. Nurses use blogs for education and communication with other health professionals, students, and patients. For patients, therapeutic effects have been demonstrated in using blogging to share their health problems and express their experiential viewpoints. There are about 80 blogs written by Spanish nurses; most of them originated in the period between 2010 and 2012. These blogs are targeted to professionals (59%), patients (20%), or mixed (13%). There is a great heterogeneity in content: informative style (20%), opinion (28%), narrative (9%), experiential (2%), or humorous (2%). Nursing language is present in 15%, research and evidence-based practice in 13%, and protocols, guidelines, and procedures in 11% of them. We propose the need to plan institutional strategies for effective use of Web 2.0 resources as well as the need to unify criteria to provide quality content.

Case study: community nursing care plan for an elderly patient with urinary incontinence and social interaction problems after prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to show nursing procedures and standardized languages in care provided by community nurses to a patient affected by urinary incontinence after a prostatectomy. DATA SOURCES: Data were extracted from patient interviews during various consultations with the community nurse, and from electronic health records. The care plan was based on available scientific evidence. DATA SYNTHESIS: Clinical reasoning was used to select NANDA-I diagnoses, nursing outcomes classification, and nursing interventions classification. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary incontinence problems have a physical, psychological, and social development impact on people who suffer from this condition.