Treated Primary Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma With Later Metastasis Found in Clinical Presentation of Left Axilla Lymphadenopathy: A Case Report.

This case report details the rare instance of metastatic spread of cutaneous malignant melanoma to the breast in a 50-year-old female. The patient presented with a palpable axillary mass confirmed to be metastasis despite excision and closure of the primary malignancy. The mass seen in clinical and radiological presentations presented with features of complicated differentiation from a primary breast tumor. Biopsy and staining with immunohistochemical markers S100 and Sox10 played a critical role in confirming the melanocytic origin of this metastatic lesion. Breast metastases are associated with poor prognosis, and this case emphasizes the importance of in-depth evaluations for patients with a history of malignant melanoma and the need for ongoing clinical awareness in this field.

Soft magnetic materials for a sustainable and electrified world.

Soft magnetic materials are key to the efficient operation of the next generation of power electronics and electrical machines (motors and generators). Many new materials have been introduced since Michael Faraday's discovery of magnetic induction, when iron was the only option. However, as wide bandgap semiconductor devices become more common in both power electronics and motor controllers, there is an urgent need to further improve soft magnetic materials. These improvements will be necessary to realize the full potential in efficiency, size, weight, and power of high-frequency power electronics and high-rotational speed electrical machines. Here we provide an introduction to the field of soft magnetic materials and their implementation in power electronics and electrical machines. Additionally, we review the most promising choices available today and describe emerging approaches to create even better soft magnetic materials.

Development of a reference solution for the pH of seawater.

A method that uses a Harned cell to perform potentiometric pH measurements has been optimized and applied to an aqueous solution of simulated seawater that contains sodium perchlorate, sodium sulfate, sodium hydrogen carbonate and boric acid and has an ionic strength I of 0.57 mol kg(-1). The standard metrological approach developed for the measurement of pH in low ionic strength aqueous solutions was maintained, but a few modifications were necessary, and measurement procedures and calculations were modified ad hoc from those adopted in conventional protocols. When determining the standard potential of the cell, E degrees , NaClO4 salt was added to a 0.01 mol/kg HCl solution to attain the same ionic strength as the test solution and to investigate possible specific effects related to the high levels and the nature of the background electrolyte. An appropriate value of gamma (+/-HCl) (0.737) was then selected from the literature, based on a realistic value for I. Finally, in order to convert the acidity function at zero chloride molality into pH, a suitable value of gamma (Cl) (0.929) was calculated. As a result, we obtained pH=8.18 (T=25 degrees C) with an associated expanded uncertainty U=0.01 (coverage factor k=2). The aim was to establish a sound basis for the pH measurement of seawater by identifying the critical points of the experimental and theoretical procedure, and to discuss further possible developments that would be useful for achieving a reference solution.

Assessment of the uncertainty budget for the amperometric measurement of dissolved oxygen.

This work aimed at identifying the main sources of uncertainty for the measurement of dissolved oxygen concentration in aqueous solutions. The experimental apparatus consists of an amperometric cell based on the Clark-type sensor. The corresponding uncertainty budget was assessed, this being a fundamental step for the validation of a measurement method. The principle of the measurement, as well as the procedure for the set-up and the characterisation of the cell, are described. The measurement equation was defined as a combination of Faraday's and Fick's laws, and a method was worked out for the empirical determination of the diffusivity parameter. In this connection, the solutions of oxygen were standardised by way of the Winkler's titration, as suggested by the ISO Guide 5813 and 5814. With this approach we aimed at contributing to the development of a potential primary method of measurement. A discussion of all the contributions to the overall uncertainty is reported, allowing operators to locate the largest ones and plan specific improvements.

Monitoring the traceability of the pH of a primary tetraborate buffer: comparison of results from primary and secondary apparatus.

This paper reports evaluation of the behaviour of different combined glass electrodes applied to measurement of the pH of a primary, 0.01 mol kg(-1), tetraborate buffer. Measurements were first performed by use of a primary Harned cell (at 15, 25, and 37 degrees C); these results were then compared with those obtained for the same solution by use of three combined glass electrodes (25 degrees C) with different membranes and liquid-junction designs, calibrated by use of commercial pH-metric buffers. The pH of the same solution was also measured in terms of the molal concentration of hydrogen ions, using acid-base titration to evaluate the formal potential difference K of each cell at fixed ionic strength, I, adjusted by addition of KCl or Et4NI (tetraethylammonium iodide). The reference value from primary measurement, paH = 9.171, was slightly closer to the mean value obtained by determination of concentration, rather than that obtained by direct measurement of activity; the differences were smaller than the extended uncertainty characteristics of the secondary measurements. The importance of evaluation of the ionic strength of the solution under study is emphasised. We verified that for tetraborate buffer slight modification of the value of I used to calculate gamma (i) (the activity coefficient of a single ion) in the calculation of paH from the acidity function at zero molality of chloride can significantly affect the reference value of the calibrator tool. This is true, in general, for low values of the ionic strength, such as those considered in this work; an approximate value of I can then cause distortions along the pH traceability chain. Application of the concepts of thermodynamics to this traceability chain is discussed.

Role of the activity coefficient in the dissemination of pH: comparison of primary (Harned cell) and secondary (glass electrode) measurements on phosphate buffer considering activity and concentration scales.

Despite recent efforts devoted to assessing both the theoretical rationale and the experimental strategy for assignment of primary pH values, these have not yet been accomplished satisfactorily. Traceability and comparability of pH values are achieved only within the constraints of internationally accepted conventions and predefined conditions that cannot account for all possible situations when pH is measured. Critical parameters to be defined are, in particular, the activity coefficients (gamma (i)) of the ionic species involved in the equilibrium with the hydrogen ions in the solution, which are usually estimated with the approximation typical of the Debye-Hückel theoretical model. For this paper, primary (Harned cell) measurements (traceable to the SI system) of the pH of a phosphate buffer have been considered and the results have been compared with secondary (glass electrode) measurements obtained by considering either the activity (paH) or concentration (pcH) scale of the hydrogen ions. With conventional approaches based on measurements related to activity or concentration scale, discrepancies emerge which have been assigned to incomplete inferences of gamma (i) arising from chemical features of the solution. It is shown that fitting and comparable paH and pcH results are attainable if evaluation of gamma (i) is performed using better estimates of the ionic strength, according to an enhanced application of the Debye-Hückel theory.