Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours of Adolescents and Young Adult Population on the Use of E-Cigarettes or Personal Vaporizer.

The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cig) or personal vaporizers (PV) has increased in recent years, especially among adolescents and adults, increasing risk factors for their health or being a starting point for other risk behaviours. The aim of our study is to learn the knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of the adolescent and young adult population on the use of e-cigarettes or PVs. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among 375 subjects. The use of e-cigs or PVs was measured using a self-administered questionnaire. Overall, 13.33% of the respondents used e-cigarettes or PVs. A correlation could be established between vape use and age, with 14-18-year-olds being the highest users (25.9%). Additionally, 90.13% of the respondents answered that e-cig or PV use was harmful to health. Other behaviours, such as consumption of energy drinks (ED), increases the probability of vaping by 3.08 times (CI = 1.55-6.29; p = 0.001). Subjects aged 23-26 years and 27-34 years are less likely to vape than subjects aged 14-18 years (OR = 0.31: CI = 0.09-0.96; p = 0.044; OR = 0.07: CI = 0.00-0.63; p = 0.037). The same applies to subjects with secondary education (OR = 0.17: CI = 0.04-0.66; p = 0.011) and postgraduate education (OR = 0.07: CI = 0.06-1.19; p = 0.043), than subjects with primary education. The use of e-cigs and PVs starts at an early age, despite the known harmful effects of e-cigs and PVs. Their use may occur mainly in recreational situations and in association with other substances such as ED.

Relación de la ansiedad y la depresión en adolescentes con dos mecanismos transdiagnósticos: el perfeccionismo y la rumiación / Relationship of anxiety and depressive symptomatology in adolescents with two transdiagnostic mechanisms: Perfectionism and rumination

En el reciente enfoque clínico basado en el transdiagnóstico, la rumiación y el perfeccionismo son propuestos como posibles factores transdiagnósticos asociados al desarrollo y mantenimiento de trastornos emocionales. El presente estudio pretende analizar en qué medida la presencia de sintomatología general y síntomas específicos de ansiedad y depresión, evaluados con la versión española de la "Escala de ansiedad y depresión infantil revisada" (RCADS), se relaciona con la rumiación (reflexión y rumiación negativa) y con el perfeccionismo (socialmente orientado y orientado hacia sí mismo), evaluados con la versión española de la "Escala de respuestas rumiativas" (RRS) y la "Escala de perfeccionismo para adolescentes y niños" (CAPS). La muestra estuvo constituida por 314 adolescentes (145 chicos y 169 chicas) de entre 12 y 17 años. Los resultados confirmaron que perfeccionismo y rumiación están asociados con la sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva general y con los síntomas específicos de cada trastorno. Los hallazgos tienen implicaciones relevantes para el diseño de programas de prevención e intervención temprana en la infancia y adolescencia desde el marco de la terapia cognitivo conductual transdiagnóstica

Transdiagnostic treatment is a new approach in clinical psychology, in which rumination and perfectionism have been proposed as transdiagnostic factors involved in development and maintenance of emotional disorders. The present study aims to analyze whether the presence of general and specific symptoms of anxiety and depression, assessed by the Spanish version of the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS), are related to rumination (reflection and negative rumination) and perfectionism (self-oriented and socially oriented perfectionism), assessed by the Spanish versions of the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) and Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (CAPS). The sample consisted of 314 adolescents (145 boys and 169 girls) aged between 12 and 17 years. The results confirmed that both perfectionism and rumination were associated with general anxiety and depression symptoms, and with specific symptoms of each disorder. The findings have implications for implementation of transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy-based preventive interventions for anxiety and depression among youths

Diagnóstico y prevalencia de trastornos de la personalidad en atención ambulatoria. Estudio descriptive / The diagnosis and prevalence of personality disorders in outpatient services. A descriptive study

Introducción: los trastornos de personalidad (TP) son difíciles de diagnosticar. La literatura científica informa de su elevada prevalencia en muestras clínicas, pero en la práctica clínica diaria su diagnóstico es muy poco frecuente. Objetivos: Este estudio pretende estimar la prevalencia de TP en una Unidad ambulatoria de Salud Mental (USM), en situación real, para primeras citas. Método: Se aplicó el Cuestionario Salamanca (CS) como instrumento de cribado y, con los puntos de corte mínimo (2/3) y máximo (5/6), se comparó con el diagnóstico clínico realizado por un psicólogo clínico o psiquiatra, sin conocer el resultado del cribado con CS. Resultados: El diagnóstico de TP realizado por un profesional fue de un 7%, frente al 100% de positivos obtenido por el CS en el punto de corte mínimo y el 53% con el máximo: 11,8% para Cluster A, 19,8% Cluster B y 21,4% en el C. Conclusiones: La elevada prevalencia de TPs en los centros de salud mental, junto con el infradiagnóstico clínico, son otros factores que ensombrecen el pronóstico de estos pacientes (AU)

Introduction: Personality disorders (PD) are difficult to diagnose. Scientific literature shows a high prevalence in outpatient mental health services, but in daily practice the diagnosis of a PD is infrequent. Objectives: This study aims to calculate the prevalence of PD in outpatient mental health services in real clinic situation among patients who come for the first time. Method: Salamanca Questionnaire (SQ) was used as a screening method with the minimum score cut (2/3) and the maximum score cut (5/6). The results were compared with the clinical diagnose proposed by the psychiatrist or psychologyst, who did not know the result of SQ. Results: Only 7% of patients received PD diagnose although 100% of patients had pathological results with SQ using the lowest score proposed and 53% using the highest score proposed: 11,8% Clúster A, 19,8%, Clúster B and 21,4% Cluster C. Conclusions: The high prevalence of PD in outpatient mental health services and the low diagnosis rate are elements that worsen the prognosis of these patients (AU)

Assessing degree of flowering implicates multiple Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae species in allergy.

BACKGROUND: IgE-mediated sensitization to the Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae families is a cause of allergic symptoms in arid areas. Salsola kali and Chenopodium album are considered the main species responsible; however, there is a discrepancy between the pollination period of these two plants and clinical symptoms. The objectives of this study were to identify new Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae members with sensitization capacity and to correlate symptoms, pollen counts and degree of flowering of different species. METHODS: A total of 37 individuals monosensitized to S. kali and C. album were included in the study. All patients recorded daily symptom scores between May and October 2007. Extracts from Chenopodium (album, vulvaria and murale), Salsola (kali, vermiculata, and oppositifolia), Bassia scoparia, Atriplex (patula and halimus) and Amaranthus (deflexus and muricatus) were manufactured and used in skin prick tests (SPTs). Protein content and IgE binding were assessed for each extract. Pollen counts and degree of flowering (based on the Orshan specific semiquantitative method) were assessed weekly. RESULTS: Symptom scores demonstrated a positive correlation with pollen counts even outside the pollination period of S. kali. Positive SPTs were obtained with all 11 species tested, which showed common proteins with IgE-binding capacity. Different species flowered at different times during the pollen season. CONCLUSION: Different taxonomically related species of Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae can induce allergic sensitization and should be considered for use in diagnosis and treatment. Degree of flowering is a complementary method for assessing pollination that could be used for botanical families with indistinguishable pollen grains.