WWP1 knockout in mice exacerbates obesity-related phenotypes in white adipose tissue but improves whole-body glucose metabolism.

White adipose tissue (WAT) is important for maintenance of homeostasis, because it stores energy and secretes adipokines. The WAT of obese people demonstrates mitochondrial dysfunction, accompanied by oxidative stress, which leads to insulin resistance. WW domain-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (WWP1) is a member of the HECT-type E3 family of ubiquitin ligases and is associated with several diseases. Recently, we demonstrated that WWP1 is induced specifically in the WAT of obese mice, where it protects against oxidative stress. Here, we investigated the function of WWP1 in WAT of obese mice by analyzing the phenotype of Wwp1 knockout (KO) mice fed a high-fat diet. The levels of oxidative stress markers were higher in obese WAT from Wwp1 KO mice. Moreover, Wwp1 KO mice had lower activity of citrate synthase, a mitochondrial enzyme. We also measured AKT phosphorylation in obese WAT and found lower levels in Wwp1 KO mice. However, plasma insulin level was low and glucose level was unchanged in obese Wwp1 KO mice. Moreover, both glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test were improved in obese Wwp1 KO mice. These findings indicate that WWP1 participates in the antioxidative response and mitochondrial function in WAT, but knockdown of WWP1 improves whole-body glucose metabolism.

MRI of skeletal muscles in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: characteristic findings and diagnostic performance in dermatomyositis.

Objective: To define the characteristic findings on MRI of skeletal muscles in patients with dermatomyositis (DM) relative to those in patients with other idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) and to assess their diagnostic performance in DM. Methods: Thirty-six patients with DM, 17 patients with amyopathic DM, 19 patients with polymyositis and 16 patients with non-IIM classified by the 2017 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology criteria were included in this study. The following MRI findings (short-tau inversion recovery [STIR] and gadolinium-enhanced fat-suppressed T1-weighted imaging [Gd-T1WI]) for proximal limb muscles were compared between the disease groups and between myositis-specific autoantibodies/myositis-associated autoantibodies (MSAs/MAAs)-positive and MSAs/MAAs-negative groups: structures with high signal intensity (HSI) (subcutaneous, fascia, muscle); distributions of HSI areas in muscle (diffuse, patchy, peripheral) and patterns of HSI in muscle (honeycomb, foggy, strong HSI). Univariate, multivariate and receiver-operating characteristic [ROC] analyses were performed to assess the diagnostic performance of MRI in DM. Results: The characteristic MRI findings in patients with DM were subcutaneous HSI, fascial HSI, peripheral distribution and honeycomb pattern. The MRI findings in the MSAs/MAAs-positive group included more frequent fascial HSI but less frequent foggy pattern compared with the MSAs/MAAs-negative group. Likelihood of DM score ≥ 3 (obtained by counting the number of characteristic MRI findings in patients with DM) showed good diagnostic performance in DM (STIR: sensitivity 72.2%, specificity 88.5%, area under ROC curve [AUC] 84.9%; Gd-T1WI: sensitivity 81.2%, specificity 91.5%, AUC 89.9%). Conclusion: The characteristic MRI findings of skeletal muscles can predict patients with DM as well as patients with MSAs/MAAs.

Identification of WWP1 as an obesity-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase with a protective role against oxidative stress in adipocytes.

White adipose tissue (WAT) is not only the main tissue for energy storage but also an endocrine organ that secretes adipokines. Obesity is the most common metabolic disorder and is related to alterations in WAT characteristics, such as chronic inflammation and increasing oxidative stress. WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (WWP1) is a HECT-type ubiquitin E3 ligase that has been implicated in various pathologies. In the present study, we found that WWP1 was upregulated in obese WAT in a p53-dependent manner. To investigate the functions of WWP1 in adipocytes, a proteome analysis of WWP1 overexpression (OE) and knockdown (KD) 3T3-L1 cells was performed. This analysis showed a positive correlation between WWP1 expression and the abundance of several antioxidative proteins. Thus, we measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) in WWP1 OE and KD cells. Consistent with the proteome results, WWP1 OE reduced ROS levels, whereas KD increased them. These findings indicate that WWP1 is an obesity-inducible E3 ubiquitin ligase that can protect against obesity-associated oxidative stress in WAT.

[A CASE OF TUMOR-TO-TUMOR METASTASIS OF BREAST CANCER WITHIN RENAL CELL CARCINOMA].

A 76-year-old woman presented with a left chest ulcer. Computed tomography (CT) showed a 9-cm-sized invasive mass with ulceration in the left breast, along with regional lymph node and distant metastases, and a 4-cm-sized tumor at the upper pole of the left kidney. Needle biopsy of the left breast tumor was performed, and she was diagnosed with breast cancer, cT4cN3M1, Stage IV. She underwent endocrine therapy and chemotherapy. After undergoing treatment for 2 years, CT showed no progression in the primary and metastatic lesions except for increasing renal mass. Primary kidney cancer was suspected, and she underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy. In the surgical specimen, a solid, brown-colored nodule was observed in the upper pole of the left kidney. The pathological diagnosis was clear cell renal cell carcinoma, including a metastatic lesion of breast cancer. She was diagnosed with tumor-to-tumor metastasis of breast cancer within renal cell carcinoma. Two years after the surgery, no recurrence of renal cell carcinoma has been observed, and she is undergoing secondary endocrine therapy against breast cancer.

Angiogenesis and VEGF-expressing cells are identified predominantly in the fascia rather than in the muscle during the early phase of dermatomyositis.

BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated that fasciitis is a common lesion in dermatomyositis (DM) and that DM-associated fasciitis is detectable, as the result of the increased vascularity in the fascia, by power Doppler ultrasonography. We aimed to investigate whether angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-expressing cells in the fascia are histologically demonstrated during the early phase of DM, and whether inflammation is involved in angiogenesis and an increased number of VEGF-expressing cells. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 22 patients with DM and 11 patients with polymyositis (PM). Immunohistochemical staining for CD31, VEGF, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were performed on paraffin-embedded sections. The total vascular inflammation score (TVIS), angiogenesis score (AS), and numbers of VEGF-expressing and TNF-α-expressing cells were analyzed in the fascia and muscle. RESULTS: Significant fasciitis was detected in most of the patients DM with or without myositis-specific/associated antibodies, while mild fasciitis was detected in four patients with PM, two of whom were positive for anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (anti-ARS) antibodies. The AS and the number of VEGF-expressing cells in the fascia of patients with DM were significantly greater than those of patients with PM; no significant difference was observed in muscle in patients with DM and PM. The number of VEGF-expressing cells in the fascia correlated with the AS of DM patients. In early-phase DM, the AS, the number of VEGF-expressing cells, and the TVIS in the fascia were significantly higher than in muscle. However, no significant differences were observed in these scores excluding the TVIS between muscle and the fascia in late-phase DM. In DM patients, the TVIS correlated with the AS in the fascia, while the number of TNF-α-expressing cells correlated with the TVIS and the number of VEGF-expressing cells in the fascia. CONCLUSION: Angiogenesis, the number of VEGF-expressing cells, and the degree of inflammation were higher in the fascia in DM than in PM, and were increased predominantly in the fascia rather than in the muscle in early-phase DM. The degree of inflammation correlated with that of angiogenesis in the fascia of DM. The fascia can therefore be a primary site of inflammation and angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of DM.

Dual energy CT iodine map for delineating inflammation of inflammatory arthritis.

Iodine mapping is an image-processing technique used with dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) to improve iodine contrast resolution. CT, because of its high spatial resolution and thin slice reconstruction, is well suited to the evaluation of the peripheral joints. Recent developments in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis that require early diagnosis and precise therapeutic assessment encourage radiological evaluation. To facilitate such assessment, we describe DECT iodine mapping as a novel modality for evaluating rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis of the hands and feet. KEY POINTS: • Dual-energy CT iodine mapping can delineate inflammation of peripheral inflammatory arthritis. • DECT iodine mapping has high spatial resolution compared with MRI. • DECT iodine mapping has a high iodine contrast resolution. • DECT iodine mapping may reflect therapeutic effects.

Measurement of serum isoform [-2]proPSA derivatives shows superior accuracy to magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in patients with a total prostate-specific antigen level of 2-10 ng/ml.

OBJECTIVE: More accurate diagnostic procedures for prostate cancer are needed to avoid unnecessary biopsy due to the low specificity of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Recent studies showed that the percentage of serum isoform [-2]proPSA (p2PSA) to free PSA (%p2PSA), the Prostate Health Index (PHI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were more accurate than PSA. The aim of this study was to test the accuracy of %p2PSA, PHI and MRI in discriminating patients with and without prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects were 50 consecutive men with a PSA level of 2.0-10.0 ng/ml, who underwent prostate biopsy from October 2012 to July 2014. These patients underwent multiparametric MRI before biopsy, and their serum samples were measured for PSA, free PSA and p2PSA. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of PHI, %p2PSA and MRI were compared with PSA in the diagnosis of biopsy-confirmed prostate cancer. RESULTS: In a univariate analysis, %p2PSA [area under the curve (AUC): 0.811] and PHI (AUC 0.795) were more accurate than MRI (AUC: 0.583) and PSA (AUC: 0.554) for prostate cancer detection. At 60% sensitivity, the specificity of PHI (76.5%) was higher than that of MRI (52.9%). For significant cancer detection, %p2PSA (AUC: 0.745), PHI (AUC: 0.791) and MRI (AUC: 0.739) were marginally more accurate than PSA (AUC: 0.696). At 85% sensitivity, the specificity of MRI (62.1%) was higher than that of PHI (34.5%). CONCLUSION: PHI and %p2PSA can be used for screening the general population and MRI can be used for detection of significant cancer in patients suspected, from screening tests, of having prostate cancer.

Myalgia in Patients with Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis Is Attributable to Fasciitis Rather Than Myositis: A Retrospective Study of 32 Patients who Underwent Histopathological Examinations.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between fasciitis and the clinical variables in patients with dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 32 patients (24 DM, 8 PM) with newly diagnosed DM and PM and in whom fascia and muscle specimens were histopathologically examined. The relationship between fasciitis and the clinical variables was statistically analyzed. These included age, sex, myalgia, muscle weakness, creatine kinase (CK) and aldolase activities, anti-Jo1 antibody, interstitial lung disease, and malignancy. RESULTS: Twenty (62.5%) of the 32 patients who underwent the histopathological examination of a fascia specimen had fasciitis, including 18 (75%) of 24 patients with DM and 2 (25%) of 8 patients with PM. The frequency of fasciitis was significantly higher among the patients with DM than among the patients with PM (p < 0.05). Histopathologically, fasciitis in PM was very mild in comparison to that in DM. The frequency of myalgia in patients with fasciitis was significantly higher than that in patients without fasciitis (p < 0.05). However, myalgia was not associated with myositis. There were no significant differences in the patients with and without fasciitis in age, sex, manual muscle test 8 scores, CK or aldolase activities, or the presence of anti-Jo1 antibodies and malignancy. CONCLUSION: The frequency of fasciitis was significantly higher among patients with DM than among those with PM. Fasciitis, rather than myositis, was associated with myalgia.

Brief Report: Power Doppler Ultrasonography for Detection of Increased Vascularity in the Fascia: A Potential Early Diagnostic Tool in Fasciitis of Dermatomyositis.

OBJECTIVE: We previously demonstrated that fasciitis is a common lesion of dermatomyositis (DM) that is detectable early after disease onset by en bloc muscle biopsy combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Power Doppler ultrasonography (PDUS) is a useful method for detection of inflammation and vascularity in rheumatic diseases. We undertook this study to determine whether fasciitis was detectable by PDUS in patients with DM. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 7 patients with DM and 7 patients with polymyositis (PM) for the detection of fasciitis with PDUS. MRI and PDUS were both performed in all patients. Fasciitis was histologically confirmed by en bloc biopsy. RESULTS: Among all patients with DM, 4 showed signs of fasciitis on MRI, while increased blood flow signals were observed along the fascia by PDUS in 6 DM patients, including 4 patients with early disease (<2 months after the onset of muscle symptoms). Histologically, significant fasciitis was confirmed in 4 patients with DM. In the remaining 3 patients with DM, significant fasciitis was not evident histologically, but mild proliferation of capillaries and mild inflammation were notable in the area of the fascia. Immunohistochemical staining for CD31 indicated abnormal neovascular proliferation in the fascia in patients with DM. None of the PM patients showed signs of fasciitis or increased vascularity by MRI, PDUS, or en bloc biopsy. CONCLUSION: In our limited population, PDUS was useful for the detection of fasciitis associated with DM, especially in the early stage of disease. The increased blood flow signal as detected by PDUS is involved in angiogenesis accompanying fasciitis in patients with DM.

Bone management in Japanese patients with prostate cancer: hormonal therapy leads to an increase in the FRAX score.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a common consequence of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer. Up to 20 % of men on ADT have suffered from fractures within 5 years. The WHO Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) has been utilized to predict the 10-year probability of major osteoporotic and hip fracture. However, to date, no large studies assessing the utility of the FRAX score in prostate cancer patients with or without ADT have been performed. We herein evaluated the impact of ADT on the FRAX score in prostate cancer patients. METHODS: The assessment of the FRAX score was performed in a total of 1220 prostate cancer patients, including patients who underwent brachytherapy (n = 547), radical prostatectomy (n = 200), external beam radiation therapy (n = 264) and hormonal therapy alone (n = 187) at Yokohama City University Hospital (Yokohama, Japan). We evaluated the effect of ADT on the FRAX score. RESULTS: Using the FRAX model, the median and mean 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture according to the clinical risk factors alone was 7.9 % (8.8 ± 4.3 %), while the 10-year probability of hip fracture risk was 2.7 % (3.5 ± 3.1 %). In the ADT group, the duration of ADT was correlated with both major osteoporotic risk and hip fracture risk (R(2) = 0.141, p < 0.001 and R(2) = 0.166, p < 0.001, respectively). A comparison between the ADT (n = 187) and non-ADT (n = 399) groups demonstrated that the major fracture risk was > 20 % higher and the hip fracture risk was > 3 % higher in the ADT group than in the non-ADT group (ADT: 10 (5.3 %) and 118 (63.1 %), non-ADT 13 (3.3 %) and 189 (47.4 %), p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that the longer duration of ADT led to an increased FRAX score, and the FRAX score may be a predictor of bone management treatment, particularly in prostate cancer patients.

A case of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) following Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination.

A 15-year-old young woman received the Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines. Following the second HPV vaccination, intermittent fever, myalgia, arthritis and malar rash developed, and she was admitted to our hospital. Laboratory studies showed positive results for antinuclear antibody, anti-dsDNA antibody and anti-Sm antibody. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was diagnosed according to the Systemic Lupus International Collaborative Clinics 2012. Magnetic resonance imaging showed abnormal hyperintense areas in the fascia, and en bloc biopsy showed fasciitis. Treatment with prednisolone resulted in an amelioration of the symptoms. Reportedly, SLE developed after HPV vaccinations in some patients. Most such patients have a past or family history of autoimmune disease and presented SLE symptoms after the second vaccination. We describe herein a patient in whom SLE developed in association with HPV vaccination.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a prognostic marker in bladder cancer patients after radical cystectomy.

BACKGROUND: There is no reliable biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients who undergo radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Recent studies have shown that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) could function as a useful prognostic factor in several types of malignancies. This study aimed to assess the usefulness of NLR in bladder cancer. METHODS: A total of 74 patients who underwent radical cystectomy in our institutions from 1999 to 2014 were analyzed. The NLR was calculated using the patients' neutrophil and lymphocyte counts before radical cystectomy. An immunohistochemical analysis was also performed to detect tumor infiltrating neutrophils (CD66b) and lymphocytes (CD8) in bladder cancer specimens. RESULTS: A univariate analysis showed that the patients with a high NLR (≥2.38; HR = 4.84; p = 0.007), high C-reactive protein level (>0.08; HR = 10.06; p = 0.030), or pathological lymph node metastasis (HR = 4.73; p = 0.030) had a significantly higher risk of cancer-specific mortality. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests further revealed that NLR was strongly correlated with overall survival (p = 0.018), but not progression-free survival (p = 0.137). In a multivariate analysis, all of these were found to be independent risk factors (HR = 4.62, 10.8, and 12.35, respectively). The number of CD8-positive lymphocytes was significantly increased in high-grade (p = 0.001) and muscle-invasive (p = 0.012) tumors, in comparison to low-grade and non-muscle-invasive tumors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The NLR predicted the prognosis of patients who underwent radical cystectomy and might therefore function as a reliable biomarker in cases of invasive bladder cancer.

Bilateral renal lymphoma: rapid recovery from an acute kidney injury after open renal biopsy.

Renal lymphoma as an initial lesion is relatively rare. Bilateral renal lymphoma frequently presents as acute kidney injury. With systematic chemotherapy for the lymphoma, patients usually recover their kidney function. However, in the case we describe here, the patient's kidney function recovered greatly after an open renal biopsy. Here, we review and discuss this unique case.

Therapeutic effects of sunitinib, one of the anti-angiogenetic drugs, in a murine arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to confirm the inhibitory effects of sunitinib, an angiogenesis inhibitor that targets tyrosine kinases of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) family and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) family, on arthritis in mice with type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS: Sunitinib at a concentration of 30 or 60 mg/kg/day was intraperitoneally administered to mice with CIA. We compared the changes in arthritis score over time, pathological score, bone density, and microvascular density in synovial membrane between the vehicle and treatment groups. RESULTS: In the sunitinib-treated groups, the arthritis score decreased in a dose-dependent manner in comparison with that in the vehicle group. Furthermore, improvement in the pathological score, inhibitory tendency of loss in the bone density, and a decrease in the synovial microvascular density were also observed in the sunitinib-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS: Sunitinib remarkably inhibited arthritis, particularly synovial angiogenesis in a murine CIA model. This compound may be useful for treating arthritis.

[Nested variant of urothelial carcinoma of bladder : a case report].

A 58-year-old man visited our hospital with gross hematuria. Cystoscopy revealed a papillary tumor around the left ureteral orifice. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-Bt) was performed and histopathological findings revealed a nested variant of urothelial carcinoma. Computed tomography (CT) revealed no involvement of other organs. Laparoscopic radical cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder substitution (Studer methods) were performed. The histopathological stage was pT3aN0M0. Adjuvant chemotherapy (gemcitabine + cisplatin) was performed. The patient is currently free from disease at five months after the surgery.

Fasciitis as a common lesion of dermatomyositis, demonstrated early after disease onset by en bloc biopsy combined with magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether fasciitis is histopathologically demonstrable in patients with dermatomyositis (DM), and to analyze the process of inflammatory progression in myopathy accompanying DM. METHODS: STIR or fat-suppressed T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and en bloc biopsy were performed in 14 patients with newly diagnosed adult-onset DM. The severity of inflammatory cell infiltration around the fascial and intramuscular small blood vessels was evaluated using the total vascular inflammation score (TVIS). RESULTS: In all patients, MRI revealed abnormal hyperintensity in the fascia and in marginal sites of the muscle, predominantly over central sites. En bloc biopsy revealed the presence of fasciitis in most of the patients, as shown by inflammatory infiltrates around the fascial small blood vessels. In those patients who underwent en bloc biopsy earlier than 2 months after the appearance of muscle symptoms, the TVIS of the fascia was significantly higher than the TVIS of the muscle. In contrast, in those patients who underwent en bloc biopsy >2 months after muscle symptom onset, the TVIS of the fascia did not differ significantly from the TVIS of the muscle. CONCLUSION: Fasciitis was histopathologically demonstrated in patients with newly diagnosed adult-onset DM as early as 2 months after the onset of muscle symptoms. These results indicate that fasciitis is a common lesion of DM and suggest that the fascial microvasculature is the primary site of inflammatory cell infiltration in DM. Fasciitis may contribute to muscle symptoms in patients with DM without myositis.

Clinical significance of serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-1, and angiopoietin-2 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical significance of serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: The subjects were 70 patients with RA. Serum VEGF, Ang-1, and Ang-2 levels were determined by ELISA. As indices of disease activity, serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-3 were examined, and the 28-joint count Disease Activity Score (DAS28)-CRP was calculated. Power Doppler ultrasonography was performed in the bilateral wrists, elbows, shoulders, knees and ankles. The synovial blood flow signals were scored using a 3-grade scale (0-2), and the total of the scores in the 10 joints was regarded as the total signal score (TSS). RESULTS: Serum VEGF level showed significant correlations with serum CRP and MMP-3 levels, DAS28-CRP, and TSS. Serum Ang-1 level showed significant correlations with serum MMP-3 level and DAS28-CRP. Serum Ang-2 level showed significant correlations with serum CRP level and TSS. CONCLUSION: The serum VEGF level is important as an index of the activity of RA based on angiogenesis and a prognostic factor regarding joint destruction. Serum Ang-1 level may be useful as an index of sustained arthritis based on the maintenance of newly formed vessels. Serum Ang-2 level may reflect a state of marked angiogenesis.