Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6,and epinephrine are associated with hypermetabolism in AIDS patients with acute opportunistic infections.

During a 9-day period we investigated body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), IL-6, TNF, and sTNFR-55 and sTNFR-75 plasma concentrations during infectious complications in 12 patients with HIV disease. At study entry, IL-6 was detectable in 5 and TNF in 10 patients. TNF was closely correlated with sTNFR-75 concentration (r = 0.84, p < 0.001) whereas sTNFR/sTNFR-55 ratio increased throughout the study. TNF concentrations were significantly correlated with the 24-hour excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine (r = 0.64 and 0.69; each p < 0.01). Compared to expected values REE was increased by 34%. Body cell mass was the single best predictor of REE and explained 72% of its variance. In contrast, the deviation of measured from predicted REE was correlated with TNF and IL-6 concentrations (r = 0.9). We conclude that increased plasma concentrations of cytokines in complicated HIV disease display little biologic variability and relate to hypermetabolism in these patients.

Animal pharmacokinetics of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-immunoglobulin fusion protein lenercept and their extrapolation to humans.

The pharmacokinetics of the tumor necrosis factor receptorimmunoglobulin fusion protein, lenercept, were assessed in rats, rabbits, dogs and cynomolgus monkeys. Pharmacokinetic parameters were extrapolated to humans by allometric scaling. Lenercept was dosed i.v. at doses ranging from 0.1 to 5 mg/kg. Consistent with its all-human sequence, lenercept elicits an immune response in laboratory animals usually 6 to 10 days after dosing. The resulting period of more rapid clearance caused by the immune response was excluded from the pharmacokinetic evaluation. Lenercept showed a very low and similar clearance in all species tested (0. 0071-0.0097 ml.min/kg). The volume of distribution was estimated at values between 61 and 90 ml/kg, whereas the terminal half-life ranged from 3.4 days in rabbits to 6.5 days in rats. Thus, lenercept was characterized by similar pharmacokinetic properties across species, irrespective of their particular body weight. Accordingly, both clearance (ml/min) and volume of distribution (ml) scaled with an allometric exponent close to 1, whereas half-lives (including literature data in mice) yielded an allometric exponent close to 0. The predicted parameters in humans agree well with the observed values. Overall, the results demonstrate an allometric scaling for lenercept different from that for other therapeutic proteins, in that lenercept displays a similar pharmacokinetic behavior across species. Despite an early and pronounced immune response against this all-human protein in laboratory animals, the pharmacokinetic data were found to be predictive for humans, given that the more rapid immune-modulated clearance component in animals could be identified and excluded from the pharmacokinetic evaluation.

Increased serum levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor a-receptors in patients undergoing partial liver resection.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study was conducted to evaluate the association of tumor necrosis factor-a and soluble receptors as known antagonists in liver surgery with regard to ischemia and reperfusion. METHODOLOGY: Preoperative and perioperative changes of TNF, soluble TNF receptor I and II as well as IL-6 were evaluated in twelve patients with partial liver resection. Before liver ischemia and after reperfusion, the levels were measured in the portal and hepatic vein, as well as systemically. Ten patients with gastrectomy and lymphadenectomy as another major abdominal operation and eight healthy volunteers served as the control groups. RESULTS: Uncomplicated liver resections were associated with a prolonged and significantly increased release of soluble receptors until the third (for soluble receptor I) or the fifth postoperative day (for soluble receptor II). No tumor necrosis factor immunoreactivity could be detected, except in one patient with postoperative sepsis. The pattern of interleukin-6 immunoreactivity during liver resection was characterized by a delayed peak on day 2 (p<0.01 vs preop), compared to an early peak after 8 hours in control patients undergoing gastrectomy (p<0.05 vs preop). Liver resection elicits a release of interleukin-6 and soluble receptors without ischemia/reperfusion-induced effects. A strong correlation of the soluble receptors with interleukin-6 (p<0.01) could be detected in liver resection and gastrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Uncomplicated liver resections were associated with a prolonged and increased release of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors while no immunoreactivity could be detected. The strong correlation of soluble receptors with interleukin-6 may suggest an important role in the acute phase response of major operations.

Th1 and Th2 cytokine response patterns in leukocyte cultures of patients with urinary bladder, renal cell and prostate carcinomas.

As a decreased production of Th1 cytokines by stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes has recently been shown in patients with various carcinomas, the present study was performed to determine whether these patients also exhibit a Th1/Th2 imbalance compared to healthy controls. We measured the production of the Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma as well as the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 in mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures of patients with urinary bladder carcinomas (n = 47), prostate carcinomas (n = 111) and renal cell carcinomas (n = 67) as compared to 40 age-matched healthy controls. In the PBMC cultures of the tumor patients, the levels of the Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma were lower as compared to the controls. For IFN-gamma, the differences were highly significant and in the patients with renal cell carcinomas it could be shown that the values decreased with increasing tumor mass. In contrast, the levels of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 were comparable in the PBMC cultures of tumor patients and controls. From these results, it is concluded that there is only a malfunction in Th1 cells but no switch from a Th1 type to a Th2 type cytokine profile in the PBMCs of cancer patients.

Serum levels of p55 and p75 soluble TNF receptors in adult acute leukaemia at diagnosis: correlation with clinical and biological features and outcome.

The tumour necrosis factor (TNF)/TNF-receptor (TNFR) complex plays a role in the growth of leukaemic cells. We retrospectively investigated the relationship between pretreatment serum concentration of soluble TNFR (p55- and p75-sTNFRs) and outcome in adult acute myeloid (AML 82 cases) and lymphoid (ALL 44 cases) leukaemia. Both sTNFRs were significantly higher in AML (p55-sTNFR 4.53 +/- 3.7, median 3.75; p75-sTNFR 6.51 +/- 5.25 ng/ml, median 4.72) and ALL sera (3.31 +/- 1.5, median 2.95; 5.30 +/- 2.3 ng/ml, median 4.56, respectively) than in controls (1.89 +/- 0.5, median 1.98; 2.22 +/- 0.8 ng/ml, median 2.37) (P < 0.01 for both sTNFRs). Fresh leukaemic cells expressed p55- and p75-sTNFRs, which were modulated and released into the supernatant (SN) following short-term in vitro culture, suggesting that in vivo sTNFRs were also leukaemia-derived. Whereas no correlation was observed between sTNFRs and outcome in ALL, in AML higher p55-sTNFR levels (> 3.75 ng/ml) were associated with shorter disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.006) and overall survival (OS) (P = 0.0004). At multivariate analysis p55-sTNFR was the most significant predictor of DFS (P = 0.006) and OS (P < 0.001). Our data suggest that the prognostic significance of p55-sTNFR in AML could be related to relevant biological features of AML blasts.

Bile duct epithelia as target cells in primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are chronic autoimmune-mediated diseases of the biliary tree, resulting in a loss of bile ducts. There are morphological features that clearly distinguish them from each other: in PBC, there is overt destruction of the bile ducts with disruption of the basement membrane; in PSC there is abundant periductular fibrosis with shrinkage and subsequent loss of the bile ducts. In order to see if the disparate histopathology is paralleled by different immunohistology we looked at a panel of epitopes on bile duct epithelia especially to see if biliary epithelial cells may present as targets for cell mediated immune response. In PBC bile duct epithelial cells mostly expressed CD58 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3), CD80 (B7 BB1), and CD95 (Fas). In PSC, however, these epitopes were only expressed in a few examples to a lower degree. The respective effector T lymphocytes were positive for CD2 and CD28. Subtyping of the lymphocytes in the liver tissue further showed a predominance of CD4 positive T cells over CD8 cells up to 2-to-1 in both diseases. Determination of lymphocytes by cytokines to Th1 or Th2 subtype showed a majority of Th1 lymphocytes in PBC and PSC. We conclude that in PBC bile duct epithelial cells may display features of target cells of a T cell-mediated immune reaction with the Th1 cells predominating. In PSC other mechanisms of bile duct loss may play a role, since in this disease the majority of cells lack essential epitopes that constitute targets of cell mediated immunity.

Cytokines, nitrite/nitrate, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors, and procalcitonin concentrations: comparisons in patients with septic shock, cardiogenic shock, and bacterial pneumonia.

OBJECTIVES: To determine and compare the respective concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, soluble TNF receptors, nitrite/nitrate (NO2-/NO3-), and procalcitonin in the plasma of patients with septic shock, cardiogenic shock, and bacterial pneumonia without shock; and to assess the predictive value of these mediators in defining patients with septic shock. DESIGN: Cohort study, comparing normal volunteers (controls) and patients with septic shock, cardiogenic shock, and bacterial pneumonia. SETTING: A collaborative study among an intensive care unit, an emergency room, and three research laboratories. PATIENTS: Mediators were measured at various times in 15 patients with septic shock (during the shock phase and during the recovery phase), in seven patients with cardiogenic shock during the shock phase, and in seven patients with severe bacterial pneumonia on day 1 of admission. INTERVENTIONS: Blood samples were collected at various times during the course of the disease. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: TNF-alpha values were highest in the acute phase of septic shock (53 to 131 pg/mL during septic shock), while patients with bacterial pneumonia had intermediate concentrations (32 pg/mL). TNF-alpha concentrations were normal in patients with cardiogenic shock. IL-6 concentrations were highest in patients with acute septic shock (85 to 385 pg/mL). However, in contrast to TNF-alpha concentrations, IL-6 concentrations were normal in patients with bacterial pneumonia and increased in patients with cardiogenic shock (78 pg/mL). Soluble TNF receptors were increased in all three groups vs. controls, with the highest increase in patients with septic shock. NO2-/NO3- concentrations were highest (72 to 140 mM) in patients with septic shock, and were < 40 mM in the other groups of patients. Procalcitonin concentrations were only markedly increased in patients with septic shock (72 to 135 ng/mL, compared with approximately 1 ng/mL in the three other groups). The best predictive value for septic shock was found to be the measurements of NO2-/NO3- and procalcitonin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: These observations showed that increase of proinflammatory cytokines was a consequence of inflammation, not of shock. In this study comparing various shock and infectious states, measurements of NO2-/NO3- concentration and procalcitonin concentration represented the most suitable tests for defining patients with septic shock.

Systemic levels of the T cell regulatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-12 in Bechçet's disease; soluble TNFR-75 as a biological marker of disease activity.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the levels of the T cell regulatory cytokines interleukin 10 (IL-10) and IL-12 in plasma of patients with Behçet's disease (BD), and to assess the value of cytokines and cytokine antagonists as biological markers of disease activity. METHODS: Sera/plasma of 66 consecutive outpatients with established diagnosis of BD were analyzed for the presence of IL-2R, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), soluble (s) TNF receptor (R)-55, sTNFR-75, IL-10, and IL-12 using immunological methods. Additional laboratory measurements included erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Data from the history and clinical examination were recorded to correlate cytokine levels with clinical markers of disease activity. RESULTS: 18 patients had inactive (Group I), 36 had mildly active (Group II), and 12 patients had active BD (Group III). IL-10 was elevated in 42 plasma samples (64%). The percentage of samples containing IL-10 and the median levels of IL-10 of the 3 patient groups did not differ significantly. IL-12 was detectable in plasma of 9 patients: One from Group I (5%), 3 from Group II (8%), and 5 from Group III (41%). IL-12 correlated with disease activity (difference between Groups I and III, p = 0.02, between Groups II and III, p = 0.008). ESR in patients with active disease and mildly active disease was significantly higher than values in patients with inactive disease (p = 0.03, p = 0.02, respectively), while median CRP levels were significantly different between Group I and Group III only (p = 0.006). sTNFR-75 levels were significantly different between Groups II and III (p = 0.003) and between Groups I and III (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: The elevation of plasma IL-10 in the majority of patients and the correlation of IL-12 plasma levels with disease activity suggest a pathogenic role of a TH1-type immune response in active disease. In addition, the correlation of sTNFR-75 levels with disease activity indicates that sTNFR-75 may serve as a biological marker of disease activity in BD.

Serum levels and in situ expression of TNF-alpha and TNF-alpha binding proteins in inflammatory liver diseases.

Cells respond to tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) via binding to 75-kDa (type A) and 55-kDa (type B) receptors which have different intracellular signalling pathways and can also circulate as soluble molecules. Both receptors are co-expressed in many tissues, but their relative contributions to cellular TNF responses is for most situations unknown. In patients with viral and non-viral inflammatory liver diseases serum TNF-alpha was determined by an immunoenzymetric assay and soluble type A and B TNF receptors (TNF-alpha r) by enzyme-linked immunological and biological assays (ELIBA). In addition, cellular expression of TNF and its binding proteins were studied in liver biopsies by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Secretion of TNF-alpha and upregulation of TNF-alpha r-A were particularly prominent in viral hepatitis. Strong TNF-alpha in-situ production by mononuclear cells could be demonstrated in liver biopsies from patients with acute viral hepatitis. However, TNF-alpha r-A was detected only on hepatocytes. Serum TNF-alpha r-A was elevated two-fold in relative abundance over TNF-alpha r-B and was correlated to serum TNF-alpha (r = 0.6464, P < 0.0001). Soluble TNF-alpha r levels normalized, when the viral hepatitis was cleared, and successful therapy of hepatitis B was associated with a temporary rise of TNF-alpha r-A during the initial flare of aminotransferase. Patients with alcoholic hepatitis had also evidence of TNF-alpha activation but clearly differed from patients with viral induced liver diseases: Soluble TNF-alpha r-A and TNF-alpha r-B were highly elevated in equal proportions. In situ analysis in liver biopsies revealed a distinctive pattern of TNF-alpha r expression with strong cytoplasmic staining for both TNF-alpha r-A and B on scattered hepatocytes in addition to infiltrating mononuclear cells. The data propose that TNF release during antiviral immune responses is predominantly associated with TNF-alpha r-A upregulation and shedding, whereas upregulation and shedding of TNF-alpha r-B is more prominent in alcoholic hepatitis. As cytotoxicity and apoptosis by TNF are mediated mainly via TNF-alpha r-B, our results are consistent with more severe TNF-alpha induced liver damage in alcoholic hepatitis as compared to viral hepatitis.

Evaluation of interleukin-6 and soluble receptors of tumor necrosis factor for early diagnosis of neonatal infection.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (sTNF-R) 55 and 75 in neonates as a contribution to the early diagnosis of infection. STUDY DESIGN: We prospectively measured IL-6 and sTNF-R 55 and sTNF-R 75 plasma levels in 157 newborn infants admitted to our regional neonatal center in a 3-month period and in cord blood of 131 newborn infants delivered in our obstetrics unit. C-reactive protein was sequentially determined after admission. Newborn infants were classified into four groups: group 0, not infected; group 1, possibly infected; group 2a, infected (culture positive), and group 2b, probably infected (culture negative). We looked for the optimal cutoff point of these parameters, using the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. RESULTS: IL-6 levels were significantly higher in group 2 (n = 11; median level, 250 pg/ml; range, 0 to 81,000), group 2b (n = 25; median level, 750 pg/ml; range, 0 to 180,000), and group 1 (n = 35; median level, 160 pg/ml; range 0 to 10,000), in comparison with group 0 (n = 217; median level, 0 pg/ml; range, 0 to 3400). A cutoff value of 100 pg/ml or greater obtained by the ROC method gives a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 90.3%. For inborn infants (n = 220) sampled at birth, sensitivity is 100% and specificity 92.3%. This high sensitivity persists until the twelfth hour of life. The sTNF-R 55 levels are significantly higher in group 2a (median, 12.0 ng/ml; range, 3.2 to 24.4). In group 2b (median, 7.0 ng/ml; range, 3.0 to 25.2), and in group 1 (median, 7.0 ng/ml; range, 2.5 to 18.9) than in group 0 (median, 3.9 ng/ml; range, 1.5 to 15.0), and with a cutoff value of 6 ng/ml, sensitivity is 75% and specificity 69%. The sTNF-R 75 levels are significantly higher in group 2a (median, 17.0 ng/ml; range, 7.2 to 48.8). In group 2b (median, 11.2 ng/ ml; range, (2.0 to 31.3), and in group 1 (median, 10.6 ng/ml; range, 2.0 to 33.0); than in group 0 (median, 7.0 ng/ml; range, 1 to 23.0). With a cutoff value of 9 ng/ ml, sensitivity is 80% and specificity 67%. Sensitivity of C-reactive protein is low initially but improves with time. Combining IL-6 with C-reactive protein provides the possibility of identifying the majority of infected infants in the postnatal period. CONCLUSION: A plasma IL-6 level of 100 pg/ml or greater, obtained before the twelfth hour of life, appears to be an ideal marker for detecting early-onset neonatal infection with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. After the twelfth hour, the combined determination of IL-6 and C-reactive protein may be equally useful. The sTNF-R levels appear to be less useful in the early diagnosis of infection because of their smaller magnitude of variation.

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors, IL-1 beta, and IL-8--markers of remission in rheumatoid arthritis during treatment with methotrexate.

OBJECTIVE: To examine circulating levels of cytokines and cytokine inhibitors and their production by blood mononuclear cells (MNC) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) before treatment with methotrexate (MTX) and inactive disease upon treatment as well as healthy control individuals. METHODS: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors p55 and p75 (sTNFr; p55 and p75), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were assessed by immunoassays in sera and MNC culture supernatants of 27 patients with RA with active disease before and 14 patients with inactive disease during MTX treatment, and 10 healthy controls. RESULTS: Levels of circulating IL-1ra, sTNFr p55 and p75 were higher in patients with active RA compared to those with inactive disease or controls. At the cellular level, resting MNC of patients with active RA released more IL-1 beta and IL-8, but less IL-1ra, and showed a lower ratio of IL-1ra:IL-1 beta than MNC of patients without inflammatory symptoms or healthy controls. In addition, unstimulated and in vitro lipopolysaccharide stimulated MNC cultures of patients with inactive RA released higher amounts of sTNFr p75 than MNC of patients with active RA. CONCLUSION: Circulating levels of IL-1ra and sTNFr as well as IL-1 beta, IL-8, and sTNFr p75 release from MNC and the ratio of IL-1ra:IL-1 beta production by these cells serve as markers to assess complete disease remission in patients with RA during MTX treatment.

Anti-interferon-gamma antibodies in a patient undergoing interferon-gamma treatment for systemic mastocytosis.

An 81-year-old woman with systemic mastocytosis responded to subcutaneous recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) treatment for about 6 months, when intestinal symptoms gradually recurred. A serum sample obtained 3 months later was positive for specific rIFN-gamma-binding antibodies, which had been absent at the initiation of treatment. Cessation of IFN-gamma therapy was followed by a slow decline of IFN antibody titers. The IFN-gamma antibodies were of polyclonal or oligoclonal origin, with a predominance of IgG1 and IgG2 and small amounts of IgA and IgM. They neutralized the antiviral activity of both rIFN-gamma and, less efficiently, natural IFN-gamma in vitro. The time course of the neutralizing titers paralleled the IFN-binding activity of the antibodies. Thus, like other cytokines, rIFN-gamma may be immunogenic in rare patients and elicit the formation of neutralizing antibodies that may impair the therapeutic activity of the drug and interfere with the endogenous IFN-gamma system.

Weight gain and increased concentrations of receptor proteins for tumor necrosis factor after patients with symptomatic HIV infection received fortified nutrition support.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether certain nutrients and dietary factors act as modulators of the immune system and improve the nutritional status of immunocompromised patients. DESIGN: Controlled, double-blind, crossover phase trials of the effects of a fortified formula in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Patients consumed a control formula for 4 months and a study formula for 4 months. SUBJECTS: Ten men with symptomatic HIV infection who were following stable medication regimens and had no malignancies, mycobacteriosis, or additional virus infection requiring systemic treatment. INTERVENTION: Formula fortified with alpha-linolenic acid (1.8 g/day), arginine (7.8 g/day), and RNA (0.75 g/day) and a standard formula. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Nutritional status determined by anthropometric, bioelectrical, biochemical, and dietary assessment; energy expenditure determined by indirect calorimetry; disease progression; CD4 lymphocyte counts; HIV p24 antigen plasma concentrations; tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor proteins; and compliance control parameters. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Student's t tests for paired and unpaired data. RESULTS: Fortified nutrition resulted in a weight gain (+ 2.9 kg/4 months vs -0.5 kg/4 months with the control formula, P < .05), an incorporation of eicosaenoic acid into erythrocyte cell membranes (+ 47% of baseline values, P < .05), and increased plasma arginine concentrations (96.8 +/- 45.1 vs 51.8 +/- 20.9 mumol/L, P < .01). The serum concentrations of the soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR) proteins increased during the study period (sTNFR 55 = + 0.23 vs -0.40 ng/mL, P < .001; sTNFR 75 = + 0.90 vs -0.36 ng/mL, P < .01), whereas no changes in CD4+ lymphocyte counts were observed. CONCLUSION: Increasing dietary intakes of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, L-arginine, and RNA increased body weight, possibly by modulating the negative effects of TNF.

Different pattern of local and systemic release of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators in severely injured patients with chest trauma.

BACKGROUND: Excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines has been involved in pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. DESIGN: Since injured patients with chest trauma reveal a high risk for posttraumatic acute respiratory distress syndrome, local and systemic release of proinflammatory cytokines and their naturally occurring inhibitors were determined in the early posttraumatic period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators were measured in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from 16 patients with multiple injuries including severe chest injury (Injury Severity Score of 34.4 +/- 2.3 points) and compared with healthy volunteers (n = 17). RESULTS: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha was detectable neither in plasma nor in BALF. Interleukin-1beta and interleukin-8 were significantly increased in BALF from injured patients, while plasma levels were similar in both groups. Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors p55 and p75 and interleukin-1ra were markedly elevated in plasma (p < or = 0.01) and BALF (p < or = 0.001) from injured patients compared with controls. CONCLUSION: Highly increased concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in BALF, but not in circulation, indicate a strong local inflammatory response early after multiple injuries combined with chest injury rather than severe systemic inflammation. In contrast, anti-inflammatory mechanisms seem to be activated locally and systemically.

Protection against lethal Escherichia coli bacteremia in baboons (Papio anubis) by pretreatment with a 55-kDa TNF receptor (CD120a)-Ig fusion protein, Ro 45-2081.

Fusion proteins of the human 55-kDa TNF receptor extracellular domain with hinge and C2/C3 constant domains of human IgG1 or IgG3 heavy chains were tested in a primate sepsis model. Twenty-four baboons received 4.6, or 0.2 mg/kg of TNFR5-G1,3, or placebo, before the administration of a lethal dose of live Escherichia coli. Treatment with TNFR5-G1,3 decreased 5-day mortality from 88% in the placebo group to 12% in the TNFR5-G1,3-treated animals (p < 0.01 by Fisher's exact test). Treatments with TNR5-G1 and TNFR5-G3 in doses from 0.2 to 4.6 mg/kg were efficacious. Free plasma TNF was neutralized by all treatments, but inactive TNF/TNFR5-G1,3 complexes remained in circulation for prolonged periods. TNFR5-1,3 treatments attenuated the hemodynamic disturbances, reduced fluid requirements, and decreased the systemic IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-8 responses. In addition, TNFR5-G1,3 treatment shortened the granulocytopenia and reduced the loss of cellular TNF receptors from granulocytes. The decrease in fibrinogen concentrations and increase in prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times were significantly attenuated by TNFR5-G1,3 treatment. TNFR5-G1,3 treatment markedly attenuated the rise in plasma lactate concentration. Histologic studies of TNFR5-G1,3 revealed dose-dependent protection against tissue injury by Escherichia coli administration.

Analysis of the immune reactivity of infiltrating and peripheral lymphocytes from patients with renal cell carcinoma by measuring cytokine secretion.

The immunological properties of tumour-infiltrating (TIL) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from 29 patients with renal cell carcinomas were characterized with respect to their phenotypic expression and cytokine production. TIL were isolated from mechanically disaggregated tumor material and PBL from peripheral blood by gradient centrifugation. To eliminate all non-lymphoid cells, CD3-positive cells were specifically separated from these cell fractions with anti-CD3 magnetic beads. These pure CD3-positive PBL (CD3+PBL) and TIL (CD3+TIL) were cultured with pokeweed mitogen and the levels of the cytokines interleukin-1alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-1 beta, IL-2, interferon gamma (IFNgamma), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) measured in the 4-day post-inductional cell culture supernatants. In all cell cultures a wide range of cytokine values was found, indicating a large variation in the immunological activity of the lymphocytes of each individual. When the cell cultures of the CD3+TIL and CD3+PBL were compared in each patient similar values for IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IFNgamma and TNFalpha were found. However CD3+TIL produced significantly lower levels of IL-2 than CD3+PBL upon mitogenic stimulation. This may be due to a lower CD4/CD8 ratio in the CD3+TIL as compared to the CD3+PBL. These results suggest that there are no fundamental qualitative and quantitative differences in the lymphokine-producing capacity of CD3+TIL and CD3+PBL derived from patients with renal cell carcinomas.

Cytokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood in HIV-seronegative patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

Concentrations and ex vivo production of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) and TNF soluble receptors were followed in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and blood from 10 HIV-seronegative patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and compared with values found in healthy volunteers. During the acute phase of PCP, TNF but not IL-6 or IL-1beta was detectable in BAL fluid. At that time, plasma concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines were low, whereas plasma concentrations of the anti-inflammatory cytokines were high. The ex vivo production capacity of proinflammatory cytokines was suppressed in the acute phase, in the blood as well as at the site of infection. During convalescence the production capacity of the blood cells normalized. The IL-1RA production capacity of the alveolar cells was also suppressed in the acute phase, but preserved in blood cells.

Nitric oxide-independent inhibitory effects of L-arginine analog NG-monomethy-L-arginine on the generation of interleukin-2 activated cytotoxic activity in humans.

Nitric oxide (NO) derived intracellularly from L-arginine (Arg) is indispensable for optimalgeneration of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity in rodents. Still unclear, however, is its role in humans. To address this question human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors were cultured in L-arginine free medium supplemented with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) and in the presence of exogenous L-arginine analog NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA), a specific inhibitor of the NO synthetic pathway. Cultured PBMC were tested for cytotoxic activity, proliferative capacity, and expression of phenotypic and activation markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD56 and CD25). Culture supernatants were assayed for nitrite (NO2-) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production. We found that NMMA inhibits the generation of optimal LAK cell activity when no exogenous Arg is supplied. Similar effects were also observed on proliferation, expression of IL-2 receptor induced upon rIL-2 stimulation and on TNF-alpha production. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), used as a source of exogenous NO could not overcome this effect of NMMA on LAK cell activity. NO2- production was virtually undetectable in culture supernatants. Thus, NMMA affects in an NO-independent manner rlL-2 induced LAK activity in human PBMC.

Elevated serum levels of macrophage-derived cytokines precede and accompany the onset of IDDM.

To determine whether cytokines could have a role in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), we measured serum levels of cytokines derived from T helper 1 (interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma), T helper 2 (interleukin-4 and interleukin-10) lymphocytes and macrophages (tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta) in patients before and after the onset of IDDM. Recently diagnosed IDDM patients had significantly higher levels of interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 alpha than patients with either long-standing IDDM, non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM), Graves' disease, or control subjects (p < 0.05 for all). Compared with control subjects, patients with long-standing IDDM and those with NIDDM had higher interleukin-2 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels (p < 0.01 for all). Interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 were detectable in sera of patients with Graves' disease only, while interleukin-1 beta was not detectable in the serum of any control or test subject. To investigate whether high cytokine levels precede the onset of IDDM, we studied 28 non-diabetic identical co-twins of patients with IDDM, followed-up prospectively for up to 6 years after the diagnosis of the index. Levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 alpha were elevated above the normal range more frequently in the eight twins who developed diabetes than in those 20 who did not (p < 0.005). Analysis of T helper 1 and T helper 2 profiles of the twin groups did not reveal a clear difference between prediabetic twins and twins remaining non-diabetic. These results support the notion that T helper 1 lymphocytes may play a role in the development of IDDM. This is associated with release of macrophage-derived cytokines, which is also a feature of the prediabetic period. The lack of evidence of a dominant T helper 1 profile of cytokine release before diabetes onset suggests that additional events, activating this arm of the cellular immune response, are required in the immediate prediabetic period.

Cytokine production in leukocyte cultures during therapy with Echinacea extract.

We measured the levels of the cytokines IL-1-alpha, IL-1-beta, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma in culture supernatants of stimulated whole blood cells derived from 23 tumor patients undergoing a 4-week oral treatment with a spagyric extract from Echinacea angustifolia, Eupatorium perfoliatum, and Thuja occidentalis (Echinacea complex). All patients had had curative surgery for a localized solid malignant tumor. Blood was taken before treatment and after 2 and 4 weeks of therapy. Twelve untreated tumor patients at the same clinical stage, also after curative surgery, served as a control group. In the blood cell cultures of all patients, a rather wide range of cytokine levels was found. After therapy with Echinacea complex, no significant alteration in the production of the cytokines could be seen in comparison to the controls, and also the leukocyte populations remained constant. We conclude that at this application and dosage, the therapy with Echinacea complex has no detectable effect on tumor patients' lymphocytes activity as measured by their cytokine production.