Violent Discipline Behaviors in Mothers of Preschool Children in Malatya, East Anatolia.

Violent parenting behavior, whether physical or psychological, give harms to child well-being. This study was conducted to describe and compare the prevalence of discipline methods used by mothers of 2- to 5-year-old children in Malatya, Turkey. This is a cross sectional study and 552 mothers were administered a face-to-face questionnaire describe the methods they use to discipline their children in the year previous the survey. It was observed that nine of 10 women used violence on their children physically and psychologically. The study showed that nine of 10 mothers used physical and/or psychological punishment toward their children in the previous year. Nonviolent discipline was less prevalent than punitive discipline, such as psychological and physical punishment. The most commonly used method was psychological punishment. Significant sociodemographic associations with discipline methods were found. Mother's educational level, family income, child gender, and child age were the independent predictors that explained discipline methods used by mothers. Starting parenting classes and strengthening the child protection systems at national level were suggested.

Neuroprotective effects of the new Na channel blocker rs100642 in global ischemic brain injury.

INTRODUCTION: RS100642, a mexiletine analogue, is a novel sodium channel blocker with neuroprotective and antioxidant activities. The protectivity of RS100642, which has been shown against focal cerebral ischemia, was investigated in global cerebral ischemia in this study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Global cerebral ischemia was induced for five minutes in adult male Wistar Albino rats via the 4-vessel occlusion method. Intravenous administration of 1 mg/kg RS100642 following reperfusion for 30 min (RS100642 group) was compared with a sham treatment group (ischemia group) and nonischemized group (control) histologically based on morphology and caspase-3 immunohistochemistry, and biochemically based both on measurement of oxidative stress including malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities and on assessment of apoptosis including caspase-3 and -8 activities and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels at the end of 6 h. RESULTS: While the RS100642 group had significantly lower MDA levels and higher SOD activities than the sham treatment group (p < 0.05), GPx and CAT activities of the RS100642 and sham treatment groups were similar (p > 0.05) and significantly lower than those of the controls (p < 0.05). Necrosis and caspase-3 activity and immunoreactivity in the RS100642 group were significantly lower than those in the sham treatment group (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference between groups regarding caspase-8 and TNF-α (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Na+ channel blockade by RS100642 has remarkable neuroprotective effects following global brain ischemia/reperfusion damage. Further research is required to determine the optimum dose and time of administration.

The Treatment Approach and Social Support Needs for Patients with Breast Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women both in developed and developing countries. It has a higher mortality rate in low and middle income countries due to the late-stage diagnosis. The principal aim of this study was to investigate what patients with breast cancer did before presenting to Turgut Özal Medical Center and its relationship with late stage diagnosis. The study also aimed to identify the level of patients' perceived social support. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 200 patients with breast cancer who were treated at the chemotherapy unit during 2013 and 2014. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 51.16±1.10 years and 60% of the women were graduates of elemantary school. The majority of patients (69.5%) noticed breast mass as the first symptom and 56.5% were diagnosed at later stages. Thirty-four percent of the patients delayed their visit to a health care centers after realizing the first symptom. No statistically significant relationship was determined between women's education level, residential area, age, the first symptom noticed, stages of tumor, and patients and system-related delay (p>0.05). In terms of family history of breast cancer, there was a significant difference between patient-related and system-related delays (p<0.05). The family support score (24.8±4.6) was higher than those of friends and husbands (23.8±5.5, 21.3±6.4, respectively). The husband support score was statistically different in terms of intimacy between women and their husbands after disease (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that overcoming barriers related to patients and the system will lead to early-stage diagnosis, which in turn will result in higher survival rates of patients with breast cancer. As awareness and knowledge level of women about cancer increases, they will visit health care centers earlier where they can receive more comprehensive treatment.

The cellular immunity and oxidative stress markers in early pregnancy loss.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether changes in cellular immunity and oxidative stress in pregnancy have any association with spontaneous miscarriage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Circulating adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity as a marker of cellular immunity and malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as markers of T lymphocyte activation and parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense were compared between 40 women with early pregnancy loss and another 40 women with ungoing healthy pregnancy. RESULTS: Women with miscarriage had higher serum ADA and GPx levels when compared with women with normal pregnancy (p = 0.034 and p < 0.001, respectively). Although serum MDA level was slightly higher in women with miscarriage, the difference was not significant (p = 0.083). CAT levels were alike in both groups. CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated an increased cellular immunity and perhaps a compensated oxidative stress related to increased antioxidant activation in women with early spontaneous pregnancy loss.

Circulating and myometrial markers of oxidative stress in pregnant women with fetal growth restriction.

AIM: The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between fetal growth restriction (FGR) and oxidative stress. The mechanisms that protect against oxidative stress in the local microenvironment were investigated by comparing the activities of the markers, both in the circulation and myometrium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Myometrial tissue and serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), xanthine oxidase (XO), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) markers were measured in 20 FGR and 20 healthy pregnancies. RESULTS: The mean duration of gestation at delivery was shorter (P = 0003) and the mean birthweight was lower P < 0001) in the FGR study group compared with the control group, as expected. While MDA and CAT concentrations were higher in the serum (P < 0.02 and P < 0.01, respectively), but lower in the myometrial samples (P < 0.01) in the FGR versus the control group, XO and myometrial SOD values were comparable in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although our data demonstrated that FGR is associated with oxidative stress, the exact role and mechanism of the oxidant and antioxidant imbalance is obscure. We speculate that despite limited local synthesis of CAT, effective and efficient removal of MDA in the uterine environment explains high MDA and CAT serum concentrations in women with FGR. Alternatively, a well-functioning myometrial system could rescue the fetus from reactive oxygen species, as demonstrated by lowered MDA and depleted CAT resulting from hyperconsumption. Elevated serum MDA and CAT levels in the serum may reflect the 'spillover' of these markers from the uterus to the circulation.

Evaluation of the effects of novel nafimidone derivatives on thermal hypoalgesia in mice with diabetic neuropathy.

OBJECTIVE: Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a common complication in Diabetes Mellitus. The streptozotocin-induced diabetic rodent is the most commonly used animal model of diabetes and increased sodium channel expression and activity were revealed in this model. At this study, we evaluated the effect of three different nafimidone derivatives which have possible anticonvulsant activity on disorders of thermal pain sensation in diabetic mice. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized animal experiment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mice were divided randomly into five groups (5 mice per group): Control, Diabetes, Dibetes+C1, Diabetes+C2, Diabetes+C3. We used hot and cold plate, and tail-immersion tests for assessment of thermal nociceptive responses. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the hot-plate response time and the number of paw liftings on cold plate as important indicators of loss of sensation increased, but no significant difference (p>0.05) was found in tail-immersion response time test in diabetes group. C3 compound moved it back to control group levels in the all of three tests. C1 and C2 compounds were effective only in cold-plate test. CONCLUSION: Nafimidone derivatives may be effective in the cases where epilepsy and diabetes occur together since it has shown efficacy against "loss of sensation" which evolves in diabetic neuropathy over time as well as its antiepileptic effect.

The prevalence of nutritional anemia in pregnancy in an east Anatolian province, Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Anemia is considered a severe public health problem by World Health Organization when anemia prevalence is equal to or greater than 40% in the population. The purpose of this study was to determine the anemia prevalence with the associated factors in pregnant women and to determine the serum iron, folate and B12 vitamin status in anaemic pregnants in Malatya province. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional survey. A multi-sage stratified probability-proportional-to-size cluster sampling methodology was used. A total of 823 pregnant women from sixty clusters were studied. Women were administered a questionnaire related with the subject and blood samples were drawn. Total blood count was performed within four hours and serum iron, folate and B12 vitamin were studied after storing sera at -20 C for six months. RESULTS: Anemia prevalence was 27.1% (Hb < 11.0 gr/dl). Having four or more living children (OR = 2.2), being at the third trimester (OR = 2.3) and having a low family income (OR = 1.6) were determined as the independent predictors of anemia in pregnancy. Anemia was also associated with soil eating (PICA) in the univariate analysis (p < 0.05). Of anaemic women, 50.0% had a transferrin saturation less than 10% indicating iron deficiency, 34.5% were deficient in B12 vitamin and 71.7% were deficient in folate. Most of the anemias were normocytic-normochromic (56.5%) indicating mixed anemia. CONCLUSIONS: In Malatya, for pregnant women anemia was a moderate public health problem. Coexisting of iron, folate and B vitamin deficiencies was observed among anaemics. To continue anemia control strategies with reasonable care and diligence was recommended.

Comparison of plasma malondialdehyde, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, hydroxyproline and selenium levels in patients with vitiligo and healthy controls.

BACKGROUND: The etiology and pathophysiologic mechanism of vitiligo are still unclear. The relationship between increased oxidative stress due to the accumulation of radicals and reactive oxygen species and the associated changes in blood and epidermal component of vitiliginous skin have been reported many times. We investigated the possible changes of plasma malondialdehyde, glutathione, selenium, hydroxyproline and glutathione peroxidase activity levels in patients with vitiligo in order to evaluate the relationship between oxidative stress and etiopathogenesis of vitiligo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plasma malondialdehyde, glutathione, hydroxyproline and glutathione peroxidase activity levels were measured by spectrophotometric methods, and HPLC was used for measurement of selenium concentrations. RESULTS: Our results showed increased malondialdehyde, hydroxyproline and glutathione peroxidase activity levels in plasma of vitiligo group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Support of antioxidant system via nonenzymatic antioxidant compounds and antioxidant enzymes may be useful to prevent of melanocyte degeneration which occur due to oxidative damage in vitiligo.

[Prevalence of depressive symptoms, ways of coping, and related factors among medical school and health services higher education students]. / Tip Fakültesi ve Saglik Yüksekokulu Ogrencilerinde Depresif Belirti Yayginligi, Stresle Basaçikma Tarzlari ve Etkileyen Faktörler.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to explore the prevalence of depressive symptoms, ways of coping, and their relationships to sociodemographic variables among students of the Medical Faculty (MF) and the Health Services Higher Education School (HSHES) at Inönü University. METHOD: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Styles of Coping Inventory (SCI), and a sociodemographic questionnaire were used. RESULTS: Among the HSHES students (n = 128), the prevalence of depressive symptoms was higher. The MF students whose fathers had a higher level of education had higher BDI scores. The MF students from families with lower levels of income had a higher frequency of depressive symptoms. In both groups, the students with previous histories of psychiatric and physical ilness had higher BDI scores. Among the MF students, older age (OR = 2.72), and among the HSHES students, having a previous history of psychiatric disorder (OR = 5.25) and female gender (OR = 1.85) affected the prevalence of depressive symptoms. The HSHES students used passive styles of coping more frequently. Active coping styles were used more frequently by the male students in both groups. The HSHES students whose mothers had lower levels of education, had higher passive coping style scores; active coping styles and higher family income correlated positively. In both groups, BDI and active styles scores correlated positively. Passive styles were used more frequently by male and female students that had a higher frequency of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: The rate of mental health problems was quite high among the students. Preventive mental health programs should be developed and implemented.

Prevalence of goiter and urinary iodine status of 7-11-year-old children in Malatya province, Turkey.

Goiter prevalence and urinary iodine excretion levels were assessed in 568 schoolchildren (317 boys and 251 girls), aged 7-11 years, living in the Malatya province, a well-known endemic goiter area in Turkey. Five hundred sixty-eight children aged 7-11 years consented to thyroid gland palpation and provided a urine sample on the day of examination in April 2004. Median urinary iodine concentration for the total group was 66 microg/L. There was an association between presence of goiter or not and urinary iodine levels (67 microg/L versus 62 microg/L, p=0.000). The median urinary iodine concentration was lower in rural areas than in urban areas (54.6 microg/L versus 59.7 microg/L, respectively) and schoolchildren living in rural areas had significantly lower urinary iodine levels (p=0.000). In conclusion, the present study reports mild iodine deficiency in the Malatya province, despite a mandatory iodization program in Turkey which has been in force since 1998.

Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in stomach cancer.

BACKGROUND: Considerable evidences have linked oxidative damage and cancer. In this article, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide metabolites' levels (NO(x)) were investigated in patients with stomach cancer. METHODS: All measurments were done by spectrophotometric techniques. RESULTS: We observed a significant decrease in the activities of SOD and CAT in tumour tissues when compared with control tissues. The different of GSHPx activities and NO metabolite' levels were not statistically significant. MDA levels were significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that increased MDA levels and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities can be valuable parameters in assessing the possible risk of cancer.

Physical, emotional and sexual violence during pregnancy in Malatya, Turkey.

BACKGROUND: In Turkey, violence against women was established as a critical area of concern related to women and various prevention strategies have been developed since 1980. There are limited numbers of studies on violence during pregnancy in the country. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of physical, emotional and sexual violence during pregnancy in Malatya province and the associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional interview survey was conducted among pregnant women living in Malatya province between October 2003 and May 2004. Stratified probability-proportional-to-size sampling methodology was used for selecting the study population. A total of 824 pregnant women from 60 clusters were studied. Association between violence prevalences and womens' sociodemographic, fertility and behavioural characteristics were evaluated. RESULTS: During pregnancy 31.7% of women were exposed to any form of violence. Emotional violence was the most frequently reported form (26.7%), followed by sexual (9.7%) and physical violence (8.1%). Regular smoking [odds ratio (OR) 1.6], unwanted pregnancy (OR 1.8), living in urban area (OR 1.5), low education level of husband (OR 1.7), low family income (OR 1.9) and being in second trimester (OR 1.4) were determined to be the main predictors of overall violence during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Violence during pregnancy is a common public health problem in Malatya. Low education level in partners, low family income, husband's unemployment, urban settlement, unwanted pregnancy and smoking should alert health staff towards violence at pregnancy and training of health personnel on the subject is recommended.

AIDS awareness and knowledge among married women living in Malatya (Turkey): implications for province-based prevention programs.

The study was performed in 2003 to obtain baseline information on married women's knowledge of AIDS/HIV in Malatya, Turkey. The aim was to reach 1% of the population by covering 1200 married women out of 120,034 whose ages ranged from 15-49. Stratified systematic random sampling was used according to 17 health center lists. Although median HIV/AIDS knowledge score was found to be 70 (highest score was 100), it was also seen that clinical properties of the disease were not recognized adequately. The main resources of knowledge were visual (93%) and printed material (35%). These findings show that media based information does not seem to be sufficient. Therefore, it is recommended that health education should be inserted in the school curriculum and health personnel should inform the women.

Comparison of chemopreventive effects of Vitamin E plus selenium versus melatonin in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mouse brain damage.

In this work, the protective effect of Vitamin E plus selenium (Vit E+Se) and melatonin against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (7,12-DMBA)-induced changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), catalase (CAT) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) activities and malonedialdehyde (MDA) levels of mouse brain were compared. 12-month old mice were divided into four groups each including 10 animals. The first group served as control group. The second group was treated with 7,12-DMBA (20 mg/(kg day)). The third group was treated with 7,12-DMBA and Vitamin E (90 microg/(individual day)) and selenium (1.8 microg/(individual day)) simultaneously. The fourth group was treated with 7,12-DMBA and melatonin (4.2 mg/(kg day)) simultaneously. Treatment continued for 21 days after which the mice were sacrificed and brain homogenates were prepared. 7,12-DMBA treated group exhibited significantly decreased levels of brain SOD, GSHPx, CAT and CA activities and increased MDA levels as compared to control. Vitamin E+Se fully or partially restored enzyme inhibition except for SOD. Lipid peroxidation was also reduced in Vitamin E+Se treated group. Melatonin provided a better protection for SOD, GSHPx and CAT, and a plausible protection for CA activity. Protection against lipid peroxidation measured as MDA in melatonin treated group was appreciable although slightly lesser than the protection provided by Vitamin E+Se. The results imply that Vitamin E+Se and melatonin both provide chemoprevention against 7,12-DMBA-induced oxidative stress in mouse brain.

University hospital physicians' attitudes and practices for smoking cessation counseling in Malatya, Turkey.

The aim of the study is to determine attitudes and self-reported practices performance for smoking cessation counseling of the physicians working at a university hospital in Malatya, Turkey. All physicians who were providing health care to adult patients in 19 outpatient clinics at the hospital were administered a self-reported questionnaire. Of the physicians, 26.5% reported that they were always asking about their patients' smoking history and 22.6% were always advising their smoker patients to quit. Men non-smoker physicians more often practiced counseling than men smoker physicians. Negative attitudes of physicians about smoking cessation counseling negatively effected their practices. Negative attitudes were significantly higher among men smoker physicians than non-smokers but attitudes did not differ among female smoker and non-smoker physicians. The findings showed that smoking cessation counseling was rarely practiced by physicians and physicians' practices differed by their smoking behavior, departments and attitudes towards smoking cessation.

The levels of plasma and salivary antioxidants in the patient with recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

BACKGROUND: Despite plenty of research, the cause of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) remains obscure. It has been proposed that, the aetiological factors such as local trauma, smoking, vitamin deficiencies and viral infections lead to aphthae formation via final common pathway based on increased oxidative stress. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) alterations in plasma and saliva, and in addition uric acid (UA) in saliva, in patients with RAS and healthy controls. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with RAS and 30 healthy controls were included into the study. The SOD, CAT, GSHPx and UA levels were measured in plasma and saliva in study and control groups. RESULTS: In the RAS group, although the mean SOD (P<0.001) and CAT (P<0.05) levels of plasma were lower, GSHPx (P<0.001) levels were higher than control group. The salivary concentrations of the SOD (P<0.001), CAT (P<0.05) and GSHPx (P<0.001) in RAS group were entirely opposite to plasma concentrations. UA were not significant between RAS group and controls. CONCLUSION: Since we found salivary SOD and CAT levels were high whereas plasma levels were low, it has been thought that, salivary defence mechanisms via antioxidant agents may be stimulated against to the ulcerous lesion. We consider that the organism might mobilize the antioxidant potential to the sites where they were needed. At this point, decrease of SOD and CAT levels in the plasma may be related to this shift. It is also thought that GSHPx secretion in the saliva may also be increased but the increase in its turnover may be responsible for the diminished activity.