Mechanisms of weight-loss effect in obese mice by the endogenous cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist beta-caryophyllene.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological activities in the body, such as metabolism and energy uptake, and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CNR2) is one of these receptors that is predominantly distributed in the periphery. ß-caryophyllene (BCP) is an agonist of CNR2 which is known to possess pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, we wanted to investigate whether BCP possesses pharmacological effects on obese mice and its mechanism. METHODS: Reversed feeding rhythm, propylthiouracil was delivered intraperitoneally, and BCP was gavaged once daily for four weeks to establish a hyperlipidemic obese mouse model. A glucose tolerance test, lipid level measurements, liver, peritoneal, and subcutaneous fat removal, HE and Oil Red O staining of the liver, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining with an anti-CNR2 antibody were all carried out. The liver was examined using tools like GO and KEGG databases for differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways linked to medication effectiveness. RESULTS: BCP had significant effects on weight reduction and improvement of dyslipidemia. What's more, it significantly reduced body fat percentage, improved steatosis and ballooning of liver cells, and reduced fat accumulation, while inhibiting the proliferation of peri-abdominal adipocytes. BCP exerted its effects to improve dyslipidemia and reduce body weight probably through circadian regulation and cholesterol metabolic pathways. Finally, and its efficacy in improving dyslipidemia and reducing body weight may be mainly through activating CNR2, activating SIRT1/PGC-1α/PPARγ and SIRT1/AMPK pathways. CONCLUSION: BCP activates the CNR2, SIRT1/PGC-1α/PPARγ signaling pathway, and SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway to exert dyslipidemia-improving and weight-loss effects.

Flavonoid compounds improve hippocampal neuro-genesis and cognitive dysfunction in mice / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the improve-ment functions of flavonoid compounds on temozolomide(TMZ)-,aging-or AD model-induced dysregulation of hip-pocampal NSC lineage progression,retardancy of den-dritic spine maturation in new-born neurons,as well as impairment of hippocampal-related learning and memory.METHODS We applied 30-week-old neural stem cell(NSC)specific promoter Nestin-GFP and NestinCreERT2:Rosa26-LSL-tdTomato transgenic mice and 16-week-old AD model 5XFAD transgenic mice,together with hippo-campal microinjection(ih),endogenous fluorescence trac-ing and immunofluorescent staining.RESULTS Both fla-vonoid compound A and its functional derivative flavo-noid compound B dose-dependently improved TMZ-,aging-or AD-induced defects of hippocampal NSC lin-eage progression and the maturation of dendritic spines of newborn neurons,thereby improving hippocampus related learning and memory.CONCLUSION This paper provides a new idea and treatment strategy for the devel-opment of new flavonoids that can promote neurogene-sis for neurodegenerative diseases and aging.

Cognitive and Brain Gray Matter Changes in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Voxel-Based Morphological Study.

BACKGROUND: To explore the neural difference between children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and healthy controls, together with the relation between this difference and clinical severity indicator of children with OSA. METHODS: Twenty-seven children with OSA (7.6 ± 2.5 years, apnea hypopnea index [AHI]: 9.7 ± 5.3 events/h) and 30 healthy controls (7.8 ± 2.6 years, AHI: 1.7 ± 1.2 events/h) were recruited and matched with age, gender, and handedness. All children underwent 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and cognitive testing evaluating. Volumetric segmentation of cortical and subcortical structures and voxel-based morphometry were performed. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed between these features of gray matter volume (GMV) and obstructive apnea index (OAI) among children with OSA. RESULTS: In the comparison of children's Wechsler test scores of full-scale intelligence quotient and verbal intelligence quotient, the OSA group was significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the GMV of many brain regions in the OSA group was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In the correlation analysis of GMV and OAI in OSA group, right inferior frontal gyrus volume was significantly negatively correlated with OAI (r = - 0.49, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Children with OSA presented abnormal neural activities in some brain regions and impaired cognitive functions. This finding suggests an association between the OSA and decreased GMV in children.

Immunotherapy research progress of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma / 国际外科学杂志

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is a primary hepatic malignant tumor with high malignancy and poor prognosis. In addition to surgical resection, there are no clear studies showing that there are other effective treatments. In recent years, with the deepening of the research on the immune mechanism of various malignant tumors, immunotherapy has been gradually attached importance to various anti-solid tumor treatments, and has also become an important direction in the treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. The important role of tumor microenvironment in the immunotherapy of malignant tumors is gradually recognized. In this paper, the characteristics of immune microenvironment in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma has been summarized, and the application of immunotherapy in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma has been reviewed, with emphasis on the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines and adoptive cellular immunotherapy.

Clinical study of congenital laryngopharyngeal structural abnormalities in neonatal intensive care unit / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To summarize the clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of neonates with laryngopharyngeal congenital structural abnormalities in intensive care unit.Methods:The clinical data of neonates with congenital laryngopharyngeal structural abnormalities in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the National Center of Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2017 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.The general data, birth status, disease types and clinical characteristics of abnormal laryngeal structure, complications, treatment and follow-up of some children with special diseases were summarized.These neonates were divided into the operation group and the conservative treatment group according to treatment methods, and then the outcomes of the two groups were compared.Results:A total of 133 cases of neonates with laryngopharyngeal congenital structural abnormalities were enrolled, including 73 cases(54.88%) with laryngomalacia, and 60 cases(45.12%) with special structural abnormalities.Of 60 cases with special structural abnormalities, 26 cases (19.54%) had pharynx and larynx cysts, 18 cases (13.53%) had vocal cord paralysis, 4 cases (3.00%) had laryngeal cleft, 2 cases (1.50%) had subglottic hemangioma, 3 cases (2.25%) had Pireer Robin, 1 case (0.75%) had laryngeal poof, 5 cases (3.75%) had pharynx softening, 1 case (0.75%) had subglottic stenosis.Nine patients had special structural abnormalities and laryngomalacia simultaneously.Fiber nasopharyngoscope and enhanced CT were main auxiliary examinations.Twenty-two(16.5%) cases received surgical treatment.Conclusions:Early diagnosis is needed for the neonates and abnormal laryngeal structure.The best treatment scheme should be evaluated according to the condition of the newborn.For some acute cases, early operation and multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment are warranted.

Effects of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase on human umbilical vein endothelial cell apoptosis / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective To observe the changes of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) expression on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) apoptosis and investigate its relationship with apoptosis. Methods The HUVEC was cultured normally for 2-3 days. The apoptotic model of HUVEC was established by tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide (tBHP). The HUVEC was treated by different concentrations of tBHP (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 μmol/L) for 12 hours and different time (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 hours) with 50 μmol/L tBHP to establish the apoptotic model of HUVEC. The cell viability was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT), the mRNA expression of SCAD was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the protein expression of SCAD was achieved by Western Blot. The best concentrate and time were determined to interfere the HUVEC to achieve the apoptotic model of HUVEC. The SCAD gene of HUVEC was knocked down by RNA interference sequence (siRNA274, siRNA414, siRNA679). The mRNA expression of SCAD, the protein expression of SCAD and the activity of SCAD enzyme were detected to achieve the best RNA interference sequence. The HUVEC was intervened by the best RNA interference sequence and tBHP. The cell activity and apoptosis rate, the enzyme activity of SCAD, the mRNA and protein expression of SCAD, the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS), aderosine triphosphate (ATP) and free fatty acid (FFA) were detected to observe the effect of SCAD on apoptosis of HUVEC. Results ① The cell viability, the mRNA expression and the protein expression of SCAD were decreased gradually in a concentration and time dependent manner with the increase of tBHP concentration and the prolongation of intervention time. The decline was most significant in the group of the 50 μmol/L tBHP to interfere HUVEC for 12 hours. ② The siRNA679 transfection was the most significant in reducing SCAD mRNA and protein expressions among the three interference sequences (siRNA274, siRNA414, siRNA679). ③ Compare with blank control group, the cell viability was significantly decreased in the siRNA679 group (A value: 0.48±0.09 vs. 1.00±0.09, P < 0.01), the apoptotic rate of HUVEC was significantly increased [(29.96±2.09)% vs. (2.90±1.90)%, P < 0.01], the expression of SCAD mRNA and SCAD protein, the activity of SCAD enzyme and the content of ATP were significantly decreased [SCAD mRNA (2-ΔΔCt): 0.50±0.16 vs. 1.34±0.12, SCAD/α-Tubulin: 0.67±0.11 vs. 1.00±0.06, the activity of SCAD enzyme (kU/g): 0.38±0.04 vs. 0.53±0.04, the content of ATP (μmol/g): 0.14±0.02 vs. 0.19±0.01, all P < 0.05], the contents of FFA and ROS were significantly increased [FFA (nmol/g): 0.84±0.07 vs. 0.47±0.04, ROS (average fluorescence intensity): 647.5±23.7 vs. 434.2±46.5, both P < 0.01]. Meanwhile, SCAD siRNA treatment triggered the same apoptosis as HUVEC treated with tBHP. Conclusions Down-regulation of SCAD may play an important role in HUVEC apoptosis. Increase in the expression of SCAD may become an important part in intervening HUVEC apoptosis.

The prevalence of snoring and its related family factors of children from 3 to 14 years old in Beijing / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective@#To investigate the snoring status and related family factors of children from 3 to 14 years old in Beijing.@*Methods@#From May to July, 2015, data of children from 3 to 14 years old were obtained from a status survey from 7 districts(Xicheng, Chaoyang, Changping, Shunyi, Fangshan, Huairou and Mentougou) in Beijing. A total of 11 420 children from 25 primary and middle schools were randomly selected. Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) and a self-administered questionnaire were carried out for the adopted children. Self-administered questionnaire included the snoring related family factors. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odd ratio(OR) with 95% confidence intervals for variables.@*Results@#A total of 9 198 children meet the inclusion criteria and are analyzed in the study, of whom 901 (9.80%) were found with snoring behavior. The incidence of boys is higher than girls. Obese children take higher risk of snoring. Compared with younger children (≤6 years old), older children (≥12 years old) have a significantly lower risk of snoring (OR=0.464, 95%CI 0.368-0.585). There is no statistical association between full-term infants, infant feeding pattern, parental cigarette smoking and child snoring.The children with family history of snoring have a significantly higher risk of snoring occurrence. The educational background of mother is statistically related to children snoring (OR=1.241, 95%CI 1.058-1.457).@*Conclusions@#The incidence of children snoring in Beijing is 9.80%, male gender, obesity, and young age are all risk factors for children snoring. There is a significantly statistical relationship between snoring and related family factors, such as family snoring history and education experience.

Analysis of sleep quality and related factors among children in Beijing / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective@#To investigate the sleep quality of children in Beijing and to analyze the related factors.@*Methods@#The data were collected from the survey of 3-14 years old children in 7 urban districts of Beijing in 2015. By using multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method, 26 kindergartens and primary and secondary schools in 7 districts and counties, including Xicheng, Chaoyang, Changping, Shunyi, Fangshan, Huairou and Mentougou, were randomly selected, with a total of 11 420 children. Children′s sleep status was investigated with Children′s Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ), and the proportion of children with sleep quality problems when the PSQ score was greater than 7. Various sleep related factors were investigated with self-made questionnaire. A multilevel model was used to analyze the relationship between PSQ score and related factors.@*Results@#The average PSQ score of the children was 3.60±2.69. The proportion of children with sleep quality problems was 8.87%(816/9 198). Multilevel model analysis showed that the younger the children, the higher the PSQ score (<6 years old vs. 6~12 years old vs. >12 years old: 3.94±2.58 vs. 3.58±2.66 vs. 3.30±2.84, F=33.015, P<0.001); male PSQ score higher than female (3.89±2.75 vs. 3.30±2.60, t=10.560, P<0.001); and snoring, obesity, father/mother snoring, playing games before bed, surfing the internet, eating and other factors were statistically related to PSQ.@*Conclusions@#Sleep quality of children in Beijing should not be neglected, especially preschool children with high PSQ scores. Parents should pay attention to children′s snoring problems and try to reduce some pre-sleep behaviors that may affect sleep quality.

Study on the correlation between sleep snoring and intelligence level in 4-6 years old children / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

OBJECTIVE Aim to evaluate the mental level in 4-6 years old children with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS). METHODS Children who were diagnosed as OSAHS with a whole night PSG monitor in the sleep center between January 2015 and August 2016, and 30 healthy children were included in the study. Intelligent levels were evaluated at the enrollment day. The following intelligent levels evaluation questionnaires were used: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children and infants. Intelligent levels were compared between the patient and healthy control groups. RESULTS The 60 children, including 30 children with OSAHS(patient group) and 30 healthy children(control group) were enrolled. Comparison of the patient versus the control groups revealed that total intelligence quotient(FIQ) was 96.59±12.60 vs 102.53±8.44; language capability(VIQ) was 94.00±13.24 vs 101.03±9.41; comprehension test was 5.96±2.5 vs 7.57±2.14; visual analysis was 8.85±2.32 vs 10.3±1.93. All the 4 values in the patient group were significantly lower than those in the control group(all P ＜0.05). The accumulated time of SO2＜90％ correlated with PIQ negatively and significantly. CONCLUSION The intelligent level of children with OSAHS was in the normal range, but lower than that of healthy group. Snoring affects the IQ level of 4-6 years old children, and the influence on PIQ is closely related to the accumulated time of SO2＜90％ in total sleep time.

The prevalence of snoring and its association with academic performance among school-aged children in Beijing / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the snoring status of school-aged children in Beijing and explore the association of snoring and academic performance.@*Methods@#A total of 7 925 children aged from 6 to 14 were selected from 15 primary and middle schools at 7 districts (Xicheng, Chaoyang, Changping, Shunyi, Fangshan, Huairou and Mentougou) in Beijing in 2015, using multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method. The recruited children were asked to complete the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) and a questionnaire related to sleep behavior. The multiplelogistic regression was used to analyze the association of snoring and academic performance.@*Results@#A total of 794 (12.44%) children showed a decline in academic performance among 6 383 eligible respondentsfor data analysis. 580 (9.08%) children with snoring was identified, of which 333 and 247 were in frequency of 1-2 times per week and frequency of ≥3 times per week, respectively; 357, 170 and 53 were in snoring grade Ⅰ, grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ, respectively. Compared with the children without snoring, the OR (95%CI) for children with 1-2 times per week and ≥3 times per week was 1.363 (1.000-1.857) and 1.605 (1.135-2.269), respectively; and the OR (95%CI) for children with grade Ⅰ, grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ of snoring was 1.226 (0.893-1.683), 1.595 (1.062-2.397) and 2.31 (1.17-4.565), respectively.@*Conclusion@#There is a statistical relationship between snoring and the decline of academic performance. The decline of academic performance positively associated with increased frequency and grade of snoring.

Laryngotracheal stenosis in children / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Laryngotracheal stenosis includes congenital laryngotracheal stenosis and secondary laryngotracheal stenosis. Congenital laryngotracheal anomalies are rare, accounting for 0.3%-1.0% of all laryngotracheal stenosis(LTS). Despite the management of pediatric LTS over the past 30 years had been considerable improved, primary surgery still failed in a significant number of complex LTS cases. In some severe LTS cases combined with glottic stenosis, the primary surgery failed around 30%, even with the latest available techniques. Children with LTS usually need multiple operations, and need the tracheostomy tube for months or even years. Therefore, the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of laryngotracheal stenosis are summarized in this paper.

Metformin inhibits myocardial hypertrophy by up-regulating glutathione-S-transferase μ2 / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

AIM:To observe the effect of metformin on the expression of GSTM2 in spontaneously hypertensive rats,and to investigate the mechanism of the reversal of myocardial hypertrophy by metformin.METHODS:Sixteen weeks old WistarKyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were used as the experimental control.Eight weeks old WKY and SHR were administered to metformin (Met) continuously for 8 weeks as the experimental group.Systolic pressure of rats was regularly determined by NIBP instrument of heart rate and blood pressure.The hemodynamic parameters were tested by BL-420 biological experimental system and 4 track physiological recorders.The weights of left ventricle and rats were collected to calculate the left ventricular mass index.The activity of GSTM2 enzyme in left ventricle was detected by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The protein expression of GSTM2 and p47phox and Nox4 in left ventricle were investigated by Western blot.The O2·-levels were measured by staining with dihydroethidium (DHE).RESULTS:Compared with the experimental control,the blood pressure and left ventricular mass index and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) increased in SHR;the maximal rate of increase and decrease of left-ventricle pressure development (± dp/dt max) decreased significantly in SHR;the protein expression and enzyme activity of left ventricular GSTM2 were significantly decreased;the expression of p47phox,Nox4 and the generation of O2·-were significantly increased in the left ventricles of SHR;the value of P was less than 0.01 and the difference was statistically significant.Compared with the SHR group,the SHR were administered with metformin (Met) continuously for 8 weeks.The left ventricular mass index and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure(LVEDP) decreased observably in SHR administration group;the maximal rate of increase and decrease of left-ventricle pressure development(± dp/dt max) increased in SHR administration group;the protein expression and enzyme activity of left ventricular GSTM2 were significantly increased in SHR administration group.the expression of p47phox,Nox4 and the generation of O2·-was significantly decreased in the left ventricles of SHR administration group;the value of P was less than 0.01 and the difference was statistically significant.CONCLUSION:Metformin can significantly reverse the myocardial hypertrophy in SHR,which might be associated with the up-regulation of GSTM2 expression,decrease the expression of p47phox,Nox4 and O2·-generation,elimination of oxidative stress.

Diagnosis and treatment of esophageal perforation induced by esophageal foreign body in children / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To discuss the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal perforation induced by esophageal foreign body.@*METHOD@#Ten patients, who were diagnosed as esophageal foreign body and esophageal perforation, were retrospectively analyzed. One patient was operated in other hospital and transferred to our department post-operation. The foreign bodies were removed through rigid esophagoscope in 7 cases and through the tracheotomy in 1 case. The last case was admitted into hospital for abscess around the esophagus. The foreign body wasn't find during the examination of rigid esophagoscope and the patient vomited out a glass foreign body after the surgery.@*RESULT@#In all cases, there were three date stones, two button batteries, one metal gear, one pin, one metal cans pull ring, one glass plate, one arc hard plastic sheet. Seven patients were cured after conservative treatment, and restored normal diet. For the rest 3 cases, patients were cured after the repair operation of tracheoesophageal fistula.@*CONCLUSION@#The esophageal perforation must be highly suspected of the esophageal foreign body with a long history, sharp shape or corrosive foreign body. The esophageal radiography may be taken to obtain the final diagnosis. The patients diagnosed as esophageal perforation must be treated with antibiotics, nasal feeding or feeding by gastrostomy, and followed-up closely. Small perforation can heal after a period of time by nasal feeding, while tracheoesophageal fistula was needed to repaire after a period of time for restoring a good physical condition in most cases.

Influencing factors for loss to follow-up in a longitudinal study on HIV incidence of female sex workers / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the loss to follow-up (LTF) rate, HIV emerging incidence and influencing factors in the longitudinal study of female sex workers (FSWs) in Kaiyuan, Yunnan, and their influence on HIV emerging incidence estimate.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The open cohort study on FSWs was launched in March 2006 and ended in June 2013 in Kaiyuan, Yunnan. Investigations were made every six months and lasted for 7 years. 661 FSWs found as HIV negative in the baseline study in March 2006 were chosen to study their LTF in the 7 year follow-up investigation. The Cox regression model was used to explore risk factors for HIV emerging infection and those for LTF. In June 2013, a survey was also conducted to explore the detailed reasons for loss to follow-up by contacting FSWs themselves.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During 1 238.5 person-years of follow-up among 661 HIV negative FSWs, the HIV incidence rate was 1.29 (95% CI: 0.74-2.10)/100 person-year, and the LFT incidence rate was 48.68 (95% CI: 44.88-52.73) /100 person-year. The multivariate analysis showed drug abuse as an independent risk factor for FSWs' infection of HIV (adjusted risk ratio = 4.15, 95% CI: 1.43-12.02); FSWs over 25 years old (adjusted risk ratio = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.57-0.81), and drug abuse (adjusted risk ratio = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.35-0.79) were found with lower LFT rate to remain in the cohort.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>High LFT rate was found in FSW cohort study in Kaiyuan, Yunnan, while the HIV infection risk exposure of the LFT group was lower than the groups of HIV follow-up. HIV prevalence of FSWs in the city might be overestimated. Causes of LFT of FSWs group required further study in the future, and the cohort follow-up retention strategy for FSWs needs to be developed.</p>

Prevalence of HIV and HCV infections in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment in Kaiyuan, Yunnan / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the risk factors for HIV and HCV infections in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in Kaiyuan,Yunnan province.Methods Patients receiving MMT in June 2014 in Kaiyuan were included in this study.The prevalence of HIV and HCV infections were calculated and logistics regression analysis was conducted to identify related risk factors.Results In June 2014,275 patients received MMT,their average duration of MMT was 4.0 ± 2.4 years.The overall HIV infection rate was 51.6％ (142/275).All the HIV infection occurred before MMT.In 275 patients,222 were infected with HCV before MMT,and 17 new HCV infections occurred during MMT.And the HIV/HCV co-infection rate was 49.1％.The results from multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the risk of HIV infection was higher in those who were unmarried/divorced/widowed (adjust OR=2.39,95％CI:1.29-4.43) and injecting drug users (adjust OR=5.52,95％CI:2.69-11.35),sharing needles with others (adjust OR=2.32,95％CI:1.04-5.18) and had longer history of drug use.For HCV infection,injecting drug use was the independence risk factor(adjust OR=11.54,95％CI:4.79-27.80).Conclnsion The prevalence of HIV,HCV infections and HIV/HCV co-infection in patients in MMT clinic were higher in Kaiyuan than in other areas in Yunnan.More intervention should be given to the patients who had history of injecting drug use.

Impact factors analysis on child neglect of children aged 3-6 year-old in rural areas of China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the major influence factors of child neglect among rural areas children aged 3-6 years in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>According to multi-stage stratified cluster sampling, distribution characteristics and the level of economic development, we randomly sampled 10 provinces, 26 cities (8 capital cities, 16 prefecture-level cities and 2 municipalities) using lottery method. Depending on the different level of economic and cultural, we sampled one medium county from each city (municipalities sampled two counties), a total of 28 counties. All towns were divided into high, medium and low three levels in accordance with economic and cultural, each level sampled one town, each conty sampled three towns, a total of 84 towns were sampled. Each town sampled 40 children, including 20 boys and 20 girls (including each 10 children aged 3 to 6, half and half boys and girls). 4 096 rural children aged 3-6 years old were sampled and surveyed of China. Based on "the Neglect Norms for Children Aged 3 to 6 Years Old in Rural Areas of China" explored the risk factors of child neglect. SPSS 18. 0 for windows was employed for statistics analysis. Multifactorial analysis was conducted through multivariate Logistic Regression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total neglected rate of the rural children aged 3 to 6 was 53.7% (2,047/3,810), and the total neglected degree was 44.42±7.57. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, neglected risk of the boys was higher than the girls (OR=1.30, 95% CI: 1.13-1.49), neglected risk of children were higher, when their mothers were migrant workers (OR=2.18, 95% CI: 1.59-3.00); the lower educational level of mothers, the higher neglected risk of children, the children in families that mothers only received primary education or was uneducated were most likely to be neglected (OR=2.92, 95% CI: 1.91-4.47), the second was the families that mothers received primary education (OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.29-2.69); the lower the household income, the easier to be neglected the children, the easiest one was the household income less than 5000 RMB (OR=2.85, 95% CI: 2.14-3.79), the second was 5000-9,999 RMB (OR=1.76, 95% CI: 1.40-2.20); the relationship between children and mothers was distanced, neglect risk of children was higher (OR=3.88, 95% CI: 1.31-11.52); left behind children were easier to be neglected (OR=1.30, 95% CI: 1.09-1.54).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The influence factors among children aged 3-6 years in the rural areas of China were boys, mother's occupation, maternal education level, the relationship between children and mothers, household income and left-behind children.</p>

Metabolism of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid in the in situ vascularly perfused rat intestine-liver model / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the biotransformation of gly-cyrrhizin in rat intestine-liver. Methods The in situ vascularly perfused rat intestine-liver model was estab-lished with a validated LC-MS/MS method for assay of the model perfusate glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid. Results The steady state intestinal and liver ex-traction ratios in the once-through perfused rat intes-tine-liver model for glycyrrhizin were ( 4. 2 ± 0. 6 )%and (28. 0 ± 3. 0)%, respectively; the first-order ab-sorption rate constant for glycyrrhizin in the recircula-tion of perfusate to the intestine model was ( 0. 33 ± 0. 06 ) min-1;after intraduodenal administration of gly-cyrrhizin,the main active metabolite in was the perfu-sate glycyrrhetinic acid, which was also found in intes-tinal luminal fluids. Conclusions The first-pass effi-cacy of glycyrrhizin is obvious and there is only a small amount of metabolite in the intestinal mucosa cells;gly-cyrrhizin is metabolized by gut bacteria or liver cells af-ter oral administration;the in situ vascularly perfused rat intestine-liver model can be used in glycyrrhizin pharmacokinetic studies.

Diagnosis and treatment of trachea foreign bodies in children / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To discuss the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and first aid treatment of trachea foreign bodies in children.@*METHOD@#One hundred and sixty-four patients,who were operation with the diagnosis of trachea foreign bodies were retrospectively analyzed.@*RESULT@#The foreign bodies were successfully removed through the rigid bronchoscope in 163 patients and through the incision of tracheotomy in 1 patient. No post-operation complication in 163 patients except 1 patient with subcutaneous and mediastinum emphysema. No foreign body remained by the examination of perspective X-ray or electronic bronchoscope three days post-operation.@*CONCLUSION@#History of foreign body aspiration and physical examination were significant important in diagnosis of trachea foreign bodies. The diagnosis must be made quickly based on the history and physical examination. The clapping sound has high specially in diagnosis of trachea foreign bodies. The electronic bronchoscope has a better accuracy in diagnosis of trachea foreign bodies than radiographic examination.

Comparison of sevoflurane-remifentanil and propofol-remifentanil anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for cancer / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To compare the efficacy of sevoflurane-remifentanil and propofol-remifentanil anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for cancer.Methods Sixty ASA Ⅱ - Ⅲ patients aged 65-80 years old with gastric cancer were divided into sevoflurane group(group S) and propofol group (group P), 30 cases in each group.Perioperative hemodynamic variables, bispectral index( BIS ) values and the time of recovery from anesthesia, extubation and awake were recorded as well.Results Compared with those before anesthesia,diastolic blood pressure(DBP),mean arterial pressure(MAP), heart rate(HR) and BItS were signifieanfly decreased (P < 0.05 or < 0.01 ).SBP was higher at cutting skin in group S than that in group P (P < 0.05 ).The depths of anesthesia in both groups were maintained well with BIS in 45-60 and vital signs were stable during operation.The time of recovery from anesthesia, extubafion and awake were shorter in group S [(4.1±2.2),(5.4±2.1),(7.3±2.1)min]thanthoseingroupP [(7.5±3.2),(8.6± 4.2), ( 11.2 ± 4.1 ) min]( P < 0.05 or < 0.01 ).Conclusions Either sevoflurane-remifentanil and propofol-remifentanil anesthesia can be used safely in elderly patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for cancer.Sevotlurane-remifentanil combined with anesthesia provides better hemodynamic stability and faster recovery than propofol-remifentanil combined with anesthesia in elderly patients.

Coblation inferior turbinate reduction versus inferior turbinectomy with debrider / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

OBJECTIVE To compare coblation inferior turbinate reduction with inferior turbinectomy by evaluating the differences in the degree ofintraoperative bleeding,degree of post-operative pain,and short-term efficacy in treating inferior turbinate hypertrophy. METHODS Thirty-nine patients were involved in this study. Twenty-five underwent coblation inferior turbinate reduction,and fourteen were treated with inferior turbinectomy with debrider. Subjective symptoms and the inferior turbinate scores were assessed prior to and at 1,3 and 6 months after treatment. In the coblation group,4-6 tunnels were made in each inferior turbinate with Reflex 45 wand under local anesthesia with endoscope. In the control group,debrider was used to remove the hypertropic mucosa of inferior turbinates under endoscope, after which nasal package were used for 2 days to stop the bleeding. RESULTS Coblation inferior turbinate reduction resulted in little intraoperative bleeding and a significant reduction in post-operative pain. At the month 1 follow-up,the severity and the frequency of nasal obstruction were significantly improved in both the coblation and control group. The inferior turbinates were found to have significantly decreased in size in both groups. There was no significant difference between the two groups. At the month 3 follow-up,these improvements were also significant,and the frequency of nasal obstruction was significantly more reduced in the coblation group. The results from the month 6 follow-up conformed to those from the month 3 follow-up. CONCLUSION Coblation inferior turbinectomy is a safe procedure that is easily performed under local anesthsia and results in a significant improvement of nasal obstruction in patients with turbinate hypertrophy. The volumes of the inferior turbinates were alsosignificantly reduced. This procedure is as effective as inferior turbinectomy with debrider. The clinical benefitpersists at 6 months after the procedure.