The labile fractions of metals and arsenic in mining-impacted soils are explained by soil properties and metal source characteristics.

Isotopically exchangeable metals in soil, also termed labile metals, are reversibly bound to soil surface and are a better index of the environmental risk of the metals than are their total concentrations. In this study, labile fractions of potentially toxic elements were surveyed in metal mining-impacted soils of Mexico to test the relative importance of soil properties (pH, effective cation exchange capacity, organic matter, etc.) or attributes of the mines (ore type and lithology, metal mineralogy, etc.) on the fractions of labile elements. Mining waste-impacted soils, corresponding uncontaminated soils and mining waste were collected around 11 metal mines in Mexico presenting contrasting ore types. Pseudo-total concentrations and labile fractions of Cd, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cu, and As were determined by aqua regia digestion and isotope dilution, respectively. Pseudo-total concentrations of these elements ranked: waste > contaminated soil > uncontaminated soils, and Zn and As dominated the concentrations of toxic elements. The labile fractions (% of total) in the soils ranked, with median values in brackets, Pb (22) > Cd (18) > Cu(15) > Ni∼Zn(13) > As(9). The labile fractions of waste samples were slightly higher than those of soil samples suggesting either a high weathering of mining wastes or the stabilization of heavy metals by soil. Stepwise multiple regression showed that soil properties rather than source attributes primarily explained the %E of most elements, except for Zn and As for which the ore lithology was the dominant factor. This study showed that earlier generic models explain metal lability adequately in mining waste-impacted soils.

Validating the Use of a Toxicity Database for Prediction of Plant Cover and Biodiversity in Multi-Metal Mining-Impacted Soils.

The validity of soil toxicity databases for predicting ecological impacts in the field is rarely explored. The present study was set up to test whether laboratory toxicity data and the combined concepts of metal availability and mixture toxicity can predict ecological impact in mining-affected soils. Metal and As contamination gradients were sampled approximately 5 different mines in Mexico where plant cover and abundances exhibited clear dose-related responses. Soils were analyzed for total and isotopically exchangeable (labile) concentrations of Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, and As and for soil properties affecting the availability of these elements. Six different indices of toxic doses were compared to evaluate their accuracy in describing the field response expressed as relative abundance and cover. Each index was based on a different method to calculate the sum of toxic units ( Σ TUs) in soil, with 1 toxic unit equal to the concentration of the element in soil yielding 50% adverse effect on plants with median sensitivity as recorded in a recent database of salt-spiked soils. Toxic concentrations in the mine-impacted soils were dominated by Zn and As. In the field, 50% reduced cover or abundance was found at 10 to 13 Σ TUs if these were based on total soil concentrations and thresholds derived from freshly spiked soils, indicating a largely overestimated toxic effect. If thresholds were corrected for differences in availability among freshly spiked soils and spiked and laboratory-aged soils, the overestimation of field toxicity was 5- to 6-fold, irrespective of the consideration of soil properties. Finally, the Σ TU calculated only with labile metals and As overestimated the field toxicity by factors 1.1 to 1.6 (95% confidence interval 1-7; i.e., rather accurate and indicating some Zn-As antagonism as confirmed in experimental studies). That latter index of dose yielded a bell-shaped response on species richness peaking at approximately 1.6 Σ TU. Overall, the present study shows that the current toxicity databases of metals can predict the impact of metal contamination on plant communities within factor 2, expressing the dose as soil-labile concentrations and using the concentration addition concept in these mixed polluted environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1826-1838. © 2020 SETAC.

Additive toxicity of zinc and arsenate on barley (Hordeum vulgare) root elongation.

Zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) are typically present as mixed contaminants in mining-impacted areas; however, their joined effects have rarely been evaluated. The present study was set up to test whether the Zn2+ and H2 AsO4- (hereafter, As) mixture toxicity to plants is additive or whether interactions occur. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) root elongation was measured in resin buffered nutrient solutions. The design included ranges of single-element concentrations and combinations at 3 different Ca2+ concentrations (0.5 mM, 2.2 mM, and 15.0 mM) to vary the relative toxicity of Zn2+ . Increasing Ca concentrations decreased Zn toxicity, whereas As toxicity was unaffected by Ca. Root elongation was generally more affected in Zn-As mixtures than in corresponding single-element treatments. This is merely a joint additive effect, as 96% of the root elongation data were within a factor of 1.2 from predictions using the independent action (IA) or concentration addition (CA) model. The CA and IA predictions were similar, and data did not allow identification of equal or dissimilar modes of action. Small but significant Zn-As antagonisms were only found at high effects (>50% inhibition). The present study suggests that mixture effects of Zn and As are environmentally relevant and that current risk assessment underestimates toxicity in multielement-contaminated environments. The CA model can be used as a conservative model for risk assessment; however, for soil-grown plants, soil-exposed studies are needed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1556-1562. © 2016 SETAC.