Photodynamic antimicrobial therapy (A-PDT) using 1,9-Dimethyl-Methylene Blue zinc chloride double salt - DMMB and λ640 ± 5ηm LED light in patients undertaking orthodontic treatment.

Orthodontic treatment involves the use of apparatuses that impairs oral hygiene making patients susceptible to periodontal diseases and caries. To prevent increased antimicrobial resistance A-PDT has shown itself a feasible option. The aim of this investigation was to assess the efficiency of A-PDT employing 1,9-Dimethyl-Methylene Blue zinc chloride double salt - DMMB as a photosensitizing agent combined with red LED irradiation (λ640 ± 5 ηm) against oral biofilm of patients undertaking orthodontic treatment. Twenty-one patients agreed to participate. Four biofilm collections were carried out on brackets and gingiva around inferior central incisors; first was carried out before any treatment (Control); second followed five minutes of pre-irradiation, the third was immediately after the first AmPDT, and the last after a second AmPDT. Then, a microbiological routine for microorganism growth was carried out and, after 24-h, CFU counting was performed. There was significant difference between all groups. No significant difference was seen between Control and Photosensitizer and AmpDT1 and AmPDT2 groups. Significant differences were observed between Control and AmPDT1 and AmPDT2 groups, Photosensitizer and AmPDT1 and AmPDT2 groups. It was concluded that double AmPDT using DMBB in nano concentration and red LED was capable to meaningfully decrease the number of CFUs in orthodontic patients.

Oral microbiological control by photodynamic action in orthodontic patients.

BACKGROUND: Orthodontics involves diagnosis and treatment of dental and skeletal malocclusions. Orthodontic apparatus may repair these malocclusions but may also impair oral hygiene making patients prone to develop both periodontal diseases and caries. Antimicrobial agents may be used to prevent this.To avoid increased antimicrobial resistance to available drugs, A-PDT (Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy) appears as a viable alternative. OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of A-PDT on reducing the number of colony forming units (CFU) through the use of phenothiazine compound (methylene blue+ toluidine blue) as a photosensitizer, associated with red LED (λ640±5ηm) irradiation in orthodontic patients. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-one patients consented to participate in the study. Three biofilm collections were performed around the brackets and gums of the inferior central incisors; first before any intervention (Control); second after 5min of pre-irradiation and the last one immediately after AmPDT. Subsequently, a microbiological routine for microorganism growth period were performed and CFU counting after a 24h done. RESULTS: The data showed that the AmPDT was able to reduce CFU count around 90% when compared to Control group (p=0.007) and also between the A-PDT and Photosensitizer groups (p=0.010). However, there were no differences between the Control and Photosensitizer groups. CONCLUSION: A-PDT associated with the use of phenothiazine compounds and red LED was able to significantly reduce the number of CFUs in orthodontic patients.

Laser and LED phototherapy on midpalatal suture after rapid maxilla expansion: Raman and histological analysis.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of laser or LED phototherapy on the acceleration of bone formation at the midpalatal suture after rapid maxilla expansion. Forty-five rats were divided into groups at 7 days (control, expansion, expansion and laser irradiation, and expansion and LED irradiation) and into 14 days (expansion, expansion and laser in the 1st week, expansion and LED in the 1st week, expansion and laser in the 1st and 2nd weeks, expansion and LED in the 1st and 2nd weeks). Laser/LED irradiation occurred every 48 h. Expansion was accomplished with a spatula and maintained with a triple helicoid of 0.020-in stainless steel orthodontic wire. A diode laser (λ780 nm, 70 mW, spot of 0.04 cm2, t = 257 s, SAEF of 18 J/cm2) or a LED (λ850 ± 10 nm, 150 ± 10 mW, spot of 0.5 cm2, t = 120 s, SAEF of 18 J/cm2) was applied in one point in the midpalatal suture immediately behind the upper incisors. Raman spectroscopy and histological analyses of the suture region were carried and data was submitted to statistical analyses (p ≤ 0.05). Raman spectrum analysis demonstrated that irradiation increases hydroxyapatite in the midpalatal suture after expansion. In the histological analysis of various inflammation, there was a higher production of collagen and osteoblastic activity and less osteoclastic activity. The results showed that LED irradiation associated to rapid maxillary expansion improves bone repair and could be an alternative to the use of laser in accelerating bone formation in the midpalatal suture.

Tooth-size discrepancy: a comparison between manual and digital methods.

INTRODUCTION: Technological advances in Dentistry have emerged primarily in the area of diagnostic tools. One example is the 3D scanner, which can transform plaster models into three-dimensional digital models. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the reliability of tooth size-arch length discrepancy analysis measurements performed on three-dimensional digital models, and compare these measurements with those obtained from plaster models. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To this end, plaster models of lower dental arches and their corresponding three-dimensional digital models acquired with a 3Shape R700T scanner were used. All of them had lower permanent dentition. Four different tooth size-arch length discrepancy calculations were performed on each model, two of which by manual methods using calipers and brass wire, and two by digital methods using linear measurements and parabolas. RESULTS: Data were statistically assessed using Friedman test and no statistically significant differences were found between the two methods (P > 0.05), except for values found by the linear digital method which revealed a slight, non-significant statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results, it is reasonable to assert that any of these resources used by orthodontists to clinically assess tooth size-arch length discrepancy can be considered reliable.

Tooth-size discrepancy: A comparison between manual and digital methods

INTRODUCTION: Technological advances in Dentistry have emerged primarily in the area of diagnostic tools. One example is the 3D scanner, which can transform plaster models into three-dimensional digital models. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the reliability of tooth size-arch length discrepancy analysis measurements performed on three-dimensional digital models, and compare these measurements with those obtained from plaster models. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To this end, plaster models of lower dental arches and their corresponding three-dimensional digital models acquired with a 3Shape R700T scanner were used. All of them had lower permanent dentition. Four different tooth size-arch length discrepancy calculations were performed on each model, two of which by manual methods using calipers and brass wire, and two by digital methods using linear measurements and parabolas. RESULTS: Data were statistically assessed using Friedman test and no statistically significant differences were found between the two methods (P > 0.05), except for values found by the linear digital method which revealed a slight, non-significant statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results, it is reasonable to assert that any of these resources used by orthodontists to clinically assess tooth size-arch length discrepancy can be considered reliable. .

INTRODUÇÃO: na Odontologia, os avanços tecnológicos vêm se manifestando, principalmente, em instrumentos de diagnóstico, como o desenvolvimento dos scanners 3D, capazes de transformar modelos de gesso em modelos digitais tridimensionais. OBJETIVO: o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar a confiabilidade da análise da Discrepância de Modelo realizada em modelos digitais tridimensionais, comparando-a com a obtida em modelos de gesso. MÉTODOS: utilizou-se modelos de gesso das arcadas dentárias inferiores e seus correspondentes modelos digitais tridimensionais, adquiridos por meio do scanner 3Shape R700T. Foram realizados quatro diferentes cálculos da Discrepância de Modelo para cada modelo selecionado, dois desses por meio de métodos manuais, utilizando paquímetro e fio de latão, e dois por meio de métodos digitais, utilizando medições lineares e por meio da confecção de uma parábola. RESULTADOS: os dados obtidos foram avaliados estatisticamente por meio do teste de Friedman, e observou-se não haver diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os métodos utilizados (p > 0,05), exceto os valores obtidos pelo método digital linear, onde observou-se uma pequena diferença estatística, porém, não são valores considerados clinicamente significativos. CONCLUSÃO: com base nos resultados, é possível afirmar que, quaisquer desses recursos que o ortodontista venha a utilizar em sua vida clínica para obtenção da Discrepância de Modelo, esses são considerados métodos confiáveis. .

Effect of the laser and light-emitting diode (LED) phototherapy on midpalatal suture bone formation after rapid maxilla expansion: a Raman spectroscopy analysis.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of laser or light-emitting diode (LED) phototherapy on the bone formation at the midpalatal suture after rapid maxilla expansion. Twenty young adult male rats were divided into four groups with 8 days of experimental time: group 1, no treatment; group 2, expansion; group 3, expansion and laser irradiation; and group 4, expansion and LED irradiation. In groups 3 and 4, light irradiation was in the first, third, and fifth experimental days. In all groups, the expansion was accomplished with a helicoid 0.020" stainless steel orthodontic spring. A diode laser (λ780 nm, 70 mW, spot of 0.04 cm(2), t = 257 s, spatial average energy fluence (SAEF) of 18 J/cm(2)) or a LED (λ850 nm, 150 mW ± 10 mW, spot of 0.5 cm(2), t = 120 s, SAEF of 18 J/cm(2)) were used. The samples were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy carried out at midpalatal suture and at the cortical area close to the suture. Two Raman shifts were analyzed: ∼ 960 (phosphate hydroxyapatite) and ∼ 1,450 cm(-1) (lipids and protein). Data was submitted to statistical analysis. Significant statistical difference (p ≤ 0.05) was found in the hydroxyapatite (CHA) peaks among the expansion group and the expansion and laser or LED groups. The LED group presented higher mean peak values of CHA. No statistical differences were found between the treated groups as for collagen deposition, although LED also presented higher mean peak values. The results of this study using Raman spectral analysis indicate that laser and LED light irradiation improves deposition of CHA in the midpalatal suture after orthopedic expansion.

Vertical control in the Class III compensatory treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Compensatory orthodontic treatment, or simply orthodontic camouflage, consists in an important alternative to orthognathic surgery in the resolution of skeletal discrepancies in adult patients. It is important to point that, to be successfully performed, diagnosis must be detailed, to evaluate, specifically, dental and facial features, as well as the limitations imposed by the magnitude of the discrepancy. The main complaint, patient's treatment expectation, periodontal limits, facial pattern and vertical control are some of the items to be explored in the determination of the viability of a compensatory treatment. Hyperdivergent patients who present with a Class III skeletal discrepancy, associated with a vertical facial pattern, with the presence or tendency to anterior open bite, deserve special attention. In these cases, an efficient strategy of vertical control must be planned and executed. OBJECTIVE: The present article aims at illustrating the evolution of efficient alternatives of vertical control in hiperdivergent patients, from the use, in the recent past, of extraoral appliances on the lower dental arch (J-hook), until nowadays, with the advent of skeletal anchorage. But for patients with a more balanced facial pattern, the conventional mechanics with Class III intermaxillary elastics, associated to an accentuated curve of Spee in the upper arch and a reverse curve of Spee in the lower arch, and vertical elastics in the anterior region, continues to be an excellent alternative, if there is extreme collaboration in using the elastics.

Vertical control in the Class III compensatory treatment

INTRODUCTION: Compensatory orthodontic treatment, or simply orthodontic camouflage, consists in an important alternative to orthognathic surgery in the resolution of skeletal discrepancies in adult patients. It is important to point that, to be successfully performed, diagnosis must be detailed, to evaluate, specifically, dental and facial features, as well as the limitations imposed by the magnitude of the discrepancy. The main complaint, patient's treatment expectation, periodontal limits, facial pattern and vertical control are some of the items to be explored in the determination of the viability of a compensatory treatment. Hyperdivergent patients who carry a Class III skeletal discrepancy, associated with a vertical facial pattern, with the presence or tendency to anterior open bite, deserve special attention. In these cases, an efficient strategy of vertical control must be planned and executed. OBJECTIVE: The present article aims at illustrating the evolution of efficient alternatives of vertical control in hiperdivergent patients, from the use, in the recent past, of extra-oral appliances on the lower dental arch (J-hook), until nowadays, with the advent of skeletal anchorage. But for patients with a more balanced facial pattern, the conventional mechanics with Class III intermaxillary elastics, associated to an accentuated curve of Spee in the upper arch and a reverse Curve of Spee in the lower arch, and vertical elastics in the anterior region, continues to be an excellent alternative, if there is extreme collaboration in using the elastics.

INTRODUÇÃO: o tratamento ortodôntico compensatório, ou simplesmente camuflagem ortodôntica, consiste em uma importante alternativa à cirurgia ortognática na resolução de discrepâncias esqueléticas em pacientes adultos. Torna-se importante salientar que, para ser instituído de maneira bem-sucedida, deve-se realizar detalhado diagnóstico, avaliando de maneira específica as características dentárias e faciais, assim como as limitações impostas pela magnitude da discrepância. A queixa principal, as expectativas do paciente frente ao tratamento, os limites periodontais, padrão facial e controle vertical são alguns dos itens a serem explorados na determinação da viabilidade de um eventual tratamento compensatório. Os pacientes portadores de discrepância esquelética de Classe III associada a padrão facial vertical, hiperdivergente, com a presença ou tendência à mordida aberta anterior, merecem uma atenção especial. Nesses casos, uma eficiente estratégia de controle vertical deve ser planejada e instituída. OBJETIVO: o presente artigo tem como objetivo ilustrar a evolução de alternativas eficientes para controle vertical em pacientes hiperdivergentes - desde a utilização, em um passado recente, de dispositivos extrabucais na arcada inferior (J-hook), indo até os dias atuais, com o advento da ancoragem esquelética. Já para pacientes com um padrão facial mais equilibrado, a mecânica convencional com elásticos intermaxilares na direção de Classe III, associada à curva de Spee acentuada na arcada superior, reversa na inferior e elásticos verticais na região anterior, continua sendo uma excelente alternativa, desde que haja extrema colaboração na utilização dos elásticos.

Conservative compensatory Angle Class III malocclusion treatment

INTRODUCTION: Angle's Class III malocclusion is a dental discrepancy in a sagittal view that may appear or not with an important skeletal discrepancy. Facial esthetics may be affected by this skeletal discrepancy and it is one of the most common complaints of patients who seek orthodontic treatment. Class III treatment, in adults, may be done by compensatory tooth movement, in simple cases, or through an association between orthodontics and orthognathic surgery, in more severe cases. OBJECTIVE: This article describes a non-extraction compensatory Class III treatment case, applying the Tweed-Merrifield mechanical principles with headgear (J-Hook) in the mandibular arch. This case was presented at the V Brazilian Association of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (ABOR) Meeting, it was evaluated by members of Brazilian Board of Orthodontics and obtained third place in the general classification.

INTRODUÇÃO: a má oclusão de Classe III se caracteriza por uma desarmonia dentária anteroposterior, podendo estar ou não acompanhada por discrepâncias esqueléticas. A estética facial pode se apresentar comprometida, em maior ou menor grau, a depender da magnitude da discrepância, constituindo um dos principais fatores motivadores da procura por tratamento ortodôntico. O tratamento da Classe III em pacientes adultos pode ser realizado mediante compensação dentária, nos casos mais simples, ou, em situações mais severas, mediante a associação entre Ortodontia e Cirurgia Ortognática. OBJETIVO: o presente artigo objetiva relatar um caso clínico caracterizado por uma má oclusão de Classe III de Angle, tratado de forma compensatória, com extração dos terceiros molares inferiores, mediante a utilização de aparelhagem extrabucal na arcada inferior (J-hook), aplicando-se princípios da técnica de Tweed-Merrifield. Esse caso foi apresentado no 5º Congresso da Associação Brasileira de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial (ABOR), na categoria "mesa clínica", sendo avaliado por membros do Board Brasileiro de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial (BBO) e obtendo o terceiro lugar na classificação geral.

Effectiveness of CO2 laser in removal of papillary gingival hyperplasia

INTRODUCTION: Laser applications have increased in a variety of dental procedures, especially in surgeries of soft tissues. Radiation is not invasive and is very well tolerated by tissues. CO2 laser acts in small vessels promoting blood coagulation, making it possible to work in a controlled way. Patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy often present injuries of gingival hyperplasia, originating esthetical and functional problems. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at evaluating the CO2 laser effectiveness in removal of hyperplasia lesions in gingival papilla regions of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. For this, ten patients were chosen and in these 75 teeth with gingival hyperplasia were identified. Measures from the papilla to incisal edge were performed with the use of a digital caliper. Besides that, the individuals were submitted to previous examinations to the surgical procedure with laser: Full blood count, blood coagulation profile and fasting blood glucose. After this, patients were submitted to the surgery for lesion removal, carried out at the Laser Center of FOUFBA, utilizing a CO2 laser machine (Sharplan 20C, Tel Aviv, Israel). RESULTS: It was showed that laser provided a significant increase (p<0,001) in the distance from the papilla to the incisal edge of the teeth, with no tissue contraction, aspects which were maintained for over two months. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that CO2 laser has proved to be effective in removal of papillary gingival hyperplasia lesions.

Effect of laser phototherapy on the hyalinization following orthodontic tooth movement in rats.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess histologic changes after the use of laser phototherapy (LPT) during induced tooth movement with 40 g/F on young adult male rats. BACKGROUND DATA: Hyalinization is a sterile necrosis at the pressure zone of the periodontal ligament observed during the initial stages of the orthodontic movement, and extensive hyaline areas might cause an important delay in the tooth movement. The use of LPT is considered an enhancement factor for bone repair, as it stimulates microcirculation as well as the cellular metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty animals were divided into two groups (n=15), named according to the time of animal death (7, 13, and 19 days). Half of the animals in each group were subjected to irradiation with infrared (IR) laser (λ790 nm, round shaped beam, 40 mW, continuous wave (CW), diameter=2 mm (0.0314 cm(2)), 1.273 W/cm(2), time=2×112 sec+1×275 sec (total time 499 sec), 2×142.6/4.48 J+1×350/11 J, 635.2 J/cm(2)/20 J/ session), during orthodontic movement, the other half were used as nonirradiated controls. After animal death, specimens were sectioned, processed, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Sirius Red, and were used for semi-quantitative histologic analysis by light microscopy. Data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: We demonstrated that LPT positively affected an important aspect of dental movement; the hyalinization. In the present study, we found a significant reduced expression of hyalinization after 19 days. On irradiated subjects, hyalinization was increased at day 7 with significant reduction at day 13. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to conclude that the use of laser light caused histologic alterations during the orthodontic movement characterized by increased formation of areas of hyalinization at early stages, and late reduction when compared to nonirradiated animals.

Laser-induced alveolar bone changes during orthodontic movement: a histological study on rodents.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess by light microscopy changes in alveolar bone during orthodontic movement in rats. BACKGROUND: Orthodontic movement causes both removal and deposition of bone tissue. The use of laser phototherapy (LPT) is considered an enhancement factor for bone repair. METHODS: Thirty Wistar rats were divided into two groups (n = 15) and subdivided according to animal death (7,13, and 19 days). Half of the animals in each group were treated with LPT during orthodontic movement. After animal death, specimens were processed and underwent histological and semi-quantitative analyses (HE and Sirius red). RESULTS: LPT-irradiated specimens showed significantly higher numbers of osteoclasts when compared with controls at both 7 (p = 0.015) and 19 (p = 0.007) days, as well as significant increases in the number of osteoblasts (p = 0.015) between days 7 and 13. The amount of collagen matrix was significantly reduced between days 7 and 13 at both pressure and tension sites in controls (p = 0.015) but not in LPT-treated animals. LPT-treated subjects showed significantly greater deposition of collagen matrix at the pressure site at both the thirteenth (p = 0.007) and nineteenth days (p = 0.001). At the tension site, a significant increase in the amount of collagen matrix was observed in non-irradiated specimens (p = 0.048) between days 7 and 19. CONCLUSIONS: LPT caused significant histological changes in the alveolar bone during induced tooth movement, including alterations in the number of both osteoclasts and osteoblasts and in collagen deposition in both pressure and tension areas.

Tooth movement after infrared laser phototherapy: clinical study in rodents.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of low-power laser on tooth movement in rats. BACKGROUND: Tooth movement is closely related to the process of bone remodeling. The biologic result, with the application of a force to the tooth, is bone absorption on the pressure side and neoformation on the traction side of the alveolar bone. The laser photobiomodulation is capable of providing an increase in cellular metabolism, blood flow, and lymphatic drainage. METHODS: Thirty young-adult male Wistar rats weighing between 250 and 300 g were divided into two groups, control and experimental, containing 15 animals each. The animals received orthodontic devices calibrated to release a force of 40 g/F, with the purpose of moving the first upper molar mesially. Low-intensity laser, wavelength 790 nm, was used in the experimental group; the dose was 4.5 J/cm(2) per point, mesial and distal, on the palatal side, 11 J/cm(2) on the buccal side, and this procedure was repeated every 48 h, totaling nine applications. The active movement was clinically evaluated after 7, 13, and 19 days. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results showed no statistically significant difference, p = 0.079 (T0-T7), p = 0.597 (T7-T13), and p = 0.550 (T13-T19) between the laser and control groups on the amount of tooth movement in the different times evaluated. It may be concluded that laser phototherapy, with the parameters in the present study, did not significantly increase the amount of tooth displacement during induced orthodontic movement in rodents.

Resistência de união de sistema adesivo com agentes antimicrobianos utilizado em Ortodontia / Shear bond strength of an adhesive system with antibacterial agents used in Orthodontics

Objetivo: Avaliar se há diferença de resistência de união de bráquetes ortodônticos colados ao esmalte usando diferentes combinações compósito/adesivo, testando um adesivo com incorporação de agentes antimicrobianos em sua composição. Metodologia: Bráquetes ortodônticos foram colados à superfície planificada de esmalte de 20 incisivos bovinos. Foram formados dois grupos experimentais (n=10/grupo): grupo 1 (Fill Magic Ortodôntico®/Magic bond®) e grupo 2 (Transbond XT®/Clearfil Protect Bond®, que possui agentes antimicrobianos). Os espécimes foram submetidos a ensaio de cisalhamento à velocidade de 1mm/min. A força máxima de deslocamento do bráquete foi convertida em MPa de acordo com a área de união. O Índice de Adesivo Residual (IAR) foi avaliado nos bráquetes descolados. Resultados: O grupo 2 apresentou resistência de união superior ao grupo 1 (P=0,001). Na avaliação do IAR, em ambos os grupos as fraturas ocorreram na interface esmalte/adesivo, com retenção da maior parte do adesivo na base do bráquete. Conclusão: Os dois grupos mostraram-se aplicáveis para a colagem de bráquetes ortodônticos, e o grupo com adesivo modificado com agente antimicrobiano e flúor apresentou maior resistência de união que o grupo com adesivo convencional.

Purpose: To evaluated shear bond strength to enamel of orthodontic brackets bonded with different combinations of composite/adhesive. This study specifically tested an adhesive with antimicrobial agents added to its composition. Methods: Orthodontic brackets were bonded to the flattened enamel surface of 20 bovine incisors. Two experimental group were tested (n=10/group): group 1 (Fill Magic Ortodôntico®/ Magic bond®) and group 2 (Transbond XT®/Clearfil Protect Bond®, which has antimicrobial agents). The specimens were subjected to the shear bond strength test at 1mm/min. The maximum strength recorded to dislodge the bracket was converted into MPa considering the bond area. The Residual Adhesive Index (RAI) was evaluated on the debonded brackets. Results: Group 2 had higher bond strength than group 1 (P=0.001). For RAI assessment, both groups showed failure at the enamel/adhesive interface with retention of most adhesive on the bracket base. Conclusion: The two groups are suitable for bonding orthodontic brackets, and the group with the adhesive containing antimicrobial agents showed higher bond strength than the group with conventional adhesive.

Análise correlativa entre medidas esqueléticas verticais em indivíduos com oclusão excelente e má oclusão / Correlative analysis between vertical measurements in individuals with excellent occlusion and malocclusion

INTRODUÇÃO: avaliar as proporções verticais faciais é um dos parâmetros mais importantes a ser utilizado pelo ortodontista no planejamento da terapia apropriada. Porém, não é raro que, quando se avaliam medidas isoladamente, tenha-se uma idéia errônea do que a face do paciente apresenta em termos de padrão vertical. OBJETIVOS: o presente trabalho realizou diferentes correlações entre a ângulo do plano mandibular (GoGn-SN), o índice de altura facial (IAF) e a sobremordida, avaliando a resposta dessas correlações quanto ao padrão citado na literatura, além de identificar possíveis fatores que, eventualmente, levassem essas medidas a um comportamento fora desse padrão. METODOLOGIA: o estudo foi realizado em radiografias cefalométricas de perfil entre dois grupos de indivíduos brasileiros - um portador de oclusão excelente e outro de má oclusão - atendidos no Curso de Especialização em Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia. RESULTADOS: as medidas esqueléticas GoGn-SN e IAF apresentaram forte correlação entre si. A sobremordida, entretanto, não apresentou correlação com essas medidas no grupo com oclusão excelente e demonstrou fraca correlação naquele com má oclusão. Uma correlação coerente com o padrão citado na literatura foi encontrada em 35 por cento e 31 por cento dos indivíduos dos grupos com oclusão excelente e má oclusão, respectivamente. Os indivíduos restantes apresentaram variações na altura dentoalveolar dos incisivos, compensando as displasias verticais. No grupo com oclusão excelente, esse fator se somou às compensações na região de molares. CONCLUSÕES: os resultados encontrados indicam que a maior parte dos grupos apresentou um comportamento diferente do padrão citado na literatura, quando as três medidas foram correlacionadas simultaneamente.

INTRODUCTION: The evaluation of facial vertical proportions is one of the most important features considered by the orthodontist when choosing the appropriate therapy. Meanwhile, when vertical measurements are analyzed separately, one could have an unreliable idea of what the patient's face presents considering vertical development. AIM: The purpose of this research was to perform a correlative analysis between the vertical cephalometric measurements: mandibular plane angle (GoGn-SN), facial height index (FHI) and overbite; to evaluate if the simultaneous correlation of these measurements is in agreement with the results cited in the literature; and to identify the possible factors which could, eventually, lead to different results from those expected. METHODS: This study was performed through cephalometric x-rays obtained from randomly chosen individuals with excellent occlusion and malocclusion, selected from the Orthodontics Program of the Federal University of Bahia. RESULTS: The skeletal measurements GoGn-SN and FHI showed strong correlation. The overbite level did not showed correlation with these measurements in the excellent occlusion group, and showed weak correlation in the malocclusion group. Only 35 percent of the individuals with excellent occlusion showed an expected correlation between the three measurements, while this percentage was of 31 percent in the malocclusion group. The remaining individuals showed variations in the incisor dentoalveolar heights as a major factor in compensating the vertical dysplasia, and in the excellent occlusion group it was also found compensations in the molars area. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicates that the most part of the groups presented a correlation between the three vertical measurements different from the pattern related in the literature.

Estudo comparativo de seis tipos de braquetes ortodônticos quanto à força de adesão / A comparative study of six types of orthodontic brackets with regard to bond strength

INTRODUÇÃO: a realização de um diagnóstico acurado, assim como a correta seleção de materiais, especificamente dos braquetes, são requisitos importantes para o êxito da terapia ortodôntica. OBJETIVOS: investigar a influência de variados tipos de desenho da base de braquetes na força de adesão. METODOLOGIA: seis modelos foram avaliados mediante ensaio de cisalhamento - Discovery (Dentaurum) - metálico com retenções por laser e 13,12mm² de área da base; Monobloc (Morelli) - metálico em corpo único com protuberâncias e 10,22mm² de área; Edgewise Standard (Ortho Organizers) - metálico com base MIM (Metal Injection Molding) e 12,02mm² de área; Illusion Plus (Ortho Organizers) - porcelana com sulcos de retenção e 13,49mm² de área; Composite (Morelli) - policarbonato com protuberâncias para retenção mecânica e 14,68mm² de área; e Edgewise Standard (Morelli) - metálico com tela de retenção e 14,31mm² de área. Os braquetes foram colados em dentes bovinos (incisivos) com o sistema adesivo Fill Magic Ortodôntico (Vigodent), para a realização do teste. O ensaio foi executado em uma máquina de ensaios universal (EMIC), e a força de adesão foi computada, no momento da cisão, pelo software TESC, versão 3.01, medida em Newtons (N) e em Megapascal (Mpa). RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: não houve diferença estatística entre os braquetes testados, sendo que o grupo que apresentou a maior média de força de adesão foi o Discovery com 10,12Mpa.

INTRODUCTION: An accurate diagnosis as well as the correct selection of materials, brackets in particular, are important pre-requisites for success in orthodontic therapy. AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of various brackets-base designs on bond strength. METHODS: Six models were evaluated by a test of sheer bond strength: Discovery (Dentaurum) - metallic with laser grooves and 13.12mm² of base area; Monobloc (Morelli) - metallic one-piece with raised bumps and 10.22mm² of area; Edgewise Standard (Ortho Organizers) - metallic with MIM (Metal Injection Molding) and 12.02mm² of area; Illusion Plus (Ortho Organizers) - ceramic with retention ridges and 13.49mm² of area; Composite (Morelli) - polycarbonate with raised bumps for mechanical retention with 14.68mm² of area; and Edgewise Standard (Morelli) - metallic with single mesh and 14.31mm² of area. The brackets were bonded on bovine teeth with Fill Magic Ortodôntico (Vigodent) bond agent, for testing. The study was conduced in a universal test machine (EMIC), and the bond strength was recorded at the moment of split by TESC software, 3.01 version; it was calculated in newtons (N) and megapascal (Mpa). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: No statistical difference among tested brackets was found, and the group with the greatest average bond strength was Discovery with 10,12Mpa.

Colagem ortodôntica em esmalte com presença ou ausência de contaminação salivar: é necessário o uso de adesivo auto-condicionante ou de adesivo hidrofílico? / Orthodontic bonding in dry and saliva contaminated enamel: is a self-etching primer or a moisture-insensitive primer necessary?

OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento da colagem ortodôntica de um adesivo hidrofílico (Transbond Moisture-Insensitive Primer, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Califórnia), de um adesivo auto-condicionante (Transbond Self-Etching Primer, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Califórnia), e sem uso de adesivo, em superfícies de esmalte secas ou contaminadas por saliva. METODOLOGIA: incisivos bovinos (60) foram divididos em 6 grupos: (1) controle sem contaminação salivar (sem adesivo), (2) controle com contaminação salivar (sem adesivo), (3) adesivo auto-condicionante sem contaminação salivar, (4) adesivo auto-condicionante com contaminação salivar antes do adesivo, (5) adesivo hidrofílico sem contaminação salivar e (6) adesivo hidrofílico com contaminação salivar antes do adesivo. Braquetes metálicos foram colados com compósito (Transbond XT, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Califórnia). Após a colagem, os corpos-de prova foram armazenados a 37±1ºC em ambiente úmido até a realização do teste de cisalhamento. Diferença estatística foi determinada com valor de probabilidade de 0,05 ou menos (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: em esmalte sem contaminação foram encontrados resultados semelhantes entre o controle (1) e o adesivo auto-condicionante (3), enquanto o adesivo hidrofílico (5) apresentou maior força de cisalhamento. Com a contaminação salivar, uma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre o grupo controle (2) e o adesivo auto-condicionante (4), no entanto, nenhuma diferença foi encontrada entre os adesivos auto-condicionante (4) e hidrofílico (6). CONCLUSÃO: desta forma, com o controle de umidade, não é necessário o uso de um adesivo para se atingir uma adesão aceitável. Em situações clínicas onde há risco de contaminação salivar, ambos adesivos podem ser usados.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of orthodontic bonding with the use of a hydrophilic primer (Transbond Moisture-Insensitive Primer, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif.), a self-etching primer (Transbond Plus Self-etching Primer, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif.) and without primer application, in dry and saliva contaminated enamel surfaces. METHODS: Bovine incisors (60) were divided into 6 groups: (1) uncontaminated control (no primer), (2) control with saliva contamination (no primer), (3) uncontaminated self-etching primer, (4) saliva contamination before self-etching primer, (5) uncontaminated hydrophilic primer and (6) saliva contamination before hydrophilic primer. Stainless steel brackets were bonded with composite resin (Transbond XT, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif.). After bonding, all samples were stored at 37±1ºC in a humidity environment until the shear bond strength test. RESULTS: Under dry uncontaminated enamel conditions comparable results were found between the control (1) and the self-etching primer (3), while the hydrophilic primer (5) presented higher bond strength. Under saliva contamination, a significant difference was found between the control (2) and the self-etching primer (4), however, there was no difference between the self-etching primer (4) and the hydrophilic primer group (6). CONCLUSION: Therefore, with moisture control, the use of a primer in order to achieve acceptable bond strength is not required. In clinical situations where there is a risk of saliva contamination either primer could be used.

Alterações teciduais decorrentes da fotobiomodulação laser no movimento dentário induzido em ratos / Alveolar bone changes caused by low level therapy during induced orthodontic movement on rats

O laser em baixa potência é considerado fator acelerador da reparação óssea, uma vez que estimula a microcirculação e aumenta o metabolismo celular. Sendo assim, pretendeu-se, neste trabalho, verificar as alterações histológicas decorrentes do uso da fotobiomodulação a laser, durante o movimento dentário induzido do primeiro molar superior esquerdo com 40g/F, em Rattus norvegicus, adultos jovens, machos, pesando entre 250 e 300g. Foram utilizados 30 animais, distribuídos, equitativamente, em três grupos (n=10), correspondendo ao tempo da morte dos animais, isto é, sete, 13 e 19 dias (G7, G13 e G19). Metade dos animais de cada grupo foi submetida à fototerapia laser (790nm, 40mW, 20J/cm2 por sessão, a cada 48h, Ø~2mm) durante a movimentação ortodôntica, a outra metade, não irradiada, serviu como controle. Após a morte dos animais, as amostras foram seccionadas, processadas e coradas por HE e picro-sirius e utilizadas para avaliação semi-quantitativa por meio da microscopia óptica. Os dados foram coletados e comparados através de análises intergrupo e intra-grupos pelos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e exato de Fisher, sendo considerados significantes quando p ≤ 0,05. Os resultados mostraram que a fotobiomodulação a laser influenciou positivamente aspectos importantes para a movimentação dentária como a redução da densidade vascular e da inflamação; aumento da quantidade de osteoclastos e de colágeno; e também modular a reabsorção dentária e a hialinização. Conclui-se que a fototerapia laser pode criar condições mais favoráveis para a remodelação óssea no periodonto de Rattus norvegicus em situações de movimentação ortodôntica induzida.

Obtenção de modelos ortodônticos / Trimming of orthodontic models

INTRODUÇÃO: os modelos de estudo são fundamentais no diagnóstico e planejamento do tratamento ortodôntico, uma vez que, através deles, pode-se visualizar os arcos dentários em três dimensões. Além de servirem de referência para avaliação da condução do tratamento nas mais diferentes fases, são considerados uma das formas de registro legal. OBJETIVO: este artigo apresenta uma técnica de recorte, acabamento e polimento de modelos ortodônticos.

INTRODUCTION: Plaster cast models are fundamentals in the diagnosis and treatment planning in Orthodontics. The dental arches can be viewed in three dimensions and the models used as legal documentation for the orthodontist. AIM: Therefore, the object of this paper is to describe the technic of trimming and finishing the models.