RESUMO
Cadmium (Cd), a pervasive noxious heavy metal, is a key threat to agricultural system. It is rapidly translocated and has detrimental effects on plant growth and development. Hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) is emerging as a potential messenger molecule for modulating plant tolerance to Cd. Salicylic acid (SA), a phenolic signalling molecule, can alleviate Cd toxicity in plants. The present study investigated the mediatory role of H2 S (100 µM) and SA (0.5 mM), individually and in combination, in modulating antioxidant defence machinery and nutrient balance to impart Cd (50 µM) resistance to mustard. Accumulation of Cd resulted in oxidative stress (TBARS and H2 O2 ), mineral nutrient imbalance (N, P, K, Ca), decreased leaf gas exchange and PSII efficiency, ultimately reducing plant growth. Both H2 S and SA independently attenuated phytotoxic effects of Cd by triggering antioxidant systems, enhancing the nutrient pool, eventually leading to improved photosynthesis and biomass of mustard plants. The positive effects were more pronounced under combined application of H2 S and SA, indicating a synergistic relationship between these two signalling molecules in mitigating the detrimental effects of Cd on nutrient homeostasis and overall health of mustard, primarily by boosting antioxidant pathway. Our findings provide new insights into H2 S- and SA-induced protective mechanisms in mustard plants subjected to Cd stress and suggest their combined use as a feasible strategy to confer Cd tolerance.
Assuntos
Cádmio , Sulfeto de Hidrogênio , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Cádmio/metabolismo , Sulfeto de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Sulfeto de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Mostardeira , Nutrientes , Estresse Oxidativo , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismo , Ácido Salicílico/farmacologiaRESUMO
A secondary data analysis using the Global Status Report on Road Safety (GSRRS) was carried out to assess the epidemiology of road traffic injuries (RTIs) and preventive strategies in the Eastern Mediterranean egion (EMR). EMR countries ranked equal first in the world for the highest number of fatalities due to RTIs (32.2 per 100 000 population). The region had about 4% of the world's vehicles with 0.097 registered vehicles per person. The number of injured cases in EMR was 210.1 per 100 000 population. Only 15% of EMR countries had a funded, independent, multisectoral body for road safety. Only 25% had mandatory seat-belt laws for both front-seat and rear-seat passengers, 60% had mandatory helmet laws for both drivers and passengers of motorized two-wheelers and 10% had child restraint laws. Road safety in EMR countries needs more attention and consideration.
Assuntos
Acidentes de Trânsito/prevenção & controle , Condução de Veículo/legislação & jurisprudência , Ferimentos e Lesões/epidemiologia , Acidentes de Trânsito/legislação & jurisprudência , Acidentes de Trânsito/mortalidade , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Região do Mediterrâneo/epidemiologia , Veículos Automotores/estatística & dados numéricos , Segurança/legislação & jurisprudência , Ferimentos e Lesões/etiologiaRESUMO
Smeed's equation is a widely used model for prediction of traffic fatalities but has been inadequate for use in developing countries. We applied regression analysis to time-series data on vehicles, exponential models for fatality prediction, producing an average absolute error of 20.9% for Qatar, 10.9% for population and traffic fatalities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Jordan and Qatar. The data were fitted to Jordan and 5.5% for the UAE. We found a strong linear relationship between gross domestic product and fatality rate.
Assuntos
Acidentes de Trânsito/mortalidade , Automóveis/estatística & dados numéricos , Países em Desenvolvimento/economia , Desenvolvimento Econômico/tendências , Crescimento Demográfico , Análise de Regressão , Acidentes de Trânsito/tendências , Viés , Causas de Morte , Humanos , Jordânia/epidemiologia , Análise dos Mínimos Quadrados , Modelos Lineares , Vigilância da População , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Catar/epidemiologia , Emirados Árabes Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Smeed's equation is a widely used model for prediction of traffic fatalities but has been found inadequate for use in developing countries. We applied regression analysis to time-series data on vehicles, population and traffic fatalities in the United Arab Emirates [UAE], Jordan and Qatar. The data were fitted to exponential models for fatality prediction, producing an average absolute error of 20.9% for Qatar, 10.9% for Jordan and 5.5% for the UAE. We found a strong linear relationship between gross domestic product and fatality rate
Assuntos
Análise de Regressão , Mortalidade , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Acidentes de TrânsitoAssuntos
Acidentes de Trânsito/prevenção & controle , Saúde Global , Gestão da Segurança/organização & administração , Organização Mundial da Saúde/organização & administração , Prevenção de Acidentes , Acidentes de Trânsito/mortalidade , Acidentes de Trânsito/estatística & dados numéricos , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Países em Desenvolvimento , Humanos , Região do Mediterrâneo , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
In a densely populated urban area of Karachi, Pakistan, a questionnaire survey was made of the knowledge and practices of 120 private general practitioners about the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB). The majority knew that cough, fever and weight loss were the main symptoms of TB, but less than half knew that blood in sputum, poor appetite and chest pain were associated with the disease. Only 58.3% of physicians used sputum microscopy for diagnosing TB and 35.0% used it as a follow-up test. Only 41.7% treated TB patients themselves, the remaining referring their patients to specialists. Around 73.3% of the doctors were aware of the 4 first-line anti-TB drugs. Efforts to improve the knowledge of private practitioners, and strategies to enhance public-private collaboration forTB control in urban areas are urgently required.
Assuntos
Médicos de Família , Padrões de Prática Médica/organização & administração , Prática Privada/organização & administração , Tuberculose Pulmonar , Serviços Urbanos de Saúde/organização & administração , Anorexia/microbiologia , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Dor no Peito/microbiologia , Competência Clínica/normas , Tosse/microbiologia , Febre/microbiologia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Hemoptise/microbiologia , Humanos , Avaliação das Necessidades , Paquistão , Médicos de Família/educação , Médicos de Família/organização & administração , Médicos de Família/psicologia , Encaminhamento e Consulta/organização & administração , Inquéritos e Questionários , Tuberculose Pulmonar/complicações , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Redução de PesoRESUMO
In a densely populated urban area of Karachi, Pakistan, a questionnaire survey was made of the knowledge and practices of 120 private general practitioners about the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis [TB]. The majority knew that cough, fever and weight loss were the main symptoms of TB, but less than half knew that blood in sputum, poor appetite and chest pain were associated with the disease. Only 58.3% of physicians used sputum microscopy for diagnosing TB and 35.0% used it as a follow-up test. Only 41.7% treated TB patients themselves, the remaining referring their patients to specialists. Around 73.3% of the doctors were aware of the 4 first-line anti-TB drugs. Efforts to improve the knowledge of private practitioners, and strategies to enhance public-private collaboration for TB control in urban areas are urgently required