Ecological study of ambient air pollution exposure and mortality of cardiovascular diseases in elderly.

As an independent risk factor, ambient air pollution can assume a considerable part in mortality and worsening of cardiovascular disease. We sought to investigate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and cardiovascular disease mortality and their risk factors in Iranian's elderly population. This inquiry was conducted ecologically utilizing recorded data on cardiovascular disease mortality from 1990 to 2019 for males and females aged 50 years or more from the Global Burden of Disease dataset. Data was interned into Joinpoint software 4.9.0.0 to present Annual Percent Change (APC), Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC), and its confidence intervals. The relationship between recorded data on ambient air pollution and cardiovascular disease' mortality, the prevalence of high systolic blood pressure, high LDL cholesterol levels, high body mass index, and diabetes mellitus type2 was investigated using the Spearman correlation test in R 3.5.0 software. Our finding demonstrated that cardiovascular diseases in elderly males and females in Iran had a general decreasing trend (AAPC = -0.77% and -0.65%, respectively). The results showed a positive correlation between exposure to ambient ozone pollution (p ≤ 0.001, r = 0.94) ambient particulate and air pollution (p < 0.001, r = 0.99) and mortality of cardiovascular disease. Also, ambient air pollution was positively correlated with high systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001, r = 0.98), high LDL cholesterol levels (p < 0.001, r = 0.97), high body mass index (p < 0.001, r = 0.91), diabetes mellitus type2 (p < 0.001, r = 0.77). Evidence from this study indicated that ambient air pollution, directly and indirectly, affects cardiovascular disease mortality in two ways by increasing the prevalence of some traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors. Evidence-based clinical and public health methodologies are necessary to decrease the burden of death and disability associated with cardiovascular disease.

Determination of chloroform concentration and human exposure assessment in the swimming pool.

This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the concentration of the by-products of chlorination in the swimming pool and estimate human health risk for the swimmers of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. In this study, the chloroform concentrations of 16 samples were measured using Gas Chromatography (GC). All the measured concentrations were less than the allowed amount announced by the World Health Organization (WHO). The results of the cancer risk (CR) and hazard index (HI) showed that the major exposure routes were found to be dermal during swimming and the 95 percentile of estimated CR and HI for the male group were 1.38 × 10-10 and 1.82 × 10-5 respectively, which is higher than the values of 5.48 × 10-10 and 2.25 × 10-5 respectively, for the women group. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the swimming exposure time (ET), and chloroform concentration were the most relevant variables in the health risk model. Therefore, knowledge about the sources of micro-pollutants in swimming pools might help promote the health methods of the pool environment.