RESUMO
Imperforate hymen (IH) is an uncommon congenital anomaly of the female genital tract, with the hymen completely obstructing the vaginal opening. Despite the simple diagnosis and treatment of IH, missed or delayed diagnosis is often a clinical problem owing to its low incidence, nonspecific symptoms, or insufficient physical examination. The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics, clinical presentations, treatment modalities, and outcomes of imperforate hymen patients. In this study, a literature search of PubMed, Scopus and Medline databases was performed for sources published up to 3 July 2018 for English-language studies with the term "imperforate hymen". The literature review identified 251 citations and 155 articles (143 case reports, 12 case series) containing 253 patients who were finally included (two papers were not written in English). Among 236 postnatal patients, the mean age of the patients was 10.7 ± 4.7 years. Abdominal pain (54.2%), urinary retention (20.3%), abnormal menstruation (14.0%), dysuria (9.7%), increased urinary frequency (5.1%), severe presentation of renal failure (n = 5, 2.1%), and urinary tract infection (n = 1, 0.4%) were presented. Most patients diagnosed with the condition underwent surgical treatment (83.5%), most of whom were treated via a hymenotomy (35.2%) and hymenectomy (36.4%), and the use of prophylactic antibiotics were only used in 7 patients. There were no differences in outcomes between two surgical methods. In addition, 141 (59.7%) patients showed improvement and 5 deceased patients were not related to IH or the operation itself; Complications, such as vaginal adhesion, were only noted in 6.6% of patients. In addition, among 17 cases of newborns with a diagnosis of IH before birth, hymenectomy (n = 5, 29.4%) and hymenotomy (n = 9, 52.9%) were the main treatment modalities and showed improved prognosis in 52.9% of newborns. Because IH diagnosis is easy and postsurgical prognosis is good, clinicians should carefully examine every female patient at birth. IH should be considered regarding adolescent girls with abdominal pain, lower back pain, or urinary retention, and perform appropriate physical examinations of the genital introitus. In addition, accurate diagnosis as IH, not misdiagnosing as vaginal septum or agenesis, is important to prevent severe complications such as stricture and ascending infection.
RESUMO
The effect of TiO2 particle size on the performance of the electrochromic device (ECD) has been investigated in this work by applying the TiO2 nanoparticles in 7, 15, and 30 nm sizes. The phosphonated viologen, bis(2-phosphonoethyl)-4,4'-bipyridinium dibromide, was anchored on the TiO2 surfaces for the construction of ECD. The ECD derived from 7 nm-sized TiO2 demonstrated the highest contrast ratio with high optical transparency, whereas it showed the slowest switching response. The enhancement of coloration efficiency with decrease of TiO2 particle size is due to the increased amount of the anchored viologen on TiO2 electrode. On the other hand, the relatively slower switching response would be caused by the difficulty of diffusion for the electrolytes and counter-ions through the small pores of the nanocrystalline TiO2 electrode derived from 7 nm-sized nanoparticles.