The trefoil factor family 1 (TFF-1) and 3 (TFF-3) are upregulated in the saliva, gingival crevicular fluid and serum of periodontitis patients.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the levels of trefoil factor family (TFF)-1, TFF-3 and interleukin (IL)-1ß in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva and serum of patients with gingivitis, stage 3 periodontitis and healthy individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 individuals consisting of 25 periodontally healthy, 25 gingivitis and 50 stage 3 periodontitis, were enrolled in the study. Clinical periodontal examinations were recorded and GCF, saliva and serum samples were obtained. TFF-1, TFF-3 and IL-1ß were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: TFF-1 and TFF-3 levels in both GCF, saliva and serum were higher in periodontitis patients than healthy controls (p < .001) and gingivitis group (p < .01). The levels of these peptides in all biofluids were similar between gingivitis and healthy control groups (p > .05). GCF, saliva and serum IL-1ß levels were also higher in periodontitis patients than the controls (p < .01). Periodontitis patients had elevated GCF and saliva IL-ß levels than gingivitis group (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Elevated TFF-1 and TFF-3 levels both locally and systemically in periodontitis in parallel to increased IL-1ß levels might suggest that these peptides are involved in host response during the periodontal tissue destruction.

Leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein (LRG): A novel acute phase protein expressed in Stage 3 Grade C periodontitis before and after periodontal therapy.

BACKGROUND: Leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein (LRG) is a novel acute phase protein involved in inflammation-associated diseases and that considered to be induced by multiple proinflammatory cytokines. This study aimed to investigate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum levels of LRG, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in patients with Stage 3 periodontitis before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment. METHODS: Twenty-five Stage 3 periodontitis and twenty-five periodontally healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. Clinical periodontal measurements were recorded; periodontitis patients received non-surgical periodontal treatment, and GCF and serum samples were obtained at baseline and at 6 weeks after treatment. LRG, IL-6 and TNF-α were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: GCF and serum LRG, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly higher in periodontitis group than healthy controls (P < .001). A significant decrease in GCF and serum LRG, IL-6 and TNF-α was detected after periodontal treatment compared with baseline values of periodontitis patients (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed that LRG expression was increased in Stage 3 periodontitis both locally and systemically, and non-surgical periodontal therapy was effective in reducing LRG levels in GCF and serum of these patients.

Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy Reduces Salivary and Gingival Crevicular Fluid YKL-40 and IL-6 Levels in Chronic Periodontitis.

PURPOSE: A novel acute-phase protein, YKL-40, is known as an inflammation-associated glycoprotein. YKL-40 is shown to be linked to inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and tissue remodeling secreted by various cells and is also considered to be stimulated by cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). The present study aimed to investigate YKL-40 and IL-6 levels in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) after non-surgical periodontal therapy for the first time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six CP patients and 26 periodontally healthy individuals were enrolled. Clinical measurements were recorded; saliva and GCF samples were obtained at baseline and 1 and 3 months after non-surgical periodontal therapy. Levels of YKL-40 and IL-6 in saliva and GCF were analysed by ELISA. RESULTS: Salivary and GCF YKL-40 and IL-6 levels were found to be statistically significantly higher in CP patients compared to healthy controls at baseline (p < 0.001). At 1 and 3 months after the completion of treatment, both YKL-40 and IL-6 levels in saliva and GCF had statistically significantly decreased compared with baseline values in CP patients (p < 0.001). On the other hand, no statistically significant difference was observed between 1 and 3 months in terms of salivary and GCF YKL-40 and IL-6 levels or any of the clinical findings (p > 0.016). CONCLUSION: Salivary and GCF YKL-40 levels may be useful to evaluate resolution of periodontal inflammation. Within the limits of this study, YKL-40 acute-phase protein might be a potential biomarker for detection of periodontitis and monitoring the response to periodontal therapy.

Local and systemic levels of aMMP-8 in gingivitis and stage 3 grade C periodontitis.

THE OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze active matrix metalloproteinase (aMMP-8) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva and serum in the context of new criteria of gingivitis and stage 3 grade C periodontitis. THE BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease is an inflammatory process that can result in tooth loss and also is considered a modifying factor for systemic health. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 is the major collagenase of periodontal tissue breakdown. METHODS: Totally 83 systemically healthy and non-smoker individuals consisting of 23 periodontally healthy, 20 gingivitis and 40 stage 3 periodontitis, were recruited to the study. Clinical periodontal examinations of probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded; and GCF, saliva and serum samples were obtained. aMMP-8 was measured by immunofluorometric assay (IFMA). RESULTS: GCF and serum aMMP-8 levels were significantly increased in periodontitis and gingivitis compared to healthy ones (P < .001), whereas gingivitis and periodontitis patients showed similar levels of aMMP-8 in GCF and serum (P > .05). Saliva levels of aMMP-8 were higher in periodontitis patients than both gingivitis and healthy individuals (P < .001). There was no significant difference in salivary aMMP-8 levels between gingivitis group and healthy controls (P > .05). CONCLUSION: These findings support the involvement of aMMP-8 in periodontal diseases and suggest that its local and systemic levels can reflect stage 3 grade C periodontitis. Moreover, aMMP-8 in GCF and serum seems to have a potential to differentiate between gingivitis and periodontal health.

Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on gingival crevicular fluid hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in generalized aggressive periodontitis patients.

BACKGROUND: Hypoxia-inducible angiogenic pathway involving hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) may regulate several biological processes related to inflammation. The present study aimed to assess the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) HIF-1α, VEGF, and TNF-α levels in generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP). METHODS: Twenty G-AgP patients and 20 periodontally healthy individuals were included. G-AgP patients received scaling and root planning (SRP), per quadrant at a 1-week-interval, performed with ultrasonic and periodontal hand instruments. GCF samples were collected and clinical periodontal parameters including probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival index and plaque index were recorded at baseline, 1 and 3 months after treatment. Biomarker levels in GCF were analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS: At baseline all clinical parameters and GCF HIF-1α, VEGF, and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in G-AgP patients compared to healthy control (P < 0.05). All clinical parameters improved over the 3-month-period in G-AgP patients (P < 0.05). GCF HIF-1α levels in G-AgP reduced at 1 and 3 months post-treatment, however, this did not reach to statistical significance (P > 0.05). GCF VEGF and TNF-α levels remained unchanged throughout the study period (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the present study, although HIF-1α seems to possess a potential diagnostic value for G-AgP, it might not be a proper predictor of clinically favorable treatment outcome. SRP plus different adjunctive therapies could provide better information about the prognostic role of hypoxia-inducible angiogenic pathway in G-AgP.