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1.
Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ ; 12(8): 1205-1219, 2022 Aug 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36005233

RESUMO

The study of the multiple processes involved in learning how to read can contribute towards the early detection of good and bad readers. However, it is necessary to take into consideration different biopsychosocial risk factors (pre- and perigestational, neonatal, medical, developmental and family-related) that may have a significant impact on neurodevelopment, producing atypical cognitive development that could lead to the presence of reading difficulties. The objective of this study was to identify the main psycholinguistic abilities involved in the early reading performance and analyse their relationship to biopsychosocial risk factors. A total of 110 subjects between the ages of 4 and 7 years old and enrolled in state-run schools in Spain participated in the study. Significant correlations were found between different psycholinguistic abilities and certain biopsychosocial risk factors (having had hyperbilirubinemia, having obtained a score lower than 9 on the Apgar test, having had language problems or a sibling with dyslexia). This relationship should be taken into account in the study of learning difficulties as a potential indicator to predict later reading development and even the presence of developmental dyslexia.

2.
An. psicol ; 36(2): 271-282, mayo 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-192064

RESUMO

Un número considerable de estudiantes presenta dificultades de aprendizaje y bajo rendimiento académico, sin embargo su evaluación no siempre deriva en un diagnóstico concreto. Son categorizados como inmaduros, pero no se determinan ni la naturaleza ni las características de sus dificultades. El objetivo fue identificar los dominios evolutivos afectados en niños con retraso del desarrollo (RD) y valorar el concepto de dificultades neuroevolutivas como constructo comprensivo de las dificultades generalizadas de aprendizaje. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases electrónicas Medline, PsycINFO, WOS, Eric, Dialnet y CSIC y, tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión, se seleccionaron 18 artículos. Los resultados confirman que RD se utiliza como etiqueta diagnóstica para caracterizar a niños con retrasos significativos en uno o varios ámbitos del desarrollo, pero no existe una definición de consenso ni criterios específicos para su diagnóstico, y solo sería de aplicación a niños de corta edad. Los dominios afectados coinciden con funciones neuroevolutivas y, en su etiología, destacan factores de riesgo biológico y ambiental. Se constata la persistencia en la niñez de las dificultades neuroevolutivas y su asociación con las dificultades generalizas en el aprendizaje de años escolares, apuntando a las primeras como constructo explicativo de las segundas


A considerable number of students have learning difficulties and low academic performance, yet their evaluation does not always lead to a concrete diagnosis. They are categorized as immature, but neither the nature nor the characteristics of their difficulties are determined. The aim of this study was to identify the developmental domains which are affected in children with developmental delay (DD) in order to assess the concept of neurodevelopmental difficulties as a comprehensive category and profile of generalized learning difficulties. To this end, a systematic review was carried out on the electronic databases Medline, PsycINFO, WOS, Eric, Dialnet and CSIC and, after applying the inclusion criteria, 18 articles were selected. The results confirm that DD is used as a diagnostic label to characterize children with significant delays in one or more developmental domains, but there is no definition of consensus nor specific criteria for its diagnosis, and it would only be applicable to young children. The affected domains coincide with neurodevelopmental functions, and biological and environmental risk factors stand out in their aetiology. Neurodevelopmental difficulties would encompass a wide spectrum of deficits with different levels of severity that, on interacting with each other, give rise to a variety of profiles


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/diagnóstico , Deficiências da Aprendizagem/psicologia , Transtornos Neurocognitivos/psicologia , Baixo Rendimento Escolar , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/psicologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Fatores de Risco , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia
3.
Pensam. psicol ; 15(1): 73-86, ene.-jun. 2017. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-895183

RESUMO

Objetivo. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo efectuar una revisión actualizada de los modelos neuropsicológicos y psicolingüísticos de la intervención en las dificultades de la escritura. Método. Se partió de una revisión y un estudio teórico de documentos especializados, utilizando diversos descriptores específicos (disgrafía-neuropsicología, disgrafía-psicolingüística, reeducación/educación-disgrafía) de la Web of Science. Resultados. De modo habitual, la literatura especializada plantea que la intervención neuropsicológica y psicolingüística debe ser integral, en el sentido de centrarse en los procesos tanto generales como específicos que subyacen a la escritura de cada niño. De la misma forma, se identifica que la adaptación del modelo de trabajo a las necesidades reales del alumno en cuanto a su grafismo, calidad del escrito y dificultades concretas permite la optimización del resultado. Conclusión. Resulta necesario considerar que una adecuada intervención en la escritura no debe ser genérica, sino individualizada y específica. De ahí que la adopción de un modelo de trabajo integral le aporte beneficios al niño, dado que se centra en los factores que determinan su acto gráfico, su calidad de la composición y la corrección de sus errores concretos.


Objective. This study aimed to carry out an updated review of neuropsychological and psycholinguistic models in the intervention of writers who demonstrate poor acquisition of writing skills. Method. We have started a comprehensive review and theoretical study of specialized documents, using various specific descriptors (dysgraphia - neuropsychology, dysgraphia - psycholinguistic, reeducation / education - dysgraphia) in the Web of Science. Results. Regularly, the literature suggests that neuropsychological and psycholinguistic intervention must be comprehensive, in the sense of focus on both general and specific processes that underlie each child's writing. The adaptation of the working model to the real needs of the student in terms of graphics, quality of writing and their particular difficulties allows the optimization of the result. Conclusion. We need to consider that a good intervention in writing can't be generic, but must be individualized and specific. The adoption of a model of integrated work brings benefits to the child, since it focuses on the factors that determine their graphic act, the quality of the composition, and correction of their specific errors.


Escopo. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo efetuar uma revisão atualizada dos modelos neuropsicológicos e psicolinguísticos da intervenção nas dificuldades da escritura. Metodologia. Tem se partido de uma completa revisão e estudo teórico de documentos especializados, utilizando diversos descritores específicos (disgrafia-neuropsicologia, disgrafia-psicolinguística, reeducação/educação-disgrafia) na Web of Science. Resultados. De maneira habitual, a literatura especializada argumenta que a intervenção neuropsicológica e psicolinguística deve ser integral, no sentido de se enfocar nos processos tanto gerais como específicos que são subjacentes à escritura de cada criança. Do mesmo jeito, é identificado que a adaptação do modelo de trabalho às necessidades reais do aluno em quanto ao seu grafismo, qualidade do escrito e as suas dificuldades concretas permitem a optimização do resultado. Conclusão. É necessário considerar que uma boa intervenção na escritura não pode ser genérica, ao contrário, deve ser individualizada e específica. Assim, centra-se nos fatores que determinam seu ato gráfico, sua qualidade da composição e a correção de seus erros concretos.


Assuntos
Humanos , Agrafia , Psicolinguística , Neuropsicologia
4.
Univ. psychol ; 11(3): 875-883, set.-dic. 2012. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-675407

RESUMO

Los Trastornos Generalizados del Desarrollo (TGD) son perturbaciones graves y generalizadas que afectan áreas centrales del desarrollo (DSM-IV-TR). Se propone que el período perigestacional aglutina una serie de factores de riesgo que influyen y condicionan el desarrollo normal del feto. El objetivo de este artículo fue estudiar la presencia de riesgos durante el desarrollo perinatal, considerando las respuestas de 93 madres con hijos que presentan un Trastorno Generalizado del Desarrollo a un autoinforme estructurado, tal como es el caso del trastorno autista, trastorno de Asperger y TGD-no especificado. Del análisis de las respuestas al autoinforme se han encontrado diferencias significativas entre los grupos de TGD en la dimensión pregestacional -malnutrición/anorexia e hipertensión-, en la perigestacional -malnutrición/anorexia y problemas con el líquido amniótico- y en la psicosocial -género no deseado del bebé-.


Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs) are severe and pervasive disturbances affecting central areas of development (DSM-IV-TR). It is proponed that the perigestational period encompasses a number of risk factors that influence and affect normal fetal development. The aim of this paper was to study the presence of risks during the perinatal development, considering the responses of 93 mothers of children with a pervasive developmental disorder -autistic disorder, Asperger disorder and PDD-NOS- to a structured self-report. We found significant differences among the PDD groups in the pregestational -malnutrition/anorexia and hypertension- , in the perigestational - malnutrition/anorexia and problems with the amniotic fluid-, and in the psychosocial -unwanted gender baby- dimensions from the analysis of the responses.

5.
Apuntes psicol ; 29(1): 145-159, ene.-abr. 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-92292

RESUMO

El trastorno autista hace referencia a una alteración neuropsicológica de carazterísticas heterogéneas, cuyos síntomas, graves y generalizados, se manifiestan, sobre todo, en tres áreas del desarrollo: cognitiva, lingüistica y social. La intervención en el autismo debe realizarse de manera individualizada, buscando potenciar las habilidades comunicativas de los autistas, favoreciendo las interacciones, sus destrezas sociales y fortaleciendo las conductas deseadas, toda vez que se disminuyen aquellas otras inadaptadas. En este trabajo, se realiza un recorrido actualizado por sintomatología nuclear del autismo y se describen, a la luz de los nuevos conocimientos, las principales herramientas e instrumentos que debe contemplar el proceso derivado de un plan de intervención dirigido hacia la reeducación o el tratamiento de esta sintomatología(AU)


The autistic disorder refers to an alteration neuropsicológica of carazterísticas heterogeneous, whose symptoms, serious and widespread, demonstrate, especially, in three areas of the development: cognitive, linguistic and social. The intervention in the autism must be realized in an individualized way, seeking to promote the communicative skills of the autistic ones, favoring the interactions, his social skills and strengthening the wished conducts, although those diminish malajusted others. In this work, there is realized a tour updated by nuclear symptomatology of the autism and they are described, in the light of the new knowledge, the principal tools and instruments that there must contemplate the process derived from a plan of intervention directed to the reeducation or the treatment of this symptomatology (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Transtorno Autístico/psicologia , Pessoas com Deficiência Mental/psicologia , Educação de Pessoa com Deficiência Intelectual/métodos , Educação Inclusiva/métodos
6.
Apuntes psicol ; 28(1): 51-64, ene.-abr. 2010. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-83061

RESUMO

El autismo es un trastorno neuropsicológico que comenzó a diagnosticarse hace relativamente pocas décadas. En 1943, Leo Kanner lo describió por primera vez, suponiendo el inicio del estudio clínico de un síndrome que, hasta ese momento, era desconocido. No obstante, hay evidencias que indican que el trastorno ha existido siempre y son diversas las publicaciones que así lo evidencian. Desde los años 60 hasta la actualidad, se han realizado multitud de investigaciones y aportaciones procedentes de diversas disciplinas que reflejan la enorme complejidad del trastorno. El objetivo de este teabajo es hacer un recorrido histórico que permita conocer cuál ha sido el devenir del estudio clínico y evolutivo del trastorno autista hasta la actualidad. Con esta finalidad, se destacan los momentos más significativos que han contribuido a definir el autismo tal y como se conoce en la actualidad(AU)


The autism is a disorder neuropsicológico that began to be diagnosed relatively a few decades ago. In 1943, Leo Kanner described it for the first time, supposing the beginning of the clinical study of a syndrome that, up to this moment, was not known. Nevertheless, there are evidences that indicate that the disorder has existed always and there are diverse the publications that like that demonstrate it. From the 60s up to the current importance, there have been realized multitude of investigations and contributions proceeding from diverse disciplines that reflect the enormous complexity of the disorder. The aim of this teabajo is to do a historical tour that allows to know which has been to develop of the clinical and evolutionary study of the autistic disorder up to the current importance. With this purpose, are outlined the most significant moments that have helped to define the autism as it is known at present(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Transtorno Autístico/história , Transtornos Globais do Desenvolvimento Infantil/história , Transtorno Autístico/psicologia , Neuropsicologia/história , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/história
7.
Rev. latinoam. psicol ; 41(3): 555-570, dic. 2009.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-541077

RESUMO

El autismo, al igual que el resto de los trastornos generalizados del desarrollo, es ampliamente estudiado en muchas investigaciones actuales. Sin embargo, su etiología sigue siendo la gran desconocida. Sus manifestacionesheterogéneas, junto con la disparidad de criterios clínicos y resultados de las investigaciones, dificultan su estudioy, con ello, la aplicación de medidas preventivas que minimicen sus efectos. El artículo que se presenta tienecomo objetivo ofrecer una revisión actualizada del tema del autismo y despejar las muchas incógnitas que todavía existen respecto al mismo. Se realiza una revisión de los autores más importantes y de las principales líneas de investigación emergentes de la producción científica, y que tratan de concretar su inconstante sintomatología, al igual que su prevalencia y etiopatogenia.


Autism, as any other pervasive developmental disorder, is the object of a large number of studies at present time. However, its aetiology is still unknown. Its heterogeneousmanifestations, together with a diversity of clinical criteriaand results from research, make its study a difficult task, and correspondingly, the application of preventive strategies in order to minimize its effects. The goal ofthis article is to offer an actual view of autism and to give answers to questions that still remain about it. In aneffort to clear up its fickle symptomatology, a review ofthe most important authors and the main emergent lines of research in the scientific production are presented, aswell as its prevalence and etiopathogeny.


Assuntos
Humanos , Transtorno Autístico/psicologia , Transtornos Psicóticos Afetivos/psicologia
8.
Psicol. educ. (Madr.) ; 15(2): 127-121, jul.-dic. 2009.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-98306

RESUMO

El autismo es un trastorno de causa desconocida. Sus manifestaciones heterogéneas, junto con la disparidad de criterios utilizados en las investigaciones, dificultan su estudio. Se han propuesto diversos modelos etiológicos que han generado distintas hipótesis. Sin embargo, sigue sin poder ofrecerse una explicación clara y definitiva sobre su génesis. El objetivo de este artículo es valorar los diferentes postulados teóricos que tratan de identificar los mecanismos patogénicos correlacionando las características inconstantes y heterogéneas del autismo con acontecimientos de distinta naturaleza -médicos, genéticos, sociofamiliares, perigestacionales, neurológicos, entre otros-. Al respecto, puede concluirse que la explicación más acertada en la etiología del autismo apunta a una predisposición biológica que proviene del propio entorno y de la constitución personal así como un, todavía no identificado, número de factores tanto de riesgo como protectores (AU)


Autism is a disorder of unknown origin. Its heterogeneous symptoms, together with the disparity of criteria used in its research, make its study difficult. Several etiological models have been proposed, which have generated various hypotheses. However, a clear and definitive explanation about its genesis has not yet proved possible. The aim of this article is to evaluate a variety of theoretical postulates that are intended to identify the pathogenic mechanisms by correlating autism?s variable and heterogeneous characteristics with different events (medical, genetic, social, family, perigestational, and neurological events, among others). In this regard, it is concluded that the most adequate explanation for the etiology of autism suggests a biological predisposition originating from both environment and physical condition, together with a number of risk and protection factors that still remain unidentified (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Transtorno Autístico/etiologia , Suscetibilidade a Doenças/diagnóstico , Fatores de Risco , Predisposição Genética para Doença
9.
Rev. colomb. obstet. ginecol ; 59(4): 316-326, oct.-dic. 2008.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-503660

RESUMO

Algunas complicaciones maternas perinatales específicas pueden ser determinantes en el desarrollo infantil. Se constata que muchos niños con una amplia variedad de alteraciones han sufrido diversas complicaciones durante su desarrollo gestacional. Por lo tanto, los riesgos maternos ocurridos a lo largo del período pre-perinatal llevan asociados, en ocasiones, diferentes daños, sean neuropsicológicos, físicos y/o psicosociales. En el presente artículo se identifican los principales factores asociados al riesgo perinatal y sus implicaciones, haciendo un recorrido por los procedimientos estandarizados de evaluación del riesgo, desde la perspectiva médico neuropsicológica y psicosocial del neonato.


Assuntos
Masculino , Adulto , Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Criança , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Neuropsicologia , Assistência Perinatal
10.
Psicol. educ. (Madr.) ; 14(2): 147-165, jul.-dic. 2008.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-98296

RESUMO

En los últimos años se ha constatado un gran avance en lo referido a la detección de las alteraciones o trastornos en el desarrollo psicológico, que se ha hecho extensivo al periodo prenatal y neonatal. Al considerar la etiología de los trastornos del desarrollo psicológico, se repara en que muchos de ellos tienen todavía una etiología poco definida o incluso desconocida. El periodo prenatal es un momento adecuado para trabajar diferentes aspectos preventivos de la etiología de muchos trastornos del desarrollo psicológico, por ello, es necesario valorar este periodo para poder intervenir, de forma precoz, en los potenciales riesgos posteriores, con el fin de minimizarlos y corregirlos. La optimización evolutiva del ciclo vital cobra una especial importancia para la implementación de programas preventivos, desde la perspectiva de la educación y promoción de la salud, en este periodo. Se describe, a nivel teórico, un modelo de trabajo aplicado a los trastornos del desarrollo psicológico en el periodo perigestacional (AU)


In recent years, detection and intervention of alterations or disorders in psychological development has experienced a remarkable growth. When the etiology of psychological development disorders is considered, it becomes clear nowadays that there are a lot of disorders with a poorly defined etiology or even entirely unknown. The prenatal period is an appropriate moment to implement preventive strategies to treat many disorders found during psychological development. Therefore, it is necessary to assess this period for an early prevention of subsequent potential risks, bearing in mind risk reduction or even correction. The developmental optimization of the life cycle becomes especially important for the implementation of preventive programs ?particularly from the point of view of both education and health improvement. A model plan applied to developmental psychological disorders over the peri-gestational period is outlined (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Desenvolvimento Fetal , Técnicas Psicológicas/organização & administração , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/prevenção & controle , Psicologia da Criança/tendências , Cuidado Pré-Natal/psicologia
11.
Psicothema ; 20(4): 684-90, 2008 Nov.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18940069

RESUMO

Nowadays, the aetiology of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) remains unknown. There are a large number of clinical studies that demonstrate the high percentage of children with developmental disorders that have suffered a range of complications and perinatal risks. From this point of view, the goal of the present investigation is to analyze the presence of pre-, peri- and neonatal risks in a sample of 93 mothers of children with PDD. A self-report, structured as a questionnaire, has been the tool of choice and was employed to evaluate the perinatal risks in a series of dimensions: pregestational, perigestational, intra-childbirth, neonatal, psychosocial and sociodemographic. The significant differences that were found allow defining perinatal risks of diverse nature that can determine and describe variations in PDD. Biological risks, especially pregestational followed by perigestational ones, were more present than those of psychosocial and sociodemographic nature. The specific risks, in different combinations, are noteworthy, but they do not entail a direct cause with regard to the aetiology of PDD. Nevertheless, they represent a description of potential risks associated with them, and the recognition of their multicausality as well.


Assuntos
Transtornos Globais do Desenvolvimento Infantil/diagnóstico , Perinatologia , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal , Fatores de Risco
12.
Salud ment ; 31(5): 371-379, sep.-oct. 2008. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-632671

RESUMO

Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) refer to a group of severe neuropsychologic alterations. Symptoms affect three development components: social-interaction skills, language and communication skills and a set of behaviours and activities that become restricted and stereotyped. PDDs include the following disorders: Autistic, Rett's, Infantile Disintegrative, Asperger's and Generalized Non-specific Development Disorder. Regarding to its unknown causes, several explanations have been gathered as a challenging task. They highlight the idea of generalised alterations in the Central Nervous System (CNS). However, the strongest thesis defines a multicausal etiology, with different factors associated to PDDs. Never the less, over the past few years, the review of problems associated with pregnancy and labour have been stressed. This perspective is complemented by other elements that point towards genetic alterations and CNS deficits as causes behind PDD. It has been suggested that pregnancy, labour and even neonatal complications can act on different fronts: increasing the risk of autism or any other PDD, or interacting along with genetic determinants to increase the potential risk at a critical moment in the perinatal development process. The goal of this paper is to study the presence of perinatal risk in mothers of children with and without PDD. A total of 259 mothers took part in the study; 95 were used as an experimental group: they all had a PDD-diagnosed child, according to DSM-IV-TR criteria (68 had autistic disorder, six had Asperger's disorder, one had Rett's disorder and 19 had non-specific PDD). The remaining 165 women had children with a normal evolutive development and were selected as a control group. In order to collect information about perinatal risk, a Maternal Perinatal Risk Questionnaire (MPRQ) was used. This is a structured and specifically-designed autoreport that evaluates the presence or absence of 40 pregestational and perigestational risk factors annalysed from six perspectives: pregestational, perigestational, intrapartum, neonatal, psychosocial and sociodemographic. For every factor evaluated in the MPRQ, an analysis of the average scores and typical deviations was made, along with a frequency and percentage study. Furthermore, a comparative of the frequencies in the control and experimental groups was carried out for every MPRQ item. By means of descriptive analysis, both groups were classified according to the children's age and birth order, the mother's age during pregnancy, current parent's age and their educational and professional levels. When comparing the experimental group's frequencies to those of the control group in the pregestational stage, two significative items were found in Chi-square: the number of previous spontaneous abortions and the use of contraceptive methods. As a result, the control group had fewer spontaneous abortions than the experimental group (10.9% and 22.4% respectively). The use of contraceptive methods previous to pregnancy described the control group's superiority both for hormonal methods and intrauterine devices (IUD). The experimental group was defined by the absence of IUD and the scarce use of hormonal contraceptives (4.3%). In the perigestational dimension, the three significative items in Chi-square were: pharmacological consumption and presence of edema during pregnancy, and premature rupture of amniotic sac. Pharmacological consumption during pregnancy stresses the consumption of medicine or vitamines and iron in control group (81.2%), compared to the group of mothers of children with PDD (60.6%). The presence of gestational edema has been conclusively linked to the control group. As for the premature rupture of waters, a significantly higher presence of amniotic rupture was found in the experimental group compared to the control group. In the intrapartum dimension, the experimental group confirmed higher frequencies in situations that imply a higher perinatal risk such as: a very quick labour or one lasting over 12 hours. In the neonatal dimension, the control group showed with higher percentages (87.9%), the absence of blue coloration -which would be indicative of cyanosis-, when compared to the experimental group (79.8%). The psycho-social dimension included two significant items: the desired gender for the newborn and the desired pregnancy. The desired gender item confirmed that situations of happiness about finding out the baby's gender were higher in the control group (68.4%) than in the experimental group. The desired pregnancy item proved that situations of desired pregnancy were higher in the control group (91.5%) compared to the experimental group (84.0%). Finally, in the socio-demographic dimension, two siginificative items were identified when comparing both groups: the mother's profession and the baby's gender. In one hand, regarding the mother's profession, it was observed that mothers of PDD children were mainly found within home enviroment (37.2%) or unqualfied worker categories (18.1%). On the other hand, in the control group, the mothers who adscribed to the qualified professional category was notably higher (33.3%). Regarding the child's gender, a higher risk is detected in males, at a proportion of 1 to 3. The results of this study showed that there are significative differences between PDD children who developed perinatal risks, compared to children who have a regular evolutive development. Children with PDD will thus show significant differences compared to non-PDD children: they have an unequal perinatal development and developed perinatal risks. Therefore, many risks are present in a higher measure in PDD children when compared to the control group. An innovative contribution is also made, by strongly suggesting that physical risks define the presence of perinatal risks in PDD. However, the psychosocial and sociodemographic dimensions must also be taken into account.


Los trastornos generalizados del desarrollo (TGD), hacen referencia a un conjunto de alteraciones neuropsicológicas graves. Sus síntomas afectan a tres componentes del desarrollo: interacción social, lenguaje y comunicación e intereses, comportamientos y actividades restringidas y estereotipadas. Los TGD incluyen los siguientes trastornos: autismo, Rett, desintegrativo infantil, Asperger y el Trastorno generalizado del desarrollo no especificado. Su etiología resulta poco conocida y es un reto para la investigación actual. En los últimos años se ha acentuado la revisión de los problemas asociados con el embarazo y el parto. Diversas hipótesis sugieren que el embarazo, el parto e incluso las complicaciones neonatales, pueden actuar desde diversos frentes e incrementar el riesgo de autismo y de los demás TGD. El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar la presencia de riesgos perinatales entre madres de hijos con TGD y madres de hijos sin TGD. En la investigación participaron un total de 259 madres. De ellas, 94 participaron como grupo experimental: todas tenían un hijo con un diagnóstico de TGD, según criterios del DSM-IV-TR (68 con trastorno autista, seis con trastorno de Asperger, uno con trastorno de Rett y 19 con TGD no especificado). Las mujeres restantes (165) fueron seleccionadas como grupo control y eran madres de infantes/niños con un desarrollo evolutivo normal. Para recoger la información sobre la presencia de riesgos perinatales, se utilizó el Cuestionario Materno de Riesgo Perinatal (CMRP). Este cuestionario es un autoinforme estructurado diseñado ad hoc que contempla, desde seis dimensiones -pregestacional, perigestacional, intraparto, neonatal, psicosocial y sociodemo-gráfica-la presencia o ausencia de 40 factores de riesgo pregestacionales y perigestacionales. Para cada factor valorado con el CMRP, se realizó un análisis de las puntuaciones medias y las desviaciones típicas, junto con un estudio de las frecuencias y los porcentajes resultantes. Asimismo, se efectuó una comparativa de las frecuencias y se utilizó el estadístico Chi-cuadrado de Pearson (χ²), de los grupos experimental y control en cada uno de los reactivos del CMRP. En la dimensión pregestacional, se encontraron dos reactivos significativos en Chi-cuadrado: el número de abortos espontáneos anteriores y el uso de métodos anticonceptivos. En la dimensión perigestacional tres reactivos resultaron significativos: el consumo de fármacos y la presencia de edema durante el embarazo, así como también la ruptura prematura de la fuente. En la dimensión intraparto el grupo experimental mostró frecuencias más altas en aquellas situaciones que implican un mayor riesgo perinatal; un parto muy rápido o la tardanza de más de 12 horas en el mismo. En la dimensión neonatal la coloración azulada del neonato, indicativa de cianosis, fue superior en el grupo experimental. Por otra parte, la dimensión psicosocial ofreció dos reactivos significativos: el sexo deseado del bebé y el embarazo deseado. Por último, en la dimensión sociodemográfica, se identificaron dos reactivos importantes al comparar el grupo experimental con el grupo control, que fueron: la profesión de la madre y el sexo del bebé. Los resultados de esta investigación indican que existen diferencias significativas en niños con TGD que presentaron riesgos perinatales frente a otros con desarrollo evolutivo sin dificultades. Los niños con TGD muestran diferencias significativas comparados con otros niños sin TGD: tienen un desarrollo perinatal desigual, con una presencia significativamente distinta de riesgos perinatales. De esta forma, los riesgos físicos definen la presencia de riesgos perinatales en los TGD. Ahora bien, las dimensiones psicosocial y sociodemográfica deben también ser tomadas en cuenta.

13.
Psicothema (Oviedo) ; 20(4): 684-690, 2008. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-68825

RESUMO

La etiología de los trastornos generalizados del desarrollo (TGD) es, en la actualidad, desconocida. Los estudios clínicos que ponen en evidencia el alto porcentaje de niños con problemas en el desarrollo, que han sufrido diversas complicaciones y riesgos perinatales, son muchos. Desde este planteamiento, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la presencia de riesgos pre-, peri- y neonatales en una muestra de 93 madres con hijos con un TGD. El instrumento utilizado ha sido un autoinforme, estructurado a modo de cuestionario, con el que se valoraron los riesgos perinatales en una serie de dimensiones: pregestacional, perigestacional, intraparto, neonatal, psicosocial y sociodemográfica. Las diferencias significativas halladas permiten definir riesgos perinatales de diversa naturaleza que pueden condicionar y describir variaciones en los TGD. Los riesgos biológicos, sobre todo los pregestacionales, seguidos de los perigestacionales, han estado más presentes que los de tipo psicosocial o sociodemográfico. Los riesgos específicos, en distintas combinaciones, son muy notables, pero no implican una causa directa con respecto a la etiología de los TGD. No obstante, suponen una descripción de los posibles factores asociados a los mismos, así como el reconocimiento de su multicausalidad


Nowadays, the aetiology of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) remains unknown. There are a large number of clinical studies that demonstrate the high percentage of children with developmental disorders that have suffered a range of complications and perinatal risks. From this point of view, the goal of the present investigation is to analyze the presence of pre-, peri- and neonatal risks in a sample of 93 mothers of children with PDD. A self-report, structured as a questionnaire, has been the tool of choice and was employed to evaluate the perinatal risks in a series of dimensions: pregestational, perigestational, intra-childbirth, neonatal, psychosocial and sociodemographic. The significant differences that were found allow defining perinatal risks of diverse nature that can determine and describe variations in PDD. Biological risks, especially pregestational followed by perigestational ones, were more present than those of psychosocial and sociodemographic nature. The specific risks, in different combinations, are noteworthy, but they do not entail a direct cause with regard to the aetiology of PDD. Nevertheless, they represent a description of potential risks associated with them, and the recognition of their multicausality as well


Assuntos
Humanos , Transtornos Globais do Desenvolvimento Infantil/etiologia , Fatores de Risco , Exposição Materna/efeitos adversos , Comportamento Materno , Inquéritos e Questionários
14.
Pensam. psicol ; 4(10): 111-121, ene.-jun. 2008.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-511377

RESUMO

El trastorno autista hace referencia a un trastorno neuropsicológico con graves yheterogéneas manifestaciones que abarcan tres principales áreas del desarrollo,a saber: alteraciones sociales y afectivas, alteraciones en la conducta lingüísticay comunicativa y la presencia de patrones comportamentales, intereses oactividades restringidas y estereotipadas. En la dimensión social y afectiva,destaca el fracaso por el mantenimiento y el desarrollo de vínculos sociales yafectivos, que se caracteriza por el aislamiento social y la presencia de conductasde interacción socio-afectivas inapropiadas. En la actualidad, la manera másefectiva de tratar el autismo es mediante programas psicoeducativos. Se presentanlas principales características del trastorno, haciendo énfasis en el área socioafectiva,y se plantean unas líneas genéricas de intervención desde la perspectivapsicoeducativa.


Autistic disorder refers to a neuropsychological disorder with serious andheterogeneous manifestations that include three main areas of development, namely: social and affective alterations, alterations in the linguistic andcommunicative behaviour and the presence of behavioural patterns, interestsor restricted and stereotyped activities. The failure that affects the maintenanceand development of social and affective bonds, characterized by social isolationand the presence of inadequate behaviours of social-affective interactions, ishighlighted in the social and affective dimension. At the present time, the mosteffective way to treat autism is by means of psycho-educative programs. Themain characteristics of the disorder, emphasizing the social-affective area, arepresented, together with generic lines of intervention consider from the psychoeducativeperspective.


O transtorno autista há referência a um transtorno neuropsicológico comgraves e heterogêneas manifestações que abrangem três principais áreas dodesenvolvimento, a saber: alterações sociais e afetivas, alterações na condutalingüística e comunicativa e a presença de patrões comportamentais, interesse ouatividades restringidas e estereotipadas. Na dimensão social e afetiva destaca ofracasso pela manutenção e o desenvolvimento de vínculos sociais e afetivos quese caracteriza pelo isolamento social e a presença de condutas de interação sócioafetivasinadequadas. Na atualidade, a maneira mais efetiva de tratar o autismo émediante programas psicoeducativos. Se apresentam as principais característicasdo transtorno, fazendo ênfase na área sócio-afetiva, e se colocam umas linhasgenéricas de intervenção desde a perspectiva psicoeducativa.


Assuntos
Transtorno Autístico , Educação Inclusiva , Comportamento Social
15.
Psicol. educ. (Madr.) ; 13(2): 117-131, jul.-dic. 2007.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-98282

RESUMO

El trastorno autista se caracteriza por una sintomatología heterogénea en la que destacan alteraciones graves y generalizadas en varias áreas del desarrollo: (i) habilidades para la interacción social, (ii) habilidades para la comunicación y (iii) la presencia de comportamientos, intereses y actividades estereotipadas. En el presente artículo teórico se hace un recorrido por las principales características y perfiles que describe el niño autista en el nivel comportamental, haciendo especial mención a los comportamientos rituales y respuestas frente al cambio, las alteraciones con el ambiente físico, la conducta autoestimuladora y repetitiva y la conducta autolesiva. Se exponen, finalmente, algunas de las propuestas que, bajo la dimensión psicoeducativa, se pueden utilizar para intervenir en las alteraciones comportamentales (AU)


A set of heterogeneous symptoms characterizes autistic disorders, where deep and general alterations in a number of development areas stand out: (i) social skills, (ii) communication skills, and (iii) the presence of stereotyped behaviors, interests and activities. From a theoretical view, this paper describes the most outstanding behavioral characteristics and profiles of autistic children. A special attention is paid to ritual behaviors and responses to change, environmental changes, self-stimulating and repetitive behavior and self-injured behavior. Finally, some suggestions for behavioral intervention within the psycho-educational approach are made (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Transtorno Autístico/psicologia , Relações Interpessoais , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/terapia , Comportamento Ritualístico , Automutilação/psicologia , Comportamento Estereotipado , Intervenção Educacional Precoce/métodos
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