RESUMO
Cullin RING ligases (CRLs) are the largest family of cellular E3 ubiquitin ligases and mediate polyubiquitination of a number of cellular substrates. CRLs are activated via the covalent modification of the cullin protein with the ubiquitin-like protein Nedd8. This results in a conformational change in the cullin carboxy terminus that facilitates the ubiquitin transfer onto the substrate. COP9 signalosome (CSN)-mediated cullin deneddylation is essential for CRL activity in vivo. However, the mechanism through which CSN promotes CRL activity in vivo is currently unclear. In this paper, we provide evidence that cullin deneddylation is not intrinsically coupled to substrate polyubiquitination as part of the CRL activation cycle. Furthermore, inhibiting substrate-receptor autoubiquitination is unlikely to account for the major mechanism through which CSN regulates CRL activity. CSN also did not affect recruitment of the substrate-receptor SPOP to Cul3, suggesting it may not function to facilitate the exchange of Cul3 substrate receptors. Our results indicate that CSN binds preferentially to CRLs in the neddylation-induced, active conformation. Binding of the CSN complex to active CRLs may recruit CSN-associated proteins important for CRL regulation. The deneddylating activity of CSN would subsequently promote its own dissociation to allow progression through the CRL activation cycle.
Assuntos
Proteínas Culina/metabolismo , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Ubiquitinação/fisiologia , Ubiquitinas/metabolismo , Proteínas Culina/genética , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Complexos Multiproteicos/genética , Proteína NEDD8 , Ubiquitinas/genéticaRESUMO
Cycle inhibiting factor (Cif) is produced by pathogenic intracellular bacteria and injected into the host cells via a type III secretion system. Cif is known to interfere with the eukaryotic cell cycle by inhibiting the function of cullin RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs). Cullin proteins form the scaffold protein of CRLs and are modified with the ubiquitin-like protein Nedd8, which exerts important conformational control required for CRL activity. Cif has recently been shown to catalyze the deamidation of Gln40 in Nedd8 to Glu. Here, we addressed how Nedd8 deamidation inhibits CRL activity. Our results indicate that Burkholderia pseudomallei Cif (also known as CHBP) inhibits the deconjugation of Nedd8 in vivo by inhibiting binding of the deneddylating COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex. We provide evidence that the reduced binding of CSN and the inhibition of CRL activity by Cif are due to interference with Nedd8-induced conformational control, which is dependent on the interaction between the Nedd8 hydrophobic patch and the cullin winged-helix B subdomain. Of note, mutation of Gln40 to Glu in ubiquitin, an additional target of Cif, inhibits the interaction between the hydrophobic surface of ubiquitin and the ubiquitin-binding protein p62/SQSTM1, showing conceptually that Cif activity can impair ubiquitin/ubiquitin-like protein non-covalent interactions. Our results also suggest that Cif may exert additional cellular effects by interfering with the association between ubiquitin and ubiquitin-binding proteins.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/farmacologia , Proteínas Culina/antagonistas & inibidores , Complexos Multiproteicos/química , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Ubiquitinas/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Burkholderia pseudomallei/metabolismo , Complexo do Signalossomo COP9 , Proteínas Culina/genética , Proteínas Culina/metabolismo , Humanos , Modelos Químicos , Complexos Multiproteicos/genética , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Mutação/genética , Proteína NEDD8 , Peptídeo Hidrolases/genética , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica , Proteína Sequestossoma-1 , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/química , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Ubiquitinas/genéticaRESUMO
Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein (Txnip) is an important regulator of glucose metabolism and functions by inhibiting cellular glucose uptake. The expression of the Txnip gene is sensitive to glucose availability and is negatively correlated with the glycolytic rate. Here we show that hypoxia induces a rapid decrease in Txnip mRNA and protein expression in a Hypoxia-Inducible Factor independent manner. Hypoxia caused reduced binding of the glucose responsive MondoA:Mlx transcription factor to the carbohydrate response elements (ChoREs) in the Txnip promoter. Our data suggest that hypoxia decreases MondoA:Mlx activity by increasing glycolytic flux, leading to the depletion of glycolytic intermediates which normally activate MondoA:Mlx. Hypoxia dependent Txnip down-regulation may be an important compensatory mechanism through which cancer cells adapt their metabolism to low oxygen concentrations.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Hipóxia Celular , Regulação para Baixo , Transcrição Gênica , Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina e Hélice-Alça-Hélix Básicos/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/agonistas , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Linhagem Celular , Dioxigenases/genética , Dioxigenases/metabolismo , Frutose-Bifosfato Aldolase/genética , Frutose-Bifosfato Aldolase/metabolismo , Inativação Gênica , Genes Reporter , Glicólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/agonistas , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/genética , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/metabolismo , Prolina Dioxigenases do Fator Induzível por Hipóxia , Mutação , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno , Proteína Supressora de Tumor Von Hippel-Lindau/genéticaRESUMO
The conjugation of proteins with the ubiquitin-like protein Nedd8 is an essential cellular process and an important anti-cancer therapeutic target. The major known role of Nedd8 is the attachment to and activation of Cullin RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRL). The attachment of Nedd8 to its substrates occurs via a process analogous to ubiquitin transfer, involving a Nedd8 E1 activating enzyme and a Nedd8 E2 conjugating enzyme, Ubc12, which transfers Nedd8 onto lysine residues of target proteins. In this study, we utilize dominant-negative Ubc12 (dnUbc12) and the Nedd8 E1 inhibitor MLN4924 to inhibit cellular neddylation. We demonstrate that dnUbc12 functions by depleting cellular Nedd8 concentrations. Inhibition of cellular neddylation leads to rapid accumulation of CRL substrates and an enlarged and flattened morphology in HEK293 cells. Inhibiting Nedd8 conjugation also causes abnormalities in the actin cytoskeleton. This is likely at least partially mediated via accumulation of the small GTPase RhoA, a recently identified CRL substrate. We indeed found that siRNA mediated knockdown of RhoA can reverse the morphological changes observed upon inhibition of cellular neddylation. In conclusion, the Nedd8 pathway plays an important role in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and cellular morphology. Dysfunction of the actin cytoskeleton may contribute to the anti-cancer effect of Nedd8 inhibition.