Prevalence of behavioral and emotional problems among seven to eleven year old children in selected schools in Kandy District, Sri Lanka.

BACKGROUND: Behavioral and emotional problems comprising internalizing, externalizing and mixed disorders consist of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescents. Prevalence rates of 8.3% for preschoolers, 12.2% for preadolescents and 15.0% for adolescents have been reported from around the world. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of emotional and behavioral disorders in 7-11 year-old school children studying in Kandy District Sri Lanka which was a first for the geographic area. METHOD: This was a community based study at the primary section of the selected schools. The questionnaire, Child behavior Checklist-Sinhala (CBCL-S) was administered in a group setting to the main caregiver of 562 subjects selected randomly. The questionnaire identified problems in 8 subscales under three main sub categories : internalizing, externalizing and other. Data were analyzed using The Syndrome Scales for Boys and Girls developed for analyzing the questionnaire CBCL. RESULTS: Indicated a prevalence of 13.8% of emotional and behavioral problems in the study population. 8.8% of children showed internalizing problems and 8.8% externalizing problems. These findings are in line with the prevailing rates from previous studies of the world. Children in school types 1AB and 1C had less emotional and behavioral problems compared to type 2 and 3 schools. LIMITATIONS: Only 20 schools in KEZ and Sinhala speaking population of the Kandy were studied. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the extent of childhood emotional and behavioral problems and also confirms that the schools with advanced level classes have lesser problems amongst primary children.

Nucleic acid stains as indicators of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability.

We developed nucleic acid dye staining methodology for untreated, heat-treated and chemically inactivated C. parvum oocysts. The nucleic acid staining was compared to in vitro excystation and animal infectivity using split samples of oocysts. Among the nucleic acid stains tested, SYTO-9, hexidium and SYTO-59 stained the oocysts consistently, and the staining was related to the infectivity of the oocysts to neonatal CD-1 mice but not to in vitro excystation. The nucleic acid viability assay was used to determine log-inactivations of the oocysts after treatment with ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide and combinations of different chemical disinfectants, and was found to indicate log-inactivation levels similar to that of animal infectivity. A combined immunofluorescence-nucleic acid staining assay was developed for the oocysts of C. parvum and this assay will be invaluable for the detection and viability of oocysts in the laboratory and in environmental samples.