Continence criteria of 193 618 patients after open, laparoscopic, and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To apply a new evidence-gathering methodology, called reverse systematic review (RSR), to analyse the influence of different continence classification criteria on urinary continence rates among open retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP), laparoscopic RP (LRP) and robot-assisted RP (RARP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search was carried out in eight databases between 2000 and 2020 through systematic reviews (SRs) studies referring to RRP, LRP or RARP (80 SRs). All references used in these SRs were captured referring to 910 papers in an overall database called the 'EVIDENCE Database'. A total of 422 studies related to post-RP urinary continence were selected for the final analysis, totalling 782 reports referring to 193 618 patients. RESULTS: Overall, 206 (26.4%) reports for RRP, 243 (31.0%) reports for LRP, and 333 (42.6%) reports for RARP were found. Mean overall continence rates, respectively for RRP, LRP and RARP, were: 42%, 34% and 42% at 1 month; 62%, 64% and 65% at 3 months; 73, 77 and 79% at 6 months; and 81%, 85% and 86% at 12 months. The most used criterion was 'No pad' (53.3%), followed by 'Safety pad' (19.3%), 'Not described' (10.6%), and 'No leak' (9.9%). 'No pad' showed the lowest discrepancy in continence rates in each period compared to the overall average for each technique, demonstrating less ability to influence the final results favouring any of the techniques. CONCLUSION: The RSR demonstrated that the 'No pad' criterion was the most used in the literature and showed the lowest bias capable of influencing the results and favouring any of the techniques and is the fairest option for future comparisons.

Radical Prostatectomy Technique Dispute: Analyzing Over 1.35 Million Surgeries in 20 Years of History.

Systematic reviews (SR) produce the best evidence comparing open (RRP), laparoscopic (LRP), and robotic (RARP) radical prostatectomy (RP). However, the hyperfiltration of evidence generates very specific scenarios that reduce the power of extrapolation. To compare RP evidence regarding demographics using a new methodology called reverse systematic review (RSR). Between 2000 and 2020, 8 databases were searched for SR studies on RRP, LRP, or RARP. All references were captured and analyzed over time in 80 SR. Total of 1724 reports (nr = 752, 43.7% for RARP; nr = 559, 32.4% for RRP; nr = 413, 23.9% for LRP) described 1,353,485 patients (881,719, 65.1% RRP; 366,006, 27.0% RARP; 105,760, 7.8% LRP). Patients/center/year was higher in RARP compared to LRP and RRP, median 50.0, 40.0, and 36.66, respectively, P < .001. Surgeons per study was lesser in RARP and LRP compared to RRP, median 2.0, 2.0, and 6.0, respectively, P < .001. Study duration and follow-up in years was shorter in RARP compared to LRP and RRP, median 2.6, 3.0, and 4.0, respectively, P < .001. Cumulative RARP reports predominate in North America (55.7%, nr = 468) and Asia (47.8%, nr =129), while LRP predominate in Europe (42.3%, nr =230) and RRP in Oceania (45.1%, nr = 23). After 2010 all continents began to accumulate more patients in the robotic approach. Potential biases related to shorter follow-up, greater volume centers, and surgeons were identified favoring the RARP. Analyzing the context of the available evidence is essential to compare techniques. Influenced by economic and scientific interests, robotic surgery was developed in centers with a higher volume of surgeries, characterizing potential biases when comparing techniques in the clinical shared decision.

Correlation between genetic and environmental risk factors for age-related macular degeneration in Brazilian patients.

PURPOSE: To analyze the correlations between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and genetic and environmental risk factors for in a Brazilian population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with a control group. METHODS: We collected data on 236 participants 50 years of age or older (141 with AMD and 95 controls without the disease). Data was obtained using a questionnaire and included information on demographics, ocular and medical history, family history of AMD, lifestyle, and smoking and drinking habits. Genetic evaluations included direct sequencing for the LOC387715 (rs10490924) variant, as well as PCR and enzymatic digestion for the CFH Y402H (rs1061170) and HTRA1 (rs11200638) variants. We performed a risk assessment of environmental risk factors and genetic variants associated with AMD and determined correlations between AMD and the data collected using multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 141 AMD cases, 99 (70%) had advanced AMD in at least one eye (57% neovascular AMD and 13% geographic atrophy), and 42 (30%) had not-advanced AMD. Family history of AMD (OR: 6.58; 95% CI: 1.94-22.31), presence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (OR: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.08-5.28), low physical activity level (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 0.82-2.37), and high serum cholesterol (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 0.84-2.65) were associated with an increased risk for AMD. There was a significant association between CVD and incidence of advanced AMD (OR: 2.29; 95% CI 0.81-6.44). The OR for the risk allele of the LOC387715 gene, the CFH gene and the HTRA1 gene were 2.21 (95% CI: 1.47-3.35), 2.27 (95% CI: 1.52-3.37), and 2.76 (95% CI: 1.89-4.03), respectively. In the stepwise multiple linear regression analyses, the HTRA1 and CFH risk alleles, family history of AMD, the LOC387715 risk allele, and CVD were associated with an increased risk of AMD for a total of 25.6% contribution to the AMD phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis correlating environmental and genetic risk factors such as family history of AMD, and CVD and the variants of HTRA1, CFH, and LOC387715 genes showed an expressive contribution for the development of AMD among this admixed population.

Prognostic significance of architectural subtypes of Gleason grade 4 prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy: A semiquantitative method of evaluation.

Studies have shown that Gleason grade 4 extent as well as architectural subtypes provide prognostic information. We aimed to evaluate the influence on biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy of patients with organ-confined tumor, Gleason score 7, and negative surgical margins. Total tumor extent, Gleason grade 4 total extent and the extent of each architectural subtype (fused glands, poorly defined glands, cribriform glands, and glomeruloid glands) were evaluated by a semiquantitative point-count method using different colors to identify each subtype. Microscopic morphology of glomeruloid glands was considered regardless of morphology: size (small or large), attachment (narrow or extensive), and cribriform or solid intraluminal protrusion. Gleason grade 4 total extent significantly predicted shorter time to biochemical recurrence in univariate and multivariate analysis. Stratifying extent, Gleason grade 4 with >30% of the total grade 4 extent was significantly predictive for time of recurrence. Considering architectural subtypes, cribriform and glomeruloid glands but not fused and poorly formed glands extent, significantly predicted shorter time to recurrence in univariate analysis. An important issue related to the studies on prognostic significance of Gleason grade 4 subtypes is the lack of uniformity in the definition of microscopic morphology of the subtypes particularly of the glomeruloid architecture.

The TNM 8th edition: Validation of the proposal for organ - confined (pT2) prostate cancer

ABSTRACT Purpose: The 8th edition of the TNM has been updated and improved in order to ensure a high degree of clinical relevance. A major change in prostate includes pathologically organ - confined disease to be considered pT2 and no longer subclassified by extent of involvement or laterality. The aim of this study was to validate this major change. Materials and Methods: Prostates were step - sectioned from 196 patients submitted to radical prostatectomy with organ confined disease (pT2) and negative surgical margins. Tumor extent was evaluated by a semiquantitative point count method. The dominant nodule extent was recorded as the maximal number of positive points of the largest single focus of cancer from the quadrants. Laterality was considered as either total tumor extent (Group 1) or index tumor extent (Group 2). Time to biochemical recurrence was analyzed with the Kaplan - Meier product limit analysis and prediction of shorter time to biochemical recurrence with Cox proportional hazards model. Results: In Group 1, 43 / 196 (21.9%) tumors were unilateral and 153 / 196 (78.1%) bilateral and in Group 2, 156 / 196 (79.6%) tumors were unilateral and 40 / 196 (20.4%) bilateral. In both groups, comparing unilateral vs bilateral tumors, there was no significant clinicopathological difference, and no significant association with time as well as prediction of shorter time to biochemical recurrence following surgery. Conclusions: Pathologic sub - staging of organ confined disease does not convey prognostic information either considering laterality as total tumor extent or index tumor extent. Furthermore, no correlation exists between digital rectal examination and pathologic stage.

The TNM 8th edition: Validation of the proposal for organ - confined (pT2) prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: The 8th edition of the TNM has been updated and improved in order to ensure a high degree of clinical relevance. A major change in prostate includes pathologically organ - confined disease to be considered pT2 and no longer subclassified by extent of involvement or laterality. The aim of this study was to validate this major change. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prostates were step - sectioned from 196 patients submitted to radical prostatectomy with organ confined disease (pT2) and negative surgical margins. Tumor extent was evaluated by a semiquantitative point count method. The dominant nodule extent was recorded as the maximal number of positive points of the largest single focus of cancer from the quadrants. Laterality was considered as either total tumor extent (Group 1) or index tumor extent (Group 2). Time to biochemical recurrence was analyzed with the Kaplan - Meier product limit analysis and prediction of shorter time to biochemical recurrence with Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: In Group 1, 43 / 196 (21.9%) tumors were unilateral and 153 / 196 (78.1%) bilateral and in Group 2, 156 / 196 (79.6%) tumors were unilateral and 40 / 196 (20.4%) bilateral. In both groups, comparing unilateral vs bilateral tumors, there was no significant clinicopathological difference, and no significant association with time as well as prediction of shorter time to biochemical recurrence following surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Pathologic sub - staging of organ confined disease does not convey prognostic information either considering laterality as total tumor extent or index tumor extent. Furthermore, no correlation exists between digital rectal examination and pathologic stage.

Does index tumor predominant location influence prognostic factors in radical prostatectomies?

ABSTRACT Purpose To find any influence on prognostic factors of index tumor according to predominant location. Materials and Methods Prostate surgical specimens from 499 patients submitted to radical retropubic prostatectomy were step-sectioned. Each transverse section was subdivided into 2 anterolateral and 2 posterolateral quadrants. Tumor extent was evaluated by a semi-quantitative point-count method. The index tumor (dominant nodule) was recorded as the maximal number of positive points of the most extensive tumor area from the quadrants and the predominant location was considered anterior (anterolateral quadrants), posterior (posterolateral quadrants), basal (quadrants in upper half of the prostate), apical (quadrants in lower half of the prostate), left (left quadrants) or right (right quadrants). Time to biochemical recurrence was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier product-limit analysis and prediction of shorter time to biochemical recurrence using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. Results Index tumors with predominant posterior location were significantly associated with higher total tumor extent, needle and radical prostatectomy Gleason score, positive lymph nodes and preoperative prostate-specific antigen. Index tumors with predominant basal location were significantly associated with higher preoperative prostate-specific antigen, pathological stage higher than pT2, extra-prostatic extension, and seminal vesicle invasion. Index tumors with predominant basal location were significantly associated with time to biochemical recurrence in Kaplan-Meier estimates and significantly predicted shorter time to biochemical recurrence on univariate analysis but not on multivariate analysis. Conclusions The study suggests that index tumor predominant location is associated with prognosis in radical prostatectomies, however, in multivariate analysis do not offer advantage over other well-established prognostic factors.

Does index tumor predominant location influence prognostic factors in radical prostatectomies?

PURPOSE: To find any influence on prognostic factors of index tumor according to predominant location. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prostate surgical specimens from 499 patients submitted to radical retropubic prostatectomy were step-sectioned. Each transverse section was subdivided into 2 anterolateral and 2 posterolateral quadrants. Tumor extent was evaluated by a semi-quantitative point-count method. The index tumor (dominant nodule) was recorded as the maximal number of positive points of the most extensive tumor area from the quadrants and the predominant location was considered anterior (anterolateral quadrants), posterior (posterolateral quadrants), basal (quadrants in upper half of the prostate), apical (quadrants in lower half of the prostate), left (left quadrants) or right (right quadrants). Time to biochemical recurrence was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier product-limit analysis and prediction of shorter time to biochemical recurrence using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Index tumors with predominant posterior location were significantly associated with higher total tumor extent, needle and radical prostatectomy Gleason score, positive lymph nodes and preoperative prostate-specific antigen. Index tumors with predominant basal location were significantly associated with higher preoperative prostate-specific antigen, pathological stage higher than pT2, extra-prostatic extension, and seminal vesicle invasion. Index tumors with predominant basal location were significantly associated with time to biochemical recurrence in Kaplan-Meier estimates and significantly predicted shorter time to biochemical recurrence on univariate analysis but not on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that index tumor predominant location is associated with prognosis in radical prostatectomies, however, in multivariate analysis do not offer advantage over other well-established prognostic factors.

The value of the 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) modified Gleason grading system as a predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: To compare time and risk to biochemical recurrence (BR) after radical prostatectomy of two chronologically different groups of patients using the standard and the modified Gleason system (MGS). METHODS: Cohort 1 comprised biopsies of 197 patients graded according to the standard Gleason system (SGS) in the period 1997/2004, and cohort 2, 176 biopsies graded according to the modified system in the period 2005/2011. Time to BR was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier product-limit analysis and prediction of shorter time to recurrence using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Patients in cohort 2 reflected time-related changes: striking increase in clinical stage T1c, systematic use of extended biopsies, and lower percentage of total length of cancer in millimeter in all cores. The MGS used in cohort 2 showed fewer biopsies with Gleason score ≤ 6 and more biopsies of the intermediate Gleason score 7. Time to BR using the Kaplan-Meier curves showed statistical significance using the MGS in cohort 2, but not the SGS in cohort 1. Only the MGS predicted shorter time to BR on univariate analysis and on multivariate analysis was an independent predictor. CONCLUSIONS: The results favor that the 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology modified system is a refinement of the Gleason grading and valuable for contemporary clinical practice.

Controversial predictors of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy: a study from a Latin American (Brazilian) Institution

Purpose To analyze controversial clinicopathologic predictors of biochemical recurrence after surgery: age, race, tumor extent on surgical specimen, tumor extent on needle biopsy, Gleason score 3 + 4 vs 4 + 3, and amount of extent of extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margins. Materials and Methods The needle biopsies and the correspondent surgical specimens were analyzed from 400 patients. Time to recurrence was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier curves and risk of shorter time to recurrence using Cox univariate and multivariate analysis. Results Except for age, race, maximum percentage of cancer per core, and number of cores with cancer, all other variables studied were significantly predictive of time to biochemical recurrence using the Kaplan-Meier curves. In univariate analysis, except for focal extraprostatic extension, age, race, focal positive surgical margins, and maximum extent and percentage of cancer per core, all other variables were significantly predictive of shorter time to recurrence. On multivariate analysis, diffuse positive surgical margins and preoperative PSA were independent predictors. Conclusions Young patients and non-whites were not significantly associated with time to biochemical recurrence. The time consuming tumor extent evaluation in surgical specimens seems not to add additional information to other well established predictive findings. The higher predictive value of Gleason score 4 + 3 = 7 vs 3 + 4 = 7 discloses the importance of grade 4 as the predominant pattern. Extent and not simply presence or absent of extraprostatic extension should be informed. Most tumor extent evaluations on needle biopsies are predictive of time to biochemical recurrence, however, maximum percentage of cancer in all cores was the strongest predictor. .

Late morbidity in upper limb function and quality of life in women after breast cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in Brazilian women. In recent years, there has been great progress in and an increasing number of breast-conserving surgical techniques; however, immediate or late morbidity after surgery, in the form of functional impairment and pain, remains a significant clinical problem. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between late upper limb functional impairment and the quality of life in women subjected to breast cancer surgery. METHOD: A total of 81 women participated in the study, with the length of time since surgery ranging from one to five years. A survey of upper limb complaints reported by patients was conducted, and the questionnaires Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLQC-30 and BR23) were applied. RESULTS: The correlation between the DASH score and the length of time since surgery determined that the longer the time since surgery, the greater the difficulties in functionality of the upper limb (r=0.459; p<0.0001). A statistically significant correlation was observed between the DASH score and health-related quality of life. CONCLUSION: Late functional impairment had a significant impact on upper limb function in everyday life and health-related quality of life for women who underwent breast cancer surgery.

Adenocarcinoma on needle prostatic biopsies: does reactive stroma predicts biochemical recurrence in patients following radical prostatectomy?

OBJECTIVE: There is evidence that reactive stroma in different cancers may regulate tumor progression. The aim of this study is to establish any possible relation of reactive stroma grading on needle prostatic biopsies to biochemical recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group comprised 266 biopsies from consecutive patients submitted to radical prostatectomy. Reactive stroma was defined as stroma surrounding neoplastic tissue and graded as 0 (absent), 1 (slight), 2 (moderate), and 3 (intense) according to tumor stroma area relative to total tumor area. RESULTS: From the total of 266 needle prostatic biopsies, 143 (53.8%), 55 (20.7%), 54 (20.3%), and 14 (5.3%) showed grades 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Increasing reactive stroma grade was significantly associated with clinical stage T2, higher preoperative PSA, higher biopsy and radical prostatectomy Gleason score, more extensive tumors in radical prostatectomy, and pathologic stage > T2. Only grade 3 was significantly associated with time and risk to biochemical recurrence. On multivariate analysis only preoperative PSA and 2 methods of biopsy tumor extent evaluation were independent predictors. CONCLUSION: Increasing reactive stroma grade on biopsies is significantly associated with several clinicopathologic adverse findings, however, only grade 3 predicts time and risk to biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy on univariate but not on multivariate analysis. We have not been able to show that reactive stroma grade 3 on biopsies is an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence beyond that of preoperative PSA and other pathologic findings on biopsy.

Adenocarcinoma on needle prostatic biopsies: Does reactive stroma predicts biochemical recurrence in patients following radical prostatectomy?

Objective There is evidence that reactive stroma in different cancers may regulate tumor progression. The aim of this study is to establish any possible relation of reactive stroma grading on needle prostatic biopsies to biochemical recurrence. Materials and Methods The study group comprised 266 biopsies from consecutive patients submitted to radical prostatectomy. Reactive stroma was defined as stroma surrounding neoplastic tissue and graded as 0 (absent), 1 (slight), 2 (moderate), and 3 (intense) according to tumor stroma area relative to total tumor area. Results From the total of 266 needle prostatic biopsies, 143 (53.8%), 55 (20.7%), 54 (20.3%), and 14 (5.3%) showed grades 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Increasing reactive stroma grade was significantly associated with clinical stage T2, higher preoperative PSA, higher biopsy and radical prostatectomy Gleason score, more extensive tumors in radical prostatectomy, and pathologic stage > T2. Only grade 3 was significantly associated with time and risk to biochemical recurrence. On multivariate analysis only preoperative PSA and 2 methods of biopsy tumor extent evaluation were independent predictors. Conclusion Increasing reactive stroma grade on biopsies is significantly associated with several clinicopathologic adverse findings, however, only grade 3 predicts time and risk to biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy on univariate but not on multivariate analysis. We have not been able to show that reactive stroma grade 3 on biopsies is an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence beyond that of preoperative PSA and other pathologic findings on biopsy. .

Late morbidity in upper limb function and quality of life in women after breast cancer surgery / Morbidade tardia na funcao do membro superior e na qualidade de vida de mulheres pos-cirurgia do cancer de mama

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in Brazilian women. In recent years, there has been great progress in and an increasing number of breast-conserving surgical techniques; however, immediate or late morbidity after surgery, in the form of functional impairment and pain, remains a significant clinical problem. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between late upper limb functional impairment and the quality of life in women subjected to breast cancer surgery. METHOD: A total of 81 women participated in the study, with the length of time since surgery ranging from one to five years. A survey of upper limb complaints reported by patients was conducted, and the questionnaires Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLQC-30 and BR23) were applied. RESULTS: The correlation between the DASH score and the length of time since surgery determined that the longer the time since surgery, the greater the difficulties in functionality of the upper limb (r=0.459; p<0.0001). A statistically significant correlation was observed between the DASH score and health-related quality of life. CONCLUSION: Late functional impairment had a significant impact on upper limb function in everyday life and health-related quality of life for women who underwent breast cancer surgery. .

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: O câncer de mama é a neoplasia maligna mais frequente na população feminina brasileira. Nos últimos anos, houve grande evolução das técnicas cirúrgicas e aumento do número de cirurgias conservadoras da mama, entretanto a morbidade imediata ou tardia após a cirurgia, sob a forma de comprometimento funcional e dor, ainda é um significativo problema clínico. OBJETIVO: Verificar a relação entre o comprometimento funcional tardio do membro superior e a qualidade de vida de mulheres submetidas à cirurgia do câncer de mama. MÉTODO: Participaram da pesquisa 81 mulheres com tempo decorrido de cirurgia variando entre um a cinco anos. Realizou-se levantamento das queixas referidas pelas pacientes em relação ao membro superior e foram aplicados os questionários Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) e European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLQC-30 e BR23). RESULTADOS: A correlação entre o escore DASH e o tempo decorrido de cirurgia demonstrou que, quanto maior este último, maiores são as dificuldades de funcionalidade dos membros superiores das pacientes entrevistadas (r=0,459; p<0,0001). Houve correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o escore DASH e a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde. CONCLUSÃO: O comprometimento funcional tardio apresentou impacto significativo na função do membro superior, na vida cotidiana e na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde das mulheres que foram submetidas à cirurgia do câncer de mama. .

Controversial predictors of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy: a study from a Latin American (Brazilian) institution.

PURPOSE: To analyze controversial clinicopathologic predictors of biochemical recurrence after surgery: age, race, tumor extent on surgical specimen, tumor extent on needle biopsy, Gleason score 3 + 4 vs 4 + 3, and amount of extent of extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The needle biopsies and the correspondent surgical specimens were analyzed from 400 patients. Time to recurrence was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier curves and risk of shorter time to recurrence using Cox univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Except for age, race, maximum percentage of cancer per core, and number of cores with cancer, all other variables studied were significantly predictive of time to biochemical recurrence using the Kaplan-Meier curves. In univariate analysis, except for focal extraprostatic extension, age, race, focal positive surgical margins, and maximum extent and percentage of cancer per core, all other variables were significantly predictive of shorter time to recurrence. On multivariate analysis, diffuse positive surgical margins and preoperative PSA were independent predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Young patients and non-whites were not significantly associated with time to biochemical recurrence. The time consuming tumor extent evaluation in surgical specimens seems not to add additional information to other well established predictive findings. The higher predictive value of Gleason score 4 + 3 = 7 vs 3 + 4 = 7 discloses the importance of grade 4 as the predominant pattern. Extent and not simply presence or absent of extraprostatic extension should be informed. Most tumor extent evaluations on needle biopsies are predictive of time to biochemical recurrence, however, maximum percentage of cancer in all cores was the strongest predictor.

Prostate total tumor extent versus index tumor extent--which is predictive of biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy?

PURPOSE: It is controversial whether tumor extent in radical prostatectomies predicts biochemical recurrence following surgery. We compared the predictive value of total tumor extent vs dominant nodule (index tumor) extent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A mean of 32 paraffin blocks was processed from prostate surgical specimens step sectioned at 3 to 5 mm intervals from 300 patients treated with radical retropubic prostatectomy. Each transverse section was subdivided into 2 anterolateral and 2 posterolateral quadrants. Tumor extent was evaluated by a semiquantitative point count method. Dominant nodule extent was recorded as the maximal number of positive points of the largest single focus of cancer in the quadrants. Time to biochemical recurrence was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier product limit analysis. Prediction of shorter time to biochemical recurrence was determined by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Except for age and race, total and index tumor extent was significantly associated with higher preoperative prostate specific antigen, clinical stage T2, pathological stage greater than T2, positive surgical margins and higher radical prostatectomy Gleason score. Total and index tumor extent was significantly associated with time to biochemical recurrence in Kaplan-Meier estimates. Total and index tumor extent significantly predicted shorter time to biochemical recurrence on univariate analysis but only index tumor extent was an independent predictor of time to biochemical recurrence on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates that any tumor extent estimate in surgical specimens should be related to the dominant nodule (index tumor) and not to total tumor extent.

Influence of focal and diffuse extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margins on biochemical progression following radical prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: The amount of extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margin correlates in most studies with biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy. We studied the influence of focal and diffuse extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margins on biochemical progression using a simple method for quantification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 360 prostates were step-sectioned and totally processed from 175 patients with stage T1c and 185 patients with clinical stage T2 submitted to radical retropubic prostatectomy. Extraprostatic extension was stratified into 2 groups: present up to 1 quadrant and/or section from the bladder neck or apex (Group 1, focal) and in more than 1 quadrant or section (Group 2, diffuse); and, positive surgical margin present up to 2 quadrants and/or sections (Group 1, focal) and in more than 2 quadrants or sections (Group 2, diffuse). The Kaplan-Meier product-limit analysis was used for the time to biochemical recurrence, and an univariate and multivariate Cox stepwise logistic regression model to identify significant predictors. RESULTS: Extraprostatic extension was found in 129/360 (35.8%) patients, 39/129 (30.2%) in Group 1 and 90/129 (69.8%) in Group 2. In univariate analysis but not in multivariate analysis, patients showing diffuse extraprostatic extension (Group 2) had a significant higher risk to develop biochemical recurrence in a shorter time. Positive surgical margin was present in 160/360 (44.4%) patients, 81/160 (50.6%) patients in Group 1 and 79/160 (49.4%) patients in Group 2. Patients with diffuse positive surgical margins (Group 2) had a significant higher risk in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Diffuse positive surgical margin was the strongest predictor on both analyses and an independent predictor on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Diffuse extraprostatic extension in univariate analysis and positive surgical margins on both univariate and multivariate analyses are significant predictors of shorter time to biochemical progression following radical prostatectomy.

Influence of focal and diffuse extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margins on biochemical progression following radical prostatectomy

PURPOSE: The amount of extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margin correlates in most studies with biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy. We studied the influence of focal and diffuse extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margins on biochemical progression using a simple method for quantification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 360 prostates were step-sectioned and totally processed from 175 patients with stage T1c and 185 patients with clinical stage T2 submitted to radical retropubic prostatectomy. Extraprostatic extension was stratified into 2 groups: present up to 1 quadrant and/or section from the bladder neck or apex (Group 1, focal) and in more than 1 quadrant or section (Group 2, diffuse); and, positive surgical margin present up to 2 quadrants and/or sections (Group 1, focal) and in more than 2 quadrants or sections (Group 2, diffuse). The Kaplan-Meier product-limit analysis was used for the time to biochemical recurrence, and an univariate and multivariate Cox stepwise logistic regression model to identify significant predictors. RESULTS: Extraprostatic extension was found in 129/360 (35.8%) patients, 39/129 (30.2%) in Group 1 and 90/129 (69.8%) in Group 2. In univariate analysis but not in multivariate analysis, patients showing diffuse extraprostatic extension (Group 2) had a significant higher risk to develop biochemical recurrence in a shorter time. Positive surgical margin was present in 160/360 (44.4%) patients, 81/160 (50.6%) patients in Group 1 and 79/160 (49.4%) patients in Group 2. Patients with diffuse positive surgical margins (Group 2) had a significant higher risk in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Diffuse positive surgical margin was the strongest predictor on both analyses and an independent predictor on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Diffuse extraprostatic extension in univariate analysis and positive surgical margins on both univariate and multivariate analyses are significant predictors of shorter time to biochemical progression following radical prostatectomy.

Fatores preditivos de transtornos alimentares entre estudantes do ensino médio / Eating disorders preditive factors among high school students

Os transtornos alimentares têm aumentado muito e com início cada vez mais precoce. Este estudo objetivou detectar a prevalência de sintomas indicativos de distúrbios alimentares em adolescentes. Responderam a um teste 1.108 adolescentes (sexo feminino) e 968 (sexo masculino) com idade média de 15,92 anos; 9,7% tiveram o Teste de Atitudes Alimentares (EAT-26) positivo. A análise multivariadade monstrou a influência do sexo e sentimento em relação ao peso (p<0,001), sintomas depressivos (p=0,002) e índice de massa corporal (IMC) (p=0,010). Conclui-se que as adolescentes estudadas apresentam escores de EAT+ semelhantes aos descritos na literatura mundial. (AU)

Cases of eating disorders and their premature onset have been increasing.The objective of this study was to detect the prevalence of symptoms suggesting eating disorders in Brazilians adolescents. Were interviewed 1108 females and 968 males, with mean age of 15.92 years; 9.7% of them had positive results on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT- 26). The multivariate analysis showed that the results were influenced by gender and self-conscious ness about weight (p<0.001), depressive symptoms (p=0.002) and body mass index – BMI (p=0.010). We concluded that the EAT scores presented by the female adolescents in this study were similar to those found in the international literature.

Various morphometric measurements of cancer extent on needle prostatic biopsies: which is predictive of pathologic stage and biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy?

OBJECTIVES: To find whether any particular method of measuring cancer extent on needle prostatic biopsies is superior to others in predicting pathological stage >T2 and biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was based on 168 extended biopsies and the correspondent step-sectioned surgical specimens. Tumor extent was evaluated as: (1) number and percentage of cores with carcinoma; (2) total length and percentage of cancer in mm in all cores; and (3) the greatest length and percentage of cancer in a single core. RESULTS: All measurements significantly predicted stage >pT2 using logistic regression. With the exception of the greatest length and percentage of cancer in a single core, all other methods were also associated with a higher risk for biochemical recurrence (Cox method). Percentage of length of carcinoma in all cores was significantly and consistently stronger than other measures in all comparisons and combined to preoperative PSA and Gleason grade in multivariate analysis gained prediction for pathologic stage >T2 and was independent of risk of biochemical recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Percentage of total length of carcinoma in mm in all cores of a needle biopsy had the strongest predictive positive value for stage >pT2 and risk for biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy. Combined with preoperative PSA and Gleason grade on biopsy may improve the predictive value for stage >pT2.