[Fractional exhaled nitric oxide: validation of a 6 second exhalation time with two different analysers]. / Fracción exhalada de óxido nítrico: validación de la medida con tiempo de espiración de 6 s con dos analizadores diferentes.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide concentration (FE(NO)) using a 6-sec exhalation time in patients aged between 5 and 17 years with a stationary chemiluminescence analyser (NIOX, Aerocrine) and a portable electrochemical analyser (NIOX-MINO, Aerocrine). MATERIAL AND METHODS: FE(NO) was assessed in 60 patients randomised into two groups. In Group 1 (n = 30, NIOX analyser), three valid FE(NO) measurements were obtained for two exhalation times (10 sec and 6 sec); the mean of the three measurements was recorded. In Group 2 (n = 30, NIOX-MINO), a single valid measurement of FE(NO) was obtained for each exhalation time. We analysed age, gender, weight, height, diagnosis, treatment, FE(NO) and the number of attempts with both exhalation times in each analyser. Agreement between FE(NO) assessed using 10-sec and 6-sec exhalations was assessed by Bland-Altman analysis and Cohen's kappa. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age in Group 1 was 10.1 (3.07) years. The mean age in Group 2 was 10.43 (2.94) years. Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated good agreement between FE(NO) values obtained with both exhalation times and with both devices. Cohen's kappa, also demonstrated good agreement (NIOX, kappa = 1; NIOX-MINO, kappa = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS: A 6-sec exhalation time is valid for measuring FE(NO) with both analysers in children aged over 5 years.

Fracción exhalada de óxido nítrico: validación de la medida con tiempo de espiración de 6 s con dos analizadores diferentes / Fractional exhaled nitric oxide: Validation of a 6 second exhalation time with two different analysers

Objetivo. Validar la determinación de la fracción exhalada de óxido nítrico (FENO) con tiempo de espiración de 6 s con un analizador de quimioluminiscencia estacionario (NIOX(R), Aerocrine) y con un analizador electroquímico portátil (NIOX-MINO(R), Aerocrine). Material y métodos. Determinaciones de la FENO en 60 pacientes entre 5 y 17 años. Grupo 1 (n=30, NIOX(R)): tres medidas válidas para cada tiempo de espiración (10 y 6 s) y cálculo de la media de las tres determinaciones. Grupo 2 (n=30, NIOX-MINO(R)): una determinación válida con cada tiempo de espiración. Variables: edad, sexo, peso, talla, diagnóstico, tratamiento, FENO y número de intentos con cada tiempo de espiración en cada analizador. Análisis de concordancia y grado de acuerdo entre los valores de FENO obtenidos con cada dispositivo, con tiempos espiratorios de 10 y 6 s mediante el método Bland y Altman y la kappa de Cohen (κ). Resultados. Grupo 1 (NIOX(R)), edad media 10,1 ± 3,07 años. Grupo 2 (NIOX-MINO(R)), edad media 10,43 ± 2,94 años. Existe una buena concordancia entre los valores obtenidos con NIOX(R) y con NIOX-MINO(R) a 10 y 6 s. Hubo un acuerdo sustancial entre los valores obtenidos con NIOX(R) a 10 y 6 s ( κ=1) y con NIOX-MINO(R) a 10 y 6 s ( κ=0,93). Conclusiones. El tiempo de espiración de 6 s es válido para la determinación de la FENO con cada uno de los dispositivos de medida en niños mayores de 5 años

Objective. To validate the measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide concentration (FENO) using a 6-sec exhalation time in patients aged between 5 and 17 years with a stationary chemiluminescence analyser (NIOX(R), Aerocrine) and a portable electrochemical analyser (NIOX-MINO(R), Aerocrine). Material and methods. FENO was assessed in 60 patients randomised into two groups. In Group 1 (n = 30, NIOX(R) analyser), three valid FENO measurements were obtained for two exhalation times (10 sec and 6 sec); the mean of the three measurements was recorded. In Group 2 (n = 30, NIOX-MINO(R)), a single valid measurement of FENO was obtained for each exhalation time. We analysed age, gender, weight, height, diagnosis, treatment, FENO and the number of attempts with both exhalation times in each analyser. Agreement between FENO assessed using 10-sec and 6-sec exhalations was assessed by Bland-Altman analysis and Cohen's kappa. Results. The mean (SD) age in Group 1 was 10.1 (3.07) years. The mean age in Group 2 was 10.43 (2.94) years. Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated good agreement between FENO values obtained with both exhalation times and with both devices. Cohen's kappa, also demonstrated good agreement (NIOX(R), κ = 1; NIOX-MINO(R), κ = 0.93). Conclusions. A 6-sec exhalation time is valid for measuring FENO with both analysers in children aged over 5 years

[Diagnostic utility of nocturnal in-home respiratory polygraphy]. / Rentabilidad de la poligrafía respiratoria del sueño realizada en el domicilio.

INTRODUCTION: Sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is relatively frequent in children. The gold standard for diagnosis is polysomnography. However, because of technical difficulties and the cost of this method, new alternatives have become available, such as respiratory polygraphy (RP) performed at home or in hospital, which have provided satisfactory results in children with clinical suspicion of SAHS. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the diagnostic utility of in-home RP in the diagnosis of SAHS in a sample of boys and girls referred to the pediatric respiratory care department for suspected sleep apnea, snoring, or both. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In all patients, a history and physical examination were performed; X-ray of the chest and cavum and RP were carried out. The following qualitative variables were analyzed: place where RP was performed, the result, sex, the reason for consulting, place of residence, results of otorhinolaryngological examination, and treatment. The quantitative variables analyzed were age, total number of apneas, total number of hypopneas, apnea index/hour, hypopnea index/hour, mean and minimum SpxO2, number of snores per hour and the snore index/hour. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's chi-square test and Student's t-test. RESULTS: A total of 132 patients were studied, 44 (33.3 %) through in-home RP (group 1) and 88 (66.6 %) through in-hospital RP (group 2). In group 1, two recordings (4.5 %) were considered nonvalid. The mean age of the patients was 8.3 years (SD 3.02). The results [means (standard deviation)] of in-home RP were as follows: apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)/h: 3.4 (4.3); mean SpxO2: 97.3 (1.8); minimum SpxO2: 87.7 (10.3). In group 2, four recordings (4.5 %) were nonvalid. The mean age of the patients was 7.4 years (SD 3). The results of in-hospital RP were as follows: AHI/h: 4.45 (5.4); mean SpxO2: 96.8 (1.8); minimum SpxO2: 87 (11). No significant differences were found between the validity of in-home and in-hospital RP. Likewise, no significant differences were found between AHI/h, SpxO2 and in-home and in-hospital RP. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, in our sample, the diagnostic utility of in-home RP was equal to that of in-hospital RP. In-home RP allows the possibility of performing a more physiological sleep study and, by eliminating the cost of hospitalization, is more cost-efficient. Therefore, in-home RP is a valid and reliable technique for the diagnosis of childhood SAHS.

Rentabilidad de la poligrafía respiratoria del sueño realizada en el domicilio / Diagnostic utility of nocturnal in-home respiratory polygraphy

Introducción El síndrome de apneas-hipopneas del sueño (SAHS) es una entidad relativamente frecuente en niños. La polisomnografía es el patrón oro para el diagnóstico; sin embargo, dada la dificultad técnica y económica para realizarla, han surgido nuevas alternativas como la poligrafía respiratoria hospitalaria (PRH) y domiciliaria (PRD), que en niños con sospecha clínica de SAHS están obteniendo resultados satisfactorios. Objetivo El objetivo de nuestro estudio ha sido analizar en una muestra de niños y niñas, remitidos a consultas de Neumología Infantil por sospecha de apneas del sueño, ronquido o ambos, la rentabilidad de la PRD en el diagnóstico de SAHS. Material y métodos Se ha realizado anamnesis, exploración física, radiografía de tórax y cavum y poligrafía respiratoria (PR) del sueño en todos los casos. Se han analizado las variables cualitativas: lugar de realización, resultado, sexo, motivo de consulta, procedencia, consultas externas de otorrinolaringología (ORL) y tratamiento. Las variables cuantitativas han sido la edad, el número total apneas y de hipopneas, el índice de apneas hora, el índice de hipopneas hora, índice de apneas-hipopneas hora, saturación de oxígeno por pulsioximetría (SpxO2) medio y mínimo, número ronquidos e índice ronquidos hora. Se ha realizado análisis estadístico mediante chi cuadrado de Pearson y la t de Student. Se han estudiado 132 pacientes, 44 de ellos (33,3 %) mediante PRD (grupo 1) y 88 (66,6 %) mediante PRH (grupo 2). En el grupo 1, fueron estudios no válidos 2 (4,5 %) y la edad media fue de 8,3 años (desviación estándar [DE] 3,02). Resultados Los resultados de la PRD en medias y DE fueron: índice de apnea-hipopnea (IAH)/h 3,4 (4,3), SpxO2 media 97,3 (1,8) y SpxO2 mínima 87,7 (10,3). En el grupo 2 fueron estudios no válidos 4 (4,5 %) y la edad media fue de 7,4 años (DE 3). Los resultados de la PRH fueron: IAH/h 4,45 (5,4), SpxO2 media 96,8 (1,8) y SpxO2 mínima 87 (11). No se han encontrado diferencias significativas entre validez de la PR y lugar de realización de la prueba. Así mismo, tampoco se han encontrado diferencias entre edad, IAH/h, SpxO2 y lugar de realización de la PR. Conclusión Podemos decir que en nuestra muestra, la rentabilidad diagnóstica de la poligrafía respiratoria domiciliaria ha sido igual que la hospitalaria. Así mismo, ofrece la posibilidad de realizar un estudio más fisiológico del sueño y ofrece además una mayor rentabilidad económica, al eliminar el coste de hospitalización. Se trataría, por tanto, de una técnica diagnóstica válida y fiable para el diagnóstico de SAHS en la infancia

Introduction Sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is relatively frequent in children. The gold standard for diagnosis is polysomnography. However, because of technical difficulties and the cost of this method, new alternatives have become available, such as respiratory polygraphy (RP) performed at home or in hospital, which have provided satisfactory results in children with clinical suspicion of SAHS. Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the diagnostic utility of in-home RP in the diagnosis of SAHS in a sample of boys and girls referred to the pediatric respiratory care department for suspected sleep apnea, snoring, or both. Material and methods In all patients, a history and physical examination were performed; X-ray of the chest and cavum and RP were carried out. The following qualitative variables were analyzed: place where RP was performed, the result, sex, the reason for consulting, place of residence, results of otorhinolaryngological examination, and treatment. The quantitative variables analyzed were age, total number of apneas, total number of hypopneas, apnea index/hour, hypopnea index/hour, mean and minimum SpxO2, number of snores per hour and the snore index/hour. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's chi-square test and Student's t-test. Results A total of 132 patients were studied, 44 (33.3 %) through in-home RP (group 1) and 88 (66.6 %) through in-hospital RP (group 2). In group 1, two recordings (4.5 %) were considered nonvalid. The mean age of the patients was 8.3 years (SD 3.02). The results [means (standard deviation)] of in-home RP were as follows: apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)/h: 3.4 (4.3); mean SpxO2: 97.3 (1.8); minimum SpxO2: 87.7 (10.3). In group 2, four recordings (4.5 %) were nonvalid. The mean age of the patients was 7.4 years (SD 3). The results of in-hospital RP were as follows: AHI/h: 4.45 (5.4); mean SpxO2: 96.8 (1.8); minimum SpxO2: 87 (11). No significant differences were found between the validity of in-home and in-hospital RP. Likewise, no significant differences were found between AHI/h, SpxO2 and in-home and in-hospital RP. Conclusion In conclusion, in our sample, the diagnostic utility of in-home RP was equal to that of in-hospital RP. In-home RP allows the possibility of performing a more physiological sleep study and, by eliminating the cost of hospitalization, is more cost-efficient. Therefore, in-home RP is a valid and reliable technique for the diagnosis of childhood SAHS

[Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome]. / Síndrome de apneas-hipopneas obstructivas del sueño.

We analyzed a cohort of 400 patients referred from the otorhinolaryngology department (40.05 %), primary care (PC) (36.52 %), and the pediatric pulmonary unit (17.63 %). The children were referred for clinical suspicion of apneas in 191 (47.87 %), snoring and apneas in 101 (25 %), and snoring in 87 (21.80 %). Adenotonsillar hypertrophy was found in 211 patients (52.75 %), tonsillar hypertrophy in 87 (21.75 %), and adenoid hypertrophy in 73 (18.25 %). All patients underwent respiratory polygraphy (RP) during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) was diagnosed in 298 patients (74.5 %). OSAHS was mild in 96 patients (24 %), moderate in 148 (37 %), and severe in 54 (13.5 %). The results of RP expressed in means plus standard deviation were as follows: number of apneas 21.38 (24.47), number of hypopneas 19.81 (20.74), apnea-hypopnea index per hour (AHI/h) 5.29 (7.10), mean oxygen saturation 94.60 (11.80), minimal saturation 83.14 (13.45), number of snores 98.27 (254.55), and snoring index per hour 5.68 (6.5). Significant differences were found between oxygen saturation and AHI/h per hour. No differences were found among age, mean oxygen saturation, area of residence, reason for consulting, and AHI/h. Adenotonsillectomy was performed in 289 patients (72.25 %) of the initial cohort. In conclusion, OSAHS in childhood is frequent. RP during sleep aids diagnosis. The main cause of OSAHS in children is adenotonsillar hypertrophy.

Síndrome de apneas-hipopneas obstructivas del sueño / Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome

Se ha analizado una cohorte de 400 pacientes remitidos desde consultas de otorrinolaringología (ORL) (40,05 %), de atención primaria (AP) (36,52 %) y de la unidad de neumología infantil (UNI) (17,63 %). El motivo de consulta fue la sospecha clínica de apneas en 191 pacientes (47,87 %), ronquido y apneas en 101 (25 %) y ronquido en 87 (21,80 %). En 211 casos (52,75 %) se constató hipertrofia adenoamigdalar, en 87 (21,75 %) hipertrofia amigdalar y en 73 (18,25 %) hipertrofia adenoidea. En todos los casos se realizó poligrafía respiratoria del sueño (PR) y se diagnosticó síndrome de apneas-hipopneas obstructivas del sueño (SAHOS) en 298 casos (74,5 %), distribuido en leve en 96 casos (24 %), moderado en 148 casos (37 %) y grave en otros 54 casos (13,5 %). Los resultados de la PR del sueño expresados en medias y desviación estándar fueron los siguientes: número de apneas 21,38 (24,47); número de hipopneas 19,81 (20,74); índice de apneas-hipopneas por hora 5,29 (7,10); saturación media de oxígeno 94,60 (11,80); saturación mínima 83,14 (13,45); número de ronquidos 98,27 (254,55) e índice de ronquidos por hora 5,68 (6,5). Se han encontrado diferencias significativas entre saturación de oxígeno y el índice de apneas e hipopneas por hora. No se han encontrado diferencias entre edad, saturación media, procedencia, motivo de consulta e índice de apneas e hipopneas por hora. Se realizó adenoamigdalectomía en 289 casos (72,25 %) de la cohorte inicial. En conclusión, el SAHOS en la infancia es una patología frecuente, el estudio mediante poligrafía respiratoria del sueño facilita el diagnóstico y la hipertrofia adenoamigdalar es la principal causa de SAHOS en niños

We analyzed a cohort of 400 patients referred from the otorhinolaryngology department (40.05 %), primary care (PC) (36.52 %), and the pediatric pulmonary unit (17.63 %). The children were referred for clinical suspicion of apneas in 191 (47.87 %), snoring and apneas in 101 (25 %), and snoring in 87 (21.80 %). Adenotonsillar hypertrophy was found in 211 patients (52.75 %), tonsillar hypertrophy in 87 (21.75 %), and adenoid hypertrophy in 73 (18.25 %). All patients underwent respiratory polygraphy (RP) during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) was diagnosed in 298 patients (74.5 %). OSAHS was mild in 96 patients (24 %), moderate in 148 (37 %), and severe in 54 (13.5 %). The results of RP expressed in means plus standard deviation were as follows: number of apneas 21.38 (24.47), number of hypopneas 19.81 (20.74), apnea-hypopnea index per hour (AHI/h) 5.29 (7.10), mean oxygen saturation 94.60 (11.80), minimal saturation 83.14 (13.45), number of snores 98.27 (254.55), and snoring index per hour 5.68 (6.5). Significant differences were found between oxygen saturation and AHI/h per hour. No differences were found among age, mean oxygen saturation, area of residence, reason for consulting, and AHI/h. Adenotonsillectomy was performed in 289 patients (72.25 %) of the initial cohort. In conclusion, OSAHS in childhood is frequent. RP during sleep aids diagnosis. The main cause of OSAHS in children is adenotonsillar hypertrophy

[Effect of passive smoking on pulmonary function in the asthmatic child]. / Efecto del tabaquismo pasivo sobre la función pulmonar del niño asmático.

OBJECTIVE: Few studies refer to pulmonary function in asthmatic children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Some authors have found lower FEV1 and FEF25-75 values in asthmatic children exposed to ETS. The objective of this study was to evaluate pulmonary function parameters between asthmatic children exposed and not exposed to ETS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A case-control study in children between 3 and 19 years of age, with a ratio of 1:1 of cases versus control, was carried out. Cases were defined as asthmatic children with at least one of the following criteria: FVC < 85%, FEV1 < 85%, PEF < 85% or FEF25-75 < 60%. Controls were asthmatic children with none of the above mentioned criteria. Measurement of exposure was carried out both directly by assessment of capillary blood COHb in both parents and the child and indirectly through a questionnaire about smoking habits. Measurement of effect was by pulmonary function (forced spirometry) and a scale of clinical symptoms. The statistics used included descriptive statistics, Chi square test, Student's-t and ANOVA. RESULTS: Three hundred and twelve children were studied (mean age 9.01 +/- 3.45 years). Parental CoHb results correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked (p < 0.01). ETS exposure correlated with the children's COHb values (p < 0.01). ETS exposed children had lower pulmonary function values, OR for exposure was 1.84 (1.12-3.03). CONCLUSIONS: 1) We have validated a questionnaire about smoking habits. Smokers have higher COHb values. 2) We found a weak correlation between exposure to ETS (number of cigarettes and maternal COHb) and the child's COHb. 3) Pulmonary function in asthmatic children is influenced by parental smoking habits.