Monitoreo de Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borreliaburgdorferi, y Dirofilaria immitis en perros de tres ciudades enColombia / Surveillance for Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borreliaburgdorferi, and Dirofilaria immitis in Dogs From Three Cities in Colombia

Emerging infectious and zoonotic diseases are made up in large proportion by vector-borne diseases (VBD). Dogs are parasitized by disease vectors such as ticks and mosquitoes, making dogs adequate reservoirs for zoonoses. Risk of exposure to VBD exists for the US military personnel and Military Working Dogs (MWD) when deployed globally. The importance of canine VBD surveillance relates to veterinary and public health significance for the host nations as well as for the US troops and MWDs. The objective of this work was to survey dogs from the cities of Medellin, Barranquilla, and Cartagena in Colombia to determine prevalence of heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis), ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis), Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), and anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum). Canine (n=498) blood samples (1-3cc) were collected during July 2011 from Medellin (n=175), Barranquilla (n=223), and Cartagena (n=100). Samples were tested on-site using IDEXX SNAP® 4Dx® Test Kits. The overall combined sample prevalence of E. canis, A. phagocytophilum, D. immitis, and B. burgdorferi was 62%, 33%, 1.6%, and 0%. In Medellin, 26% of the samples were positive for E. canis, 12% for A. phagocytophilum, and 0% for D. immitis. In Barranquilla, sample prevalence for E. canis, A. phagocytophilum, and D. immitis were 83%, 40%, and 2%. In Cartagena, E. canis, A. phagocytophilum, and D. immitis sample prevalence were 80%, 51%, and 3%. In conclusion, E. canis and A. phagocytophilum are present in all three surveyed cities. There is a higher prevalence for E. canis and A. phagocytophilum than D. immitis. In addition, the prevalence for these organisms is higher in Barranquilla and Cartagena than in Medellin. Overall, this study emphasizes the value of surveillance for VBDs in order to determine disease prevalence, develop risk assessments, and to implement control measures.

Las nuevas enfermedades infecciosas y enfermedades zoonóticas son en su mayor proporción el resultado o causa de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores (VBD: Vector-Borne Diseases). Perros que han sido infectados por enfermedades vectores como mosquitos y garrapatas, se convierten en fuentes adecuadas para enfermedades zoonóticas. Existe un riesgo ante la exposición a VBD en el personal de las Fuerzas Armadas Americanas y los perros del servicio militar (MWD: Military Working Dogs) cuando estos se encuentran trabajando fuera de los Estados Unidos. Tanto como para la Veterinaria, la Salud pública de las Naciones anfitrionas y de las Fuerzas Armadas Americanas y de sus perros militares es de gran importancia el seguimiento y vigilancia de VBD en los perros. El objetivo de este trabajo fué el monitoreo e investigación de perros en las ciudades de Medellin, Barranquilla y Cartagena en Colombia y determinar la existencia de enfermedades como la enfermedad del gusano del corazón ("heartworm disease" -Dirofilaria immitis), ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis), Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) y anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum). Perros (n=498) muestras de sangre (1-3cc) recolectadas durante Julio 2011. En Medellín (n=175) Barranquilla (n= 223) y Cartagena (n= 100). Muestras fueron utilizadas en sitio por medio de IDEXX SNAP® 4Dx® Test Kits. La convinación total de las pruebas muestran una prevalencia de E. canis, A.phagocytophilum, D. immitis, y B. burgdorferi fue de un 62%, 33%, 1.6% y de un 0% En Medellin, 26% de las pruebas fueron positivas para E. canis, 12% para A. phagocytophilum, y 0% para D. immitis. En Barranquilla, las muestras demostraron una prevalencia para E. canis, A. phagocytophilum y D. immitis fue de un 83%, 40% y 2%. En Cartagena, E. canis, A. phagocytophilum, y D. immitis mostraron una prevalencia del 80%, 51% y 3%. En conclusión, E. canis y A. phagocytophilum estan presentes en las tres ciudades. Hay una mayor prevalencia para E. canis y A. phagocytophilum y también la presencia de estos organismos es mayor en Barranquilla y Cartagena comparado con los resultados de Medellín. Este estudio tiene como propósito enfatizar el valor e importancia del monitoreo y estudio de VBDs con el fin de determinar la prevalencia de las enfermedades, el desarrollo de sus causas y determinar medios para prevenir y controlar el esparcimiento de estas enfermedades.

Surveillance for Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Dirofilaria immitis in Dogs From Three Cities in Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: Emerging infectious and zoonotic diseases are made up in large proportion by vector-borne diseases (VBD). Dogs are parasitized by disease vectors such as ticks and mosquitoes, making dogs adequate reservoirs for zoonoses. Risk of exposure to VBD exists for the U.S. military personnel and Military Working Dogs (MWD) when deployed globally. The importance of canine VBD surveillance relates to veterinary and public health significance for the host nations as well as for the U.S. troops and MWDs. The objective of this work was to survey dogs from the cities of Medellin, Barranquilla, and Cartagena in Colombia to determine the prevalence of heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis), ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis), Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), and anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum). METHODS: Canine (n=498) blood samples (1? 3 mL) were collected during July 2011 from Medellin (n=175), Barranquilla (n=223), and Cartagena (n=100) and were tested on-site using IDEXX SNAP? 4Dx? Test Kits. RESULTS: The overall combined sample prevalence of E. canis, A. phagocytophilum, D. immitis, and B. burgdorferi was 62%, 33%, 1.6%, and 0%, respectively. In Medellin, 26% of the samples were positive for E. canis, 12% for A. phagocytophilum, and 0% for D. immitis. In Barranquilla, sample prevalence for E. canis, A. phagocytophilum, and D. immitis was 83%, 40%, and 2%, respectively. In Cartagena, E. canis, A. phagocytophilum, and D. immitis prevalence was 80%, 51%, and 3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: E. canis and A. phagocytophilum are present in all three surveyed cities. There is a higher sample prevalence for E. canis and A. phagocytophilum than for D. immitis. In addition, the prevalence for these organisms is higher in Barranquilla and Cartagena than in Medellin. Overall, this study emphasizes the value of surveillance for VBDs in order to determine disease prevalence, develop risk assessments, and implement control measures.

Surveillance of zoonotic and infectious diseases in Ecuador: implications for special operations forces medical operations, personnel, and canines.

Vector-borne diseases (VBD) make up a large number of emerging infectious and zoonotic diseases. Ticks, fleas, and mosquitoes are effective vectors parasitizing canines, making dogs adequate reservoirs for zoonoses. The U.S. military deploys personnel and government-owned animals around the world with possible risk of exposure to VBD. Canine VBD have veterinary and public health significance for the host nations as well as for the U.S. troops and its working animals deployed in the theater of operations. These factors make disease surveillance a great importance. The objective of this work was to survey canines from the cities of Manta and Guayaquil in Ecuador to determine prevalence of heartworm disease (D. immitis), ehrlichi os is (E. canis), Lyme disease (B. burgdorf eri), and anapl asmosis (A. phagocytophilum). Canine blood samples (1-3ml) collected from the cities of Manta (n=50) and Guayaquil (n=50) were tested on site using a SNAPR 4DxR Test Kit. Prevalence for single or multiple disease status was calculated for each city. In the city of Manta the overall prevalence of diseases was 78%; 52% for E. canis alone, and 26% for co-infection with E. canis and A. phagocytophilum. The overall prevalence for the city of Guayaquil was 88%; 40% for E. canis alone, 22% for A. phagocytophilum alone, and 26% for co-infection with E. canis and A. phagocytophilum. Neither heartworm disease nor Lyme disease was detected in any samp le. In conclusion, this study showed the extensive presence of E. canis and A. phagocytophilum in both cities in Ecuador, emphasizing the value of surveillance for zoonotic diseases to determine disease prevalence and risk assessments, as well as to implement control measures.

On the biomarkers and mechanisms of konzo, a distinct upper motor neuron disease associated with food (cassava) cyanogenic exposure.

Konzo is a self-limiting central motor-system disease associated with food dependency on cassava and low dietary intake of sulfur amino acids (SAA). Under conditions of SAA-deficiency, ingested cassava cyanogens yield metabolites that include thiocyanate and cyanate, a protein-carbamoylating agent. We studied the physical and biochemical modifications of rat serum and spinal cord proteins arising from intoxication of young adult rats with 50-200mg/kg linamarin, or 200mg/kg sodium cyanate (NaOCN), or vehicle (saline) and fed either a normal amino acid- or SAA-deficient diet for up to 2 weeks. Animals under SAA-deficient diet and treatment with linamarin or NaOCN developed hind limb tremors or motor weakness, respectively. LC/MS-MS analysis revealed differential albumin carbamoylation in animals treated with NaOCN, vs. linamarin/SAA-deficient diet, or vehicle. 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF/MS-MS analysis of the spinal cord proteome showed differential expression of proteins involved in oxidative mechanisms (e.g. peroxiredoxin 6), endocytic vesicular trafficking (e.g. dynamin 1), protein folding (e.g. protein disulfide isomerase), and maintenance of the cytoskeleton integrity (e.g. α-spectrin). Studies are needed to elucidate the role of the aformentioned modifications in the pathogenesis of cassava-associated motor-system disease.

Persistent left superior vena cava in sheep.

Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a rare finding. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of PLSVC in sheep. In this case, PLSVC was confirmed using angiography.