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A new heterotrophic, aerobic alphaproteobacterium, designated strain SH36 (=DSM 23330=LMG 25292), was obtained from a seawater sample collected in the open North Sea during a phytoplankton bloom. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed affiliation of strain SH36 to the species Lentibacter algarum (family Roseobacteraceae), showing 100 and 99.9â% sequence similarity to the 16S rRNA genes of the strains L. algarum ZXM098 and ZXM100T. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization of strain SH36 with the type strain of L. algarum showed 98.0â% relatedness, confirming that strain SH36 can be classified within the same species. All three L. algarum strains were compared by physiological, morphological, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic characteristics. The strains showed only minor differences in the composition of fatty acids and polar lipids, but considerable physiological differences. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of SH36 with sequences present in GenBank revealed that phylotypes with ≥98.65â% sequence identity to the type strain of L. algarum were found at different marine and estuarine locations of temperate and subtropic regions. Furthermore, by using a specific PCR approach L. algarum was detected throughout annual cycles at the offshore station at Helgoland Roads in the German Bight, indicating that this species is a permanent member of the microbial community in the North Sea.
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Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , DNA Bacteriano , Ácidos Graxos , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S , Água do Mar , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Mar do Norte , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Água do Mar/microbiologia , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Composição de Bases , Rhodobacteraceae/genética , Rhodobacteraceae/isolamento & purificação , Rhodobacteraceae/classificaçãoRESUMO
Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the impact of cognitive load, particularly its escalation during the execution of the same test, under varying vision conditions, on postural balance among adolescents with intellectual disability (ID). Methods: Twenty adolescents underwent balance assessments under different visual conditions (Open Eyes (OE), Closed Eyes (CE), Flash, Goggles, Visual Stimulation (VS)) and task settings (Single Task (ST), Dual Task (DT) without challenges, and DT with challenges). The cognitive test was assessed using Verbal Fluency (VF). Results and discussion: Significant effects were found for Task (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.85), indicating that CoP values significantly increased (p < 0.05) with the introduction of the DT. Dual Task Cost (DTC) demonstrated significant effects for Vision (p = 0.008, ηp2 = 0.62), with values varying significantly (p < 0.05) among different vision conditions, especially in CE and Flash conditions. Visual Dependency Quotient (VDQ) analyses revealed significant effects of condition (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.84), with significant changes observed in CE/OE and Flash/OE conditions (p < 0.05). Significant effects were observed for Cognitive performance in the Challenge condition (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.86), with decreased performance with cognitive task challenges, particularly in Flash and Goggles conditions (p < 0.05). In conclusion, cognitive tasks, especially challenging ones, and visual variations significantly impact postural balance in adolescents with ID.
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Ecosystems subject to mantle degassing are of particular interest for understanding global biogeochemistry, as their microbiomes are shaped by prolonged exposure to high CO2 and have recently been suggested to be highly active. While the genetic diversity of bacteria and archaea in these deep biosphere systems have been studied extensively, little is known about how viruses impact these microbial communities. Here, we show that the viral community in a high-CO2 cold-water geyser (Wallender Born, Germany) undergoes substantial fluctuations over a period of 12 days, although the corresponding prokaryotic community remains stable, indicating a newly observed "infect to keep in check" strategy that maintains prokaryotic community structure. We characterized the viral community using metagenomics and metaproteomics, revealing 8 654 viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs). CRISPR spacer-to-protospacer matching linked 278 vOTUs to 32 hosts, with many vOTUs sharing hosts from different families. High levels of viral structural proteins present in the metaproteome (several structurally annotated based on AlphaFold models) indicate active virion production at the time of sampling. Viral genomes expressed many proteins involved in DNA metabolism and manipulation, and encoded for auxiliary metabolic genes, which likely bolster phosphate and sulfur metabolism of their hosts. The active viral community encodes genes to facilitate acquisition and transformation of host nutrients, and appears to consist of many nutrient-demanding members, based on abundant virion proteins. These findings indicate viruses are inextricably linked to the biogeochemical cycling in this high-CO2 environment and substantially contribute to prokaryotic community stability in the deep biosphere hotspots.
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Cobalamin (vitamin B12, herein referred to as B12) is an essential cofactor for most marine prokaryotes and eukaryotes1,2. Synthesized by a limited number of prokaryotes, its scarcity affects microbial interactions and community dynamics2-4. Here we show that two bacterial B12 auxotrophs can salvage different B12 building blocks and cooperate to synthesize B12. A Colwellia sp. synthesizes and releases the activated lower ligand α-ribazole, which is used by another B12 auxotroph, a Roseovarius sp., to produce the corrin ring and synthesize B12. Release of B12 by Roseovarius sp. happens only in co-culture with Colwellia sp. and only coincidently with the induction of a prophage encoded in Roseovarius sp. Subsequent growth of Colwellia sp. in these conditions may be due to the provision of B12 by lysed cells of Roseovarius sp. Further evidence is required to support a causative role for prophage induction in the release of B12. These complex microbial interactions of ligand cross-feeding and joint B12 biosynthesis seem to be widespread in marine pelagic ecosystems. In the western and northern tropical Atlantic Ocean, bacteria predicted to be capable of salvaging cobinamide and synthesizing only the activated lower ligand outnumber B12 producers. These findings add new players to our understanding of B12 supply to auxotrophic microorganisms in the ocean and possibly in other ecosystems.
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Alteromonadaceae , Ligantes , Rhodobacteraceae , Vitamina B 12 , Oceano Atlântico , Técnicas de Cocultura , Interações Microbianas , Prófagos/genética , Prófagos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Prófagos/metabolismo , Vitamina B 12/biossíntese , Vitamina B 12/química , Vitamina B 12/metabolismo , Alteromonadaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Alteromonadaceae/metabolismo , Rhodobacteraceae/citologia , Rhodobacteraceae/metabolismo , Rhodobacteraceae/virologia , Ribonucleosídeos/metabolismo , Cobamidas/metabolismo , EcossistemaRESUMO
While taxonomy is an often underappreciated branch of science, it serves very important roles. Bacteriophage taxonomy has evolved from a discipline based mainly on morphology, characterized by the work of David Bradley and Hans-Wolfgang Ackermann, to the sequence-based approach that is taken today. The Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) takes a holistic approach to classifying prokaryote viruses by measuring overall DNA and protein similarity and phylogeny before making decisions about the taxonomic position of a new virus. The huge number of complete genomes being deposited with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and other public databases has resulted in a reassessment of the taxonomy of many viruses, and the future will see the introduction of new viral families and higher orders.
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Bacteriófagos , Vírus , Humanos , Bacteriófagos/genética , Vírus/genética , Filogenia , Bases de Dados Factuais , Previsões , Genoma ViralRESUMO
Considering the rising prevalence of smartphone usage among adolescents with intellectual disabilities and their frequent motor challenges, understanding its impact on their physical well-being is important. This study aims to investigate the impact of smartphone activities on postural balance in adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Two groups of adolescents participated in the study: an intellectual disability group (IDG) (n = 16) and atypical development group (TDG) (n = 12). Static postural balance, using a stabilometric platform on firm and foam surfaces, and dynamic balance, using the Timed Up-and-Go Test (TUGT), were performed under various conditions, such as playing a game, watching videos, video calls, and listening to music. The center of pressure (CoP) values significantly increased (p < 0.05) during all smartphone activities (except listening to music) compared to the control condition in both groups, with the IDG demonstrated a more pronounced increase (p < 0.05) during playing video games and video calls on the firm surface. TUGT scores significantly increased (p < 0.05) during smartphone activities, with greater changes observed in the IDG (p < 0.05), and significantly decreased (p < 0.01) during listening to music in both groups. Our study suggests that adolescents with intellectual disabilities need special tools and guidance to ensure their safety and well-being when using smartphones.
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The aim of this study was to identify the existence of some relationships between certain psychomotor behaviors, which we consider specific to swimming, and learning to execute the technique of some swimming styles (front crawl and backstroke). The study was carried out for 10 months and included 76 children (40 boys and 36 girls) aged between 6 and 9 years who practice recreational swimming in a city in Romania. Several tools were used: the Tapping test for manual dexterity, the Goodenough test for body schema, the Flamingo test for static balance, and the horizontal buoyancy test for body balance on the water. The results indicated better ratings on all psychomotor behaviors analyzed according to gender (in favor of girls compared to boys). The levels of all analyzed psychomotor behaviors have a direct relationship to the subjects' age. Also, we identified moderate positive correlations for manual dexterity (rs = 0.63 in the front crawl style; rs = 0.57 in the backstroke style) and strong correlations for body schema, static balance and buoyancy, coordination with the learning of the two swimming styles (r or rs between 0.77 and 0.85). In conclusion, psychomotor behaviors can be predictors for learning swimming styles.
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Despite important ecological roles posited for virocells (i.e., cells infected with viruses), studying individual cells in situ is technically challenging. We introduce here a novel correlative microscopic approach to study the ecophysiology of virocells. By conducting concerted virusFISH, 16S rRNA FISH, and scanning electron microscopy interrogations of uncultivated archaea, we linked morphologies of various altiarchaeal cells to corresponding phylogenetic signals and indigenous virus infections. While uninfected cells exhibited moderate separation between fluorescence signals of ribosomes and DNA, virocells displayed complete cellular segregation of chromosomal DNA from viral DNA, the latter co-localizing with host ribosome signals. A similar spatial separation was observed in dividing cells, with viral signals congregating near ribosomes at the septum. These observations suggest that replication of these uncultivated viruses occurs alongside host ribosomes, which are used to generate the required proteins for virion assembly. Heavily infected cells sometimes displayed virus-like particles attached to their surface, which agree with virus structures in cells observed via transmission electron microscopy. Consequently, this approach is the first to link genomes of uncultivated viruses to their respective structures and host cells. Our findings shed new light on the complex ecophysiology of archaeal virocells in deep subsurface biofilms and provide a solid framework for future in situ studies of virocells.
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Archaea , Vírus , Archaea/genética , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Vírus/genética , DNA Viral/genéticaRESUMO
Introduction: Decline in muscle mass and bone density seem to be two of the most disabling side effects of menopause that negatively affect women's quality of life. Promoting physical activity protocols in the workplace can represent a focal point in the prevention and management of several diseases. The study aims to evaluate the compliance and drop-out of menopausal osteopenic women engaged in combined training performed inside and outside the workplace. Strength and balance were analyzed to evaluate the effect of this protocol on osteoporosis prevention and the risk of falling. Methods: 73 menopausal women were enrolled in 5 European countries. They performed 72 lessons of a combined training proposed in the working place (IW) or sport center (SC). Results: Out of the total 39 women enrolled in the IW, 12.8% had to leave the program, while out of the 34 women enrolled in SC, 41.2% did not complete the training. According to the compliance results, 47% of women that completed the trained IW and 85% in the SC recorded high compliance (p = 0.019). Moreover, the strength of the lower limbs (p < 0.001) and static balance (p = 0.001) significantly improved in the whole group. Discussion: In conclusion, proposing well-structured training in the workplace for menopausal women seems to reduce drop-out. Strength and balance results suggest its positive impact on bone health and risk of falls, despite where it is performed.
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Recent years have seen major changes in the classification criteria and taxonomy of viruses. The current classification scheme, also called "megataxonomy of viruses", recognizes six different viral realms, defined based on the presence of viral hallmark genes (VHGs). Within the realms, viruses are classified into hierarchical taxons, ideally defined by the phylogeny of their shared genes. To enable the detection of shared genes, viruses have first to be clustered, and there is currently a need for tools to assist with virus clustering and classification. Here, VirClust is presented. It is a novel, reference-free tool capable of performing: (i) protein clustering, based on BLASTp and Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) similarities; (ii) hierarchical clustering of viruses based on intergenomic distances calculated from their shared protein content; (iii) identification of core proteins and (iv) annotation of viral proteins. VirClust has flexible parameters both for protein clustering and for splitting the viral genome tree into smaller genome clusters, corresponding to different taxonomic levels. Benchmarking on a phage dataset showed that the genome trees produced by VirClust match the current ICTV classification at family, sub-family and genus levels. VirClust is freely available, as a web-service and stand-alone tool.
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Bacteriófagos , Vírus , Vírus/genética , Bacteriófagos/genética , Genes Virais , Genoma Viral , Filogenia , Análise por ConglomeradosRESUMO
Spatial and temporal distribution of lytic viruses in deep groundwater remains unexplored so far. Here, we tackle this gap of knowledge by studying viral infections of Altivir_1_MSI in biofilms dominated by the uncultivated host Candidatus Altiarchaeum hamiconexum sampled from deep anoxic groundwater over a period of four years. Using virus-targeted direct-geneFISH (virusFISH) whose detection efficiency for individual viral particles was 15%, we show a significant and steady increase of virus infections from 2019 to 2022. Based on fluorescence micrographs of individual biofilm flocks, we determined different stages of viral infections in biofilms for single sampling events, demonstrating the progression of infection of biofilms in deep groundwater. Biofilms associated with many host cells undergoing lysis showed a substantial accumulation of filamentous microbes around infected cells probably feeding off host cell debris. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing across ten individual biofilm flocks from one sampling event, we determined that the associated bacterial community remains relatively constant and was dominated by sulfate-reducing members affiliated with Desulfobacterota. Given the stability of the virus-host interaction in these deep groundwater samples, we postulate that the uncultivated virus-host system described herein represents a suitable model system for studying deep biosphere virus-host interactions in future research endeavors.
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Água Subterrânea , Vírus , Archaea/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Bactérias/genética , Biofilmes , Vírus/genéticaRESUMO
This article summarises the activities of the Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses for the period of March 2021-March 2022. We provide an overview of the new taxa proposed in 2021, approved by the Executive Committee, and ratified by vote in 2022. Significant changes to the taxonomy of bacterial viruses were introduced: the paraphyletic morphological families Podoviridae, Siphoviridae, and Myoviridae as well as the order Caudovirales were abolished, and a binomial system of nomenclature for species was established. In addition, one order, 22 families, 30 subfamilies, 321 genera, and 862 species were newly created, promoted, or moved.
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Bacteriófagos , Caudovirales , Siphoviridae , Vírus , Humanos , Vírus/genética , MyoviridaeRESUMO
The Microviridae family represents one of the major clades of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) phages. Their cultivated members are lytic and infect Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chlamydiae. Prophages have been predicted in the genomes from Bacteroidales, Hyphomicrobiales, and Enterobacteriaceae and cluster within the 'Alpavirinae', 'Amoyvirinae', and Gokushovirinae. We have isolated 'Ascunsovirus oldenburgi' ICBM5, a novel phage distantly related to known Microviridae. It infects Sulfitobacter dubius SH24-1b and uses both a lytic and a carrier-state life strategy. Using ICBM5 proteins as a query, we uncovered in publicly available resources sixty-five new Microviridae prophages and episomes in bacterial genomes and retrieved forty-seven environmental viral genomes (EVGs) from various viromes. Genome clustering based on protein content and phylogenetic analysis showed that ICBM5, together with Rhizobium phages, new prophages, episomes, and EVGs cluster within two new phylogenetic clades, here tentatively assigned the rank of subfamily and named 'Tainavirinae' and 'Occultatumvirinae'. They both infect Rhodobacterales. Occultatumviruses also infect Hyphomicrobiales, including nitrogen-fixing endosymbionts from cosmopolitan legumes. A biogeographical assessment showed that tainaviruses and occultatumviruses are spread worldwide, in terrestrial and marine environments. The new phage isolated here sheds light onto new and diverse branches of the Microviridae tree, suggesting that much of the ssDNA phage diversity remains in the dark.
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BACKGROUND: Various studies have used different exercise protocols as post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) stimulus; however, little attention has been given to the effects of exercise range of motion on the PAPE effect and subsequent performance enhancement. This study aimed to compare the PAPE responses induced by the bench press performed with different ranges of motion on subsequent bench press throw performance. METHODS: Ten resistance-trained males (age: 26 ± 3 years; body mass: 93.2 ± 9.4 kg; height: 181 ± 6 cm; experience in resistance training: 6.3 ± 2.4 years; relative bench press one-repetition maximum (1RM) 1.54 ± 0.2 kg/body mass) performed four experimental sessions consisting of a single set of the bench press at 80%1RM until mean barbell velocity dropped by 10% as the conditioning activity (CA) with a (1) standard, (2) cambered, (3) and reversed cambered barbell or a control condition in which the participants did not perform any CA. To assess the PAPE effect, single-sets of 2 repetitions of the bench press throw at 30%1RM were performed before and after the CA at the following time points: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 min. RESULTS: The two-way ANOVA (4 conditions × 2time points) showed a significant interaction for peak power (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.556) and peak velocity (p = 0.001; η2 = 0.457). The standard barbell bench press CA led to the greatest performance enhancement in peak power (p = 0.001; ES = 0.54) and in peak velocity (p = 0.002; ES = 0.71) within the examined conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that the range of motion of the CA has a significant impact on the magnitude of the PAPE response, and the greatest effect can be reached when the range of motion of the CA and the subsequent explosive task is similar.
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In response to viral predation, bacteria have evolved a wide range of defense mechanisms, which rely mostly on proteins acting at the cellular level. Here, we show that aminoglycosides, a well-known class of antibiotics produced by Streptomyces, are potent inhibitors of phage infection in widely divergent bacterial hosts. We demonstrate that aminoglycosides block an early step of the viral life cycle, prior to genome replication. Phage inhibition was also achieved using supernatants from natural aminoglycoside producers, indicating a broad physiological significance of the antiviral properties of aminoglycosides. Strikingly, we show that acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic apramycin abolishes its antibacterial effect but retains its antiviral properties. Altogether, our study expands the knowledge of aminoglycoside functions, suggesting that aminoglycosides not only are used by their producers as toxic molecules against their bacterial competitors but also could provide protection against the threat of phage predation at the community level. IMPORTANCE Predation by phages is a major driver of bacterial evolution. As a result, elucidating antiphage strategies is crucial from both fundamental and therapeutic standpoints. While protein-mediated defense mechanisms, like restriction-modification systems or CRISPR/Cas, have been extensively studied, much less is known about the potential antiphage activity of small molecules. Focusing on the model bacteria Escherichia coli and Streptomyces venezuelae, our findings revealed significant antiphage properties of aminoglycosides, a major class of translation-targeting antibiotics produced by Streptomyces. Further, we demonstrate that supernatants from natural aminoglycoside producers protect bacteria from phage propagation, highlighting the physiological relevance of this inhibition. Suppression of phage infection by aminoglycosides did not result from the indirect inhibition of bacterial translation, suggesting a direct interaction between aminoglycosides and phage components. This work highlights the molecular versatility of aminoglycosides, which have evolved to efficiently block protein synthesis in bacterial competitors and provide protection against phages.
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Bacteriófagos , Aminoglicosídeos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antivirais/farmacologia , Bacteriófagos/genética , Escherichia coliRESUMO
It is generally recognized that phages are a mortality factor for their bacterial hosts. This could be particularly true in spring phytoplankton blooms, which are known to be closely followed by a highly specialized bacterial community. We hypothesized that phages modulate these dense heterotrophic bacteria successions following phytoplankton blooms. In this study, we focused on Flavobacteriia, because they are main responders during these blooms and have an important role in the degradation of polysaccharides. A cultivation-based approach was used, obtaining 44 lytic flavobacterial phages (flavophages), representing twelve new species from two viral realms. Taxonomic analysis allowed us to delineate ten new phage genera and ten new families, from which nine and four, respectively, had no previously cultivated representatives. Genomic analysis predicted various life styles and genomic replication strategies. A likely eukaryote-associated host habitat was reflected in the gene content of some of the flavophages. Detection in cellular metagenomes and by direct-plating showed that part of these phages were actively replicating in the environment during the 2018 spring bloom. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas spacers and re-isolation during two consecutive years suggested that, at least part of the new flavophages are stable components of the microbial community in the North Sea. Together, our results indicate that these diverse flavophages have the potential to modulate their respective host populations.
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Bacteriófagos , Flavobacteriaceae , Bacteriófagos/genética , Eutrofização , Flavobacteriaceae/genética , Humanos , Metagenoma , Mar do NorteRESUMO
Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on Earth with an estimate of 1031 viral particles across all ecosystems. Prokaryotic viruses-bacteriophages and archaeal viruses-influence global biogeochemical cycles by shaping microbial communities through predation, through the effect of horizontal gene transfer on the host genome evolution, and through manipulating the host cellular metabolism. Imaging techniques have played an important role in understanding the biology and lifestyle of prokaryotic viruses. Specifically, structure-resolving microscopy methods, for example, transmission electron microscopy, are commonly used for understanding viral morphology, ultrastructure, and host interaction. These methods have been applied mostly to cultivated phage-host pairs. However, recent advances in environmental genomics have demonstrated that the majority of viruses remain uncultivated, and thus microscopically uncharacterized. Although light- and structure-resolving microscopy of viruses from environmental samples is possible, quite often the link between the visualization and the genomic information of uncultivated prokaryotic viruses is missing. In this minireview, we summarize the current state of the art of imaging techniques available for characterizing viruses in environmental samples and discuss potential links between viral imaging and environmental genomics for shedding light on the morphology of uncultivated viruses and their lifestyles in Earth's ecosystems.
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Microscopia Eletrônica/métodos , Microscopia/métodos , Vírus/genética , Genoma Viral , Metagenômica , Viroma , Vírus/classificação , Vírus/isolamento & purificação , Vírus/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Microbial populations often display different degrees of heterogeneity in their substrate assimilation, that is, anabolic heterogeneity. It has been shown that nutrient limitations are a relevant trigger for this behaviour. Here we explore the dynamics of anabolic heterogeneity under nutrient replete conditions. We applied time-resolved stable isotope probing and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry to quantify substrate assimilation by individual cells of Pseudomonas putida, P. stutzeri and Thauera aromatica. Acetate and benzoate at different concentrations were used as substrates. Anabolic heterogeneity was quantified by the cumulative differentiation tendency index. We observed two major, opposing trends of anabolic heterogeneity over time. Most often, microbial populations started as highly heterogeneous, with heterogeneity decreasing by various degrees over time. The second, less frequently observed trend, saw microbial populations starting at low or very low heterogeneity, and remaining largely stable over time. We explain these trends as an interplay of metabolic history (e.g. former growth substrate or other nutrient limitations) and metabolic fitness (i.e. the fine-tuning of metabolic pathways to process a defined growth substrate). Our results offer a new viewpoint on the intra-population functional diversification often encountered in the environment, and suggests that some microbial populations may be intrinsically heterogeneous.
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Pseudomonas putida , Isótopos , Redes e Vias Metabólicas , Pseudomonas putida/genética , Espectrometria de Massa de Íon SecundárioRESUMO
In this article, we - the Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee and the Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) - summarise the results of our activities for the period March 2020 - March 2021. We report the division of the former Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee in two separate Subcommittees, welcome new members, a new Subcommittee Chair and Vice Chair, and give an overview of the new taxa that were proposed in 2020, approved by the Executive Committee and ratified by vote in 2021. In particular, a new realm, three orders, 15 families, 31 subfamilies, 734 genera and 1845 species were newly created or redefined (moved/promoted).